Reading Philippine History PDF

**READING PHILIPPINE HISTORY** **Biografia de Rizal -**Rafael Palma\'s opus on Rizal. **Romberto Poulo** -Rizal\'s affiliation in Masonry was accounted to have caused drastic change to his religious ideas. **Fr. Balaguer** -The exact copy had been received by. **Fr. Pis** -copy of Rizal\'s retra...

**READING PHILIPPINE HISTORY** **Biografia de Rizal -**Rafael Palma\'s opus on Rizal. **Romberto Poulo** -Rizal\'s affiliation in Masonry was accounted to have caused drastic change to his religious ideas. **Fr. Balaguer** -The exact copy had been received by. **Fr. Pis** -copy of Rizal\'s retraction has the same text as that of Fr. Balaguer\'s \"exact\" copy but follows the paragraphing of the texts of Rizal\'s retraction in the Manila newspapers. **Ricardo Pascual Ph. D** -who was given permission by the Archbishop Nozaleda to examine the document. **Rizal beyond the Grave** -that the documents presented was a forgery. Authored by Ricardo Pascual Ph. D. **Dapitan** - where Rizal was exiled. **Father Sanchez** -Rizal\'s favorite teacher from Ateneo. **professorship, a hundred thousand pesos and an estate (Laubach, 1936)** - thing exchange in order for Rizal to retract. **33** - age at Rizal died. - Whether Rizal signed a retraction or not, Rizal is still Rizal. It did not diminish his stature as a great patriot, the hero who courted death "to prove to those who deny our patriotism that we know how to die for our duty and our beliefs." **(Jose Diokno's statement)**. - Rizal\'s retraction or did not change the fact that his works and writings began the "wheels of change" in the Philippine colonial society -- a change that led to the Philippine independence. The retraction is just one aspect of the life, works, and writings of Rizal **(Jose Victor Torres)**. - Torres noted that the controversy in Rizal's retraction is irrelevant today. The way Rizal is taught today, the retraction means nothing at all, Torres added **Binan, Laguna** -where Pio Valenzuela fled for safety. **Governor General Ramon Blanco's** - to whom Pio Valenzuela surrender. **September 3, 1896** - date where Pio Valenzuela returned to Manila. **Fort Santiago** - where Pio Valenzuela imprisoned. **Francisco Olive** - instigator of Pio Valenzuela. **august 26, 1896** - date when \"Cry\" happen according to Pio Valenzuela when he was under investigation. **Balintawak** - where the \"Cry\" was stage according to Pio Valenzuela. - The first place of refuge of Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Procopio Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Aguedo del Rosario and myself, was Balintawak, the first five arriving there on 19 August and I on 20 August 1896. - The first place where some 500 members of the katipunan met was the house and yard of Apolinario Samson at Kangkong on 22 August. - Aside from the person mentioned above, among those were Briccio Pantas, Alejandro Santos, Ramon Bernardo,Apolonio Samson and others. **Juan Ramos** -son of Melchora Aquino. **Teodoro Plata** -Only one man protested and fought against war. Bonifacio's brother in law. - Among those present at this meeting were Enrique Cipriano, Alfonso Pacheco, Tomas Remigio, and Sinfroso San Pedro. After the tumultuous meeting, many of those present tore their cedula certificates and shouted " Long Live Philippine!". **Gregoria de Jesus** -the wife of Supremo Andres Bonifacio, and the " **Lakambini of the Katipunan**". **August 25, 1896** -date where the \"Cry\" happen according to Gregoria De Jesus. **manila** - where De Jesus fled after being informed that she will be arrested. **Caloocan** - where the First \"Cry\" stage at according to Gregoria De Jesus. **eleven o'clock at night** - time when De Jesus fled. **August 24, 1896** - date when The \"Cry\" staged according to Santiago Alvarez. **Mariano Alvarez** - father of Santiago Alvarez. **Santiago Alvarez** -a prominent Katipunan warlord of Cavite. A relative of Gregoria de Jesus. He is not an eyewitness of the historic event. **Andres Bonifacio** - also known as Supremo. **9 o'clock in the morning** - time when the meeting at the barn started. **12 o'clock noon** - time when the meeting adjourned amidst loud cries of " Long Live the Sons of the Country" ( Mabuhay ang mga Anak ng Bayan). **August 26, 1896** - the date where First Cry staged according to Guillermo Masangkay. **General Guillermo Masangkay** - Bonifacio\'s childhood friend. **cedulas** - what Katipunero\'s and Bonifacio destroy as a result of revolt. **barangay** -which consists of 30-100 families which is administered by different chiefs.**kaingin system or slash and burn method -wherein land was cleared by burning the bushes before planting the crops or either land was plowed and harrowed before planting. Maragtas Code** -The only recorded transaction of land sale during that time. This is the selling of the Panay Island to ten Bornean datus in exchange for a golden salakot and a long gold necklace. **Code of Luwaran** -one of the oldest written laws of the Muslim society which contains provision on the lease of cultivated lands, there was no record how lease arrangement was practiced.**pueblo** -agricultural system wherein the native rural communities were organized into pueblo and each Christianized native family is given out four to five hectares of land to cultivate. **Laws of the Indies** -The laws awarded vast tracts of land to the religious orders in the country.Some of them were awarded to the Spanish military as reward to their (also known as repartiamentos), and to the other Spaniards known as encomienderos. **encomiendas** -to manage and have the right to receive tributes from the natives tilling the lands. **compras y vandalas system** -practiced wherein tillers were made to compulsory sell at a very low price or surrender their agricultural harvests to Spanish authorities. **Ley Hipotecaria or the Mortgage Laws** -introduced that provides the systematic registration of titles and deeds as well as ownership claims. This law was mainly a law on registration of properties rather than a mortgage law. **Maura Law or Royal decree of 1894** -This law states that farmers and landholders were given one year to register their agricultural lands to avoid declaration of it as a state property. **Philippine Bill of 1902** -which provided regulations on the disposal of public lands wherein a private individuals can own 16 hectares of land while the corporate land holdings can avail of 1, 024 hectares. This also gave the rights to the Americans to own agricultural lands. **Torrens system** -This was made to replace the registration system that was implemented by the Spaniards. **Lands Registration Act of 1902 or Act No. 496** -placed all private and public lands under Torrens system **Cadastral Act or Act No. 2259** -speeds up the issuance of Torrens titles. This was done by surveying a municipality and presented the result to the land registration court. **Homestead Program** -was introduced in 1903 that allowed an enterprising tenant to acquire a farm of at least 16 hectares to cultivate. However, the program was not implemented nationwide and was introduced only in some parts of Mindanao and Northern Luzon, where there were available public alienable and disposable lands. **First Public Land Act or Act No. 926** -which provided rules and regulations for selling and leasing portions of the public domain, completing defective Spanish land titles, canceling and confirming Spanish concessions. **Second Public Land Act of 1919 or Act 2874** -which limits the use of agricultural lands to Filipinos, Americans, and citizens of other countries. **Act No. 141** -amended the Second Public Act of 1919 or Act No. 2874. The revision consists of a temporary provision of equality on the rights of American and Filipino citizens and corporations. It also compiled all pre-existing laws relative to public lands into a single instrument. **Friar Land Act or Act No. 1120** -which provided the administrative and temporary leasing and selling of friar lands to its tillers. **Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933 or Act No. 4054** -The first legislation regulating the relationship of landlord and tenants and the first law to legalize a 50-50 crop sharing arrangement. **Sugarcane Tenancy Contract Act of 1933 or Act No. 4113** -which regulated the relationship of landlord and tenants in the sugarcane fields and required tenancy contracts on land planted to sugarcane. **Colorum and Sakdalista of Luzon and Northeastern Mindanao** -there were widespread peasant uprisings, headed by the armed peasants' groups. **Communist Party of the Philippines** -more militant peasants and workers' organizations bonded together for a more collective action against the abuses of landlords and unjust land ownership situation. **President Manuel L. Quezon** -realized that land reform programs should be implemented immediately.**HUKBALAHAP** - peasants and workers organized an anti-Japanese group.Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon. **March 29, 1942** - HUKBALAHAP created. **Republic Act No. 34** -passed during the administration of President Manuel Roxas and it was enacted to established a 70-30 sharing arrangement between tenant and landlord. **Ayala-Zobel family** -owner where Pres. Roxas negotiated for the purchase of 8,000 hectares of lands in Batangas. **Executive Order No. 355** -Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) was established to accelerate and expand the peasant resettlement program of the government. **National Land Settlement Administration** - continue the Homestead Program. **R.A. No. 1199 (1954) The Agricultural Tenancy Act** -governed the relationship between landholders and tenant-farmers. This law helped protect the tenure rights of tenant tillers and enforced fair tenancy practices. **R.A. No. 1160 (1954)** -Free distribution of resettlement and rehabilitation of agricultural land and an Act establishing the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA). **NARRA** -National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration.This law established the government's resettlement program and accelerated the free distribution of agricultural lands to landless tenants and farmers. It particularly aimed to convince the members of the HUKBALAHAP movement to return to a peaceful life by giving them home lots farmlands. **R.A. No. 1400 (1955) Land Reform Act** - known as "Land to the Landless" Program which sought improvement in land tenure and guaranteed the expropriation of all tenanted landed estates. **Agricultural Land Reform Code or R.A. No. 3844** -This was considered to be the most comprehensive piece of agrarian reform legislation ever enacted in the country that time. **Diosdado Macapagal** - was considered as the " Father of Agrarian reform". **R.A. No. 3844** -was considered the most comprehensive because this Act abolished share tenancy in the Philippines. It aimed to free tenants from the bondage of tenancy and gave hope to poor Filipino farmers to own the land they are tilling. - The act was piloted on the provinces of Pangasinan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac, Occidental Mindoro, Camarines Sur, and Misamis Oriental. It acquired a total of 18, 247.06 hectares or 99.29 % out of the total scope of 18,377.05 hectares. The program benefited 7, 466 farmer beneficiaries. **Presidential Decree No. 2** -proclaiming the entire country as land reform area. **Presidential Decree No. 27** -decreeing the emancipation of tenants from the bondage of soil, transferring to them the ownership of the land they till and providing the needed instruments and mechanisms. - President Marco's Agrarian Reform Program is characterized by five major components and these are **Land Tenure Program, Institutional Development, Physical development, Agricultural Development, and Human Resources.** **Taxation** -power of the state to impose and collect revenue for public purpose to promote the welfare of the people of the particular society. **Bandala** - natives were coerced to sell their harvest to the government at very low price. **Polo**- the dehumanizing labor; where the Spanish government required all male healthy and physically able between ages 16- 60 to render service for forty days. **Polistas**- the natives who rendered forces labor. They were not paid daily wages and food ration during their working days. **Falla**- is a fee given to Spaniards to become exempted in rendering labor force. **Jose Basco Y Vargas** -Established in 1781 the increase in revenues of the government through the cultivation of tobacco became a profitable venture that leads to Mexico to be independent. **Galleon Trade (Manila- Acapulco)** -the Filipinos had been trading with different countries, by virtue of the doctrine of mercantilism; the Spanish authority closed trade relations with other countries and allowed only two countries, China and Mexico. **Obras Pias**- a Foundation where money from trade was invested and appropriated to be given to charitable institutions. **encomienda** -was the right extended by the King upon a Spaniard who had helped to facilitate the settlement of the territory. **Bishop Domingo Salazar and various heads** -orders to ask the King to abolish slavery **Doctrina Christiana** -printed the first book in the Philippines **Felix Resurrection Hidaldo** -won a silver medal for his Christian Virgins Exposed. **Juan Luna** -received his first gold medal for his Spolarium as their entries for Madrigal Exposition of Fine Arts. **Schools in the Philippines that were established by the Spaniards:** **Assumption Convent- 1892** **College of La Concordia- 1869** **Colegio De Sta. Isabel- 1632** **Colegio De Sta. Potentiana- 1589** **Colegio De San Juan De Letran- founded in 1601** **University of Santo Tomas- oldest pontifical university in the Philippines founded by Dominicans in 1611** **1899 Constitution or the Malolos Constitution** -is the first constitution drafted by Filipino lawmakers. It established the Republic of the Philippines with a government that was \"popular, representative, and responsible\". It made the Philippines the first in Asia to establish a republican system of government. **executive, legislative, and judiciary** -three branches of government. - **The executive power was vested to the President who was elected by the Assembly of Representatives (Legislature). Legislative power was vested in the Assembly of Representatives who were elected by the people. It was a unicameral legislature. Judicial power was vested to the Supreme Court and such other courts as may be created by law.** - **It also asks for the aid of \"Sovereign Legislator of the Universe\" which is unique from the wordings of the Preamble of the 1973 Constitution which uses \"Divine Providence\" and the 1987 Constitution which is \"Almighty God\".** **Article 6 of the 1899 Constitution** -enumerates \"who are Filipinos\" and the section did not use the word \"citizens of the Philippines\" **The Filipinos are;** **(1) all persons born in thePhilippine territory. A vessel of Philippine registry is considered, for this purpose, as part of Philippine territory;** **(2) children of a Filipino father or mother, although born outside of the Philippines;** **(3) foreigners who have obtained certification of naturalization; and** **(4) those who, without such certificate, have acquired a domicile in any town within Philippine territory.** **Rights Guaranteed by the 1899 Constitution** 1\. No Filipino or foreigner shall be detained nor imprisoned except for the commission of a crime (Title IV, Article 7). 2\. All persons detained shall be discharged or delivered to the judicial authority within 24 hours following the act of detention (Title IV, Article 8). 3\. No Filipino shall be imprisoned except by virtue of an order by a competent court (Title IV, Article 9). 4\. No one shall enter the dwelling house of any Filipino or a foreigner residing in the Philippines without his consent (Title IV, Article 10). 5\. No Filipino shall be compelled to change his residence or domicile except by virtue of a final judgment (Title IV, Article 11). 6\. No correspondence confided to the post office be detained or opened by government authorities, nor any telegraphic or telephonic messages (Title IV, Article 12). 7\. All orders of imprisonment, of search of a dwelling house, or detention of written correspondence, telegraph or telephone, must be justified (Title IV, Article 13). 8\. No Filipino shall be prosecuted or sentenced, except by a judge or court of proper jurisdiction (Title IV, Article 14). 9\. All persons detained or imprisoned not in accordance with legal formalities shall be released upon his own petition or upon petition of another person (Title IV, Article 15). 10\. No one shall be deprived of his property by expropriation except on grounds of public necessity and benefit (Title IV, Article 17). 11\. No one shall be obliged to pay any public tax which had not been approved by the National Assembly or by local popular governments (Title IV, Article 18). 12\. No Filipino shall be deprived of his/her right to freely express his/her ideas or opinions, orally or in writing, through the use of the press or other similar means(Title IV, Article 20). 13\. No Filipino shall be deprived of his/her right of association for purposes of human life and which are not contrary to public morals (Title IV, Article 20). 14\. No Filipino shall be deprived of his/her right to send petitions to the authorities, individually or collectively (Title IV, Article 20). 15\. Any Filipino may establish and maintain institutions of learning, in accordance with the laws authorizing them. Public education shall be free and obligatory in all schools of the nation (Title IV, Article 23). 16\. Foreigners may freely reside in Philippine territory, subject to legal dispositions regulating the matter; may engage in any occupation or profession for the exercise of which no special license is required by law to be issued by the national authorities (Title IV,Article 24). 17\. No Filipino shall be impeded in his right to travel freely abroad or in his right to transfer his residence or possessions to another country (Title IV, Article 25). The **1935 Constitution** -was the constitution not only for the Philippine Commonwealth but also for the future of the Republic of the Philippines. The provisions of the constitution is similar to the constitution of the United States of America. **The amendment was made because of the changes in the economic provisions of the Tydings-Mcduffie Act made by the Philippine Economic Readjustment Act that was enacted by the United States Congress on August 7, 1939; second, it was in 1940 when three amendments were ratified by the people in the plebiscite held on June 18, 1940.** **President of the Philippines** -elected through popular suffrage that will serve for a term of four years. **State Principles** **The 1935 Constitution has the following state principles:** **1. The Philippines as republican state.** **2. Defense of the state as prime duty of the government** **3. Renounciation of war** **4. Natural right and duty of parents in rearing of the youth** **5. Promotion of social justice** **Article IV of the 1935 Constitution provides that the following are citizens of the Philippines:** **(1) those who are citizens of the Philippine Islands at the time of the adoption of this Constitution;** **(2) those born in the Philippine Islands of foreign parents who, before the adoption of this Constitution, had been elected to public office in the Philippine islands;** **(3) those whose fathers are citizens of the Philippines;** **(4) those whose mothers are citizens of the Philippines and, upon reaching the age of majority elect Philippine citizenship; and** **(5) those who are naturalized in accordance with law.** **Rights Guaranteed by the 1935 Constitution** **1. Right to life, liberty, and property** **2. Right to due process of law** **3. Right to equal protection of the laws** **4. Right against unreasonable searches and seizures** **5. Liberty of abode** **6. Privacy of communication and correspondence** **7. Right to form association or societies** **8. Freedom of religion** **9. Freedom of speech** **10. Freedom of the press** **11. Right to assembly and petition** **12. Non-impairment of obligation of contracts** **13. Non-imprisonment for debt or nonpayment of poll tax** **14. Right against involuntary servitude** **15. Privilege of the writ of habeas corpus** **16. Right to bail** **17. Right of a person under criminal prosecution** **a. Right to presumption of innocence** **b. Right to be heard by himself/herself and counsel** **c. Right to be informed of the nature and cause of accusation against him/her** **d. Right to speedy and public trial** **e. Right to meet the witnesses face to face** **f. Right to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses in his/her behalf** **18. Right against self incrimination** **19. Right against excessive fines** **20. Right against cruel and unusual punishment** **21. Right against double jeopardy** **22. Free access to courts** **Suffrage** -may be exercised by male citizens of the Philippines not otherwise disqualified by law, who are twenty-one years of age or over and are able to read and write, and who shall have resided in the Philippines for one year and in the municipality wherein they propose to vote for at least six months preceding the election. **January 17, 1973** -he issued Proclamation No. 1102 declaring the constitution in full force and effect. **Salient Features of the 1973 Constitution** 1\. The preamble maintained some of the words of the 1899 and 1935 Constitution but new words were added such as \"sovereign\" Filipino people, \"peace\" and \"equality\". 2\. It has broader and clearer provisions of national territory. 3\. The state policies include: strengthening of family as a basic social institution; role of youth in nation-building; provisions on social services in the field of education, health, housing, employment, welfare and social security; protection to labor; and autonomy of local government units. 4\. It deleted the paragraph (2) and paragraph (3) of the 1935 Constitution on citizenship. In the aspect of suffrage, \"all citizens who are at least 18 years of age\" are now qualified toexercise such right. 5\. There are provisions on the duties and obligations of citizens especially in giving military services and joining the military. 6\. It adopted a parliamentary system of government wherein the President is the head of state and chief executive while the Prime Minister is the head of the government and the commander-in chief of all armed forces. The Prime Minister and the President are both elected by the legislature. Executive power, power of appointment, pardoning power, and borrowing power belong to the Prime Minister. 7\. The creation of special court known as Sandiganbayan, which shall have jurisdiction over criminal and civil cases involving graft and corrupt practices and other offenses committed by public officers and employees. It also created the office of the Ombudsman, to be known as Tanodbayan. State Principles **The 1973 Constitution has the following state principles and policies:** **1. The Philippines as a republican state.** **2. Defense of the state as prime duty of the government** **3. Renounciation of war** **4. Strengthening the family as a basic social institution** **5. Role of youth in the nation-building** **6. Promotion of social justice** **7. Establishment and maintenance of adequate social services** **8. Supremacy of civilian over the military** **9. Protection to labor and promotion of full employment** **10. Autonomy of local government units** **Article IV of the 1973 Constitution provides that the following are citizens of the Philippines: (1) those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution; (2) those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines; (3) those who elect Philippine citizenship pursuant to the provisions of the Constitution of nineteen hundred and thirty-five; and (4) those who are naturalized in accordance with law.** **Rights Guaranteed by the 1973 Constitution** **1. Right to life, liberty, and property** **2. Right to due process of law** **3. Right to equal protection of the laws** **4. Right against unreasonable searches and seizures** **5. Privacy of communication and correspondence** **6. Liberty of abode and travel** **7. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern** **8. The right to form associations or societies** **9. Freedom of religion** **10. Freedom of speech** **11. Freedom of the press** **12. Right to peaceably assemble and petition the government** **13. Non impairment of obligation of contracts** **14. Non imprisonment for debt or non payment of poll tax** **15. Right against involuntary servitude** **16. Privilege of the writ of habeas corpus** **17. Right to speedy disposition of cases** **18. Right to bail** **19. Right of a person under criminal prosecution** **a. Right to presumption of innocence** **b. Right to be heard by himself/herself and counsel** **c. Right to be informed of the nature and cause of accusation against him/her** **d. Right to speedy, impartial, and public trial** **e. Right to meet the witnesses face to face** **f. Right to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his/her behalf** **20. Right against self incrimination** **21. Right against double jeopardy** **22. Right against excessive fines and cruel or unusual punishment** **23. Free access to the courts** **After the 1986 EDSA Revolution, the newly-installed President Corazon Aquino issued a Proclamation No. 9 creating the Constitutional Commission of 1986 to draft a new constitution. On May 25, 1986, she appointed the 48 members of the Constitutional Commission from a list of persons nominated by various groups and individuals representing different sectors of the society. After more than 110 days, the Commission finally finished its task. On October 12, 1986, the commissioners approved the draft constitution with a vote of 45 in favor against 2 who are not in favor. On the same day, they presented it to the President. February 2, 1987, the draft of the new constitution was submitted to the people for ratification in a plebiscite. Of the 25 million registered voters, the \"yes\" votes garnered 17,059,495 while the \"no\" votes had 5,058,714. On February 11, 1987, President Aquino issued Proclamation No. 58 declaring the new constitution has been ratified by the Filipino people and is therefore effective and in full force and effect.** **State Principles and Policies** **The 1987 Constitution has the following state principles and policies:** **1. The Philippines as a democratic and republican State** **2. Renounciation of war** **3. Supremacy of civilian over military** **4. Prime duty of the government** **5. Essential blessings of democracy** **6. Separation of Church and State** **7. Independent foreign policy** **8. Freedom from nuclear weapons** **9. Just and dynamic social order** **10. Promotion of social justice** **11. Dignity of every human person and guarantees full respect for human rights** **12. Sanctity of family life** **13. Vital role of the youth in nation-building** **14. Role of women in nation-building** **15. Promotion of the right to health of the people** **16. Balanced and healthful ecology** **17. Education, science and technology, arts, culture, and sports** **18. Labor as a primary social economic force** **19. Self-reliant and independent national economy** **20. Indispensable role of the private sector** **21. Promotion of comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform** **22. Promotion of the rights of indigenous cultural communities** **23. Encouragement on non-governmental, community-based, or sectoral organizations 24. Vital role of communication and information in nation-building** **25. Autonomy of local governments** **26. Equal access to opportunities for public service** **27. Maintenance of honesty and integrity in the public service** **28. Policy of full public disclosure of all its transactions involving public interest** **Article IV of the 1987 Constitution provides that the following are citizens of the Philippines:** **(1) Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution;** **(2) those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;** **(3) those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reachingbthe age of majority; and (4) those who are naturalized in accordance with law.** **Rights Guaranteed by the 1987 Constitution1. Right to life, liberty, and property** **2. Right to due process of law** **3. Right to equal protection of the laws** **4. Right against unreasonable searches and seizures** **5. Privacy of communication and correspondence** **6. Freedom of speech** **7. Freedom of expression** **8. Freedom of the press** **9. Right to peaceably assemble and petition the government** **10. Freedom of religion** **11. Liberty of abode and travel** **12. Right to information on matters of public concern** **13. Right to form unions, associations, or societies** **14. Non-impairment of obligations of contracts** **15. Free access to courts and quasi-judicial bodies** **16. Miranda Rights** **a. Right to be informed of his/her right to remain silent** **b. Right to be informed of his/her right to have competent and independent counsel** **c.Right to be informed that if he/she cannot afford the services of a counsel, he/she will be provided with one** **d. Right to remain silent** **e. Right to have competent and independent counsel** **f. Right to be provided with a counsel, if he/she cannot afford the services of a counsel** **g. Right to waive his/her right to remain silent** **h. Right to waive his/her right to competent and independent counsel** **i. Right to waive his/her right to be provided with a counsel, if he/she cannot afford the services of a counsel** **17. Right against torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate free will** **18. Right to be compensated and rehabilitated for the infliction of torture and other similar practices** **19. Right to bail and against excessive bail** **20. Right of a person under criminal prosecution** **a. Right to presumption of innocence** **b. Right to be heard by himself/herself and counsel** **c. Right to be informed of the nature and cause of accusation against him/her** **d. Right to speedy, impartial, and public trial** **e. Right to meet the witnesses face to face** **f. Right to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his/her behalf** **g. Right not to appear during his/her trial** **21. Privilege of the writ of habeas corpus** **22. Right to speedy disposition of cases** **23. Right against self incrimination** **24. Right to political belief and aspiration** **25. Right against involuntary servitude** **26. Right against excessive fines** **27. Right against cruel, degrading, and inhuman punishment** **28. Non-imprisonment for debt and non-imprisonment for nonpayment of poll tax** **29. Right against double jeopardy** **Cultural Values and Cultural Heritage Issues** **Culture** -gives meaning to man\'s existence. There is no society that does not have this. Through this, the existence of the members of the society became more meaningful and with a purpose. **1. Filipino Indolence** It was Rizal who stated that the \"Filipinos in general are indolent people.\" If this statement was true during his time, this is still true and happening now. There are Filipinos who do not care of their future. They prefer to play game of chance like\" bingo\", \"mahjong\", \"tong-its\", \"lucky 9\", \"cara y cruz\" and other gambling activities. **2. \"Ningas-Cugon\" attitude**This is an unacceptable cultural value that most Filipinos do even today. At the beginning, Filipinos are very eager and ready to do and finish a work but after some time, they become complacent and lazy at the end. **3. \"Mañana Habit\" attitude** This is the tomorrow-attitude or procrastination attitude. People set aside their work for tomorrow what they can already do today. **4. \"Bahala na\" attitude** This is a kind of fatalism in which the person leaves everything to fate. He lets fate control his destiny and decides his success. This term comes from \"Bathala na\" which means that God will take care of everything. **5. Indulging in gambling**This is one favorite pastime of Filipinos which has more negative effects than positive ones. Jueteng, tongits, jai-alai, cara y cruz, pintakasi (sabong) mahjong are some of the forms of gambling that bring evil to society because of negative effects they bring especially to the young adults. **6. \"Hiya\" Complex** This is an uncomfortable feeling of being found in an unacceptable position or uncomfortable feeling of doing something not socially acceptable, accompanied by a feeling of shame or embarrassment. **7. Amor Propio**This is associated closely with \"hiya\". It is a Spanish term meaning self- love, or self-esteem, the fear of losing social acceptance. Once a person has attained social acceptance, he will do everything to keep that status. A person will certainly feel hurt and insulted if the criticism is directed against those qualities that he holds dear or has value to him. **8. \"Lagay\" and \"Areglo\"** These are established socio-political connections for some material consideration to be able to obtain favors. These negative practices often occur in government offices where special privileges and favors may be obtained in return for which certain considerations are exchanged. **9. \"Palakasan\" scheme** Obtaining a job, getting a promotion transfer, and other special privileges and favors are often done in \"palakasan.\" This scheme is manifested in a society where there is strong family ties and the influence of power and wealth. **10. Use of euphemistic expression** Euphemistic expression is stating an unpleasant opinion, truth or request as pleasantly as possible to please another person so as not to directly hurt his ego. It is sometimes called \"white lies\". To avoid direct confrontation, one uses the euphemistic expression like tsaka na lang (later on), okey lang or marahil (perhaps), Seguro nga (could be) or bahala na. **11. The \"suerte\", \"tadhana\", \"malas\", and Buena form of fatalism** These are beliefs in fate, predestination, in horoscope and hula (fortune telling). This fatalism still persists today when a Filipino accepts with resignation and tolerance his pain and frustration. These undesirable values can be minimized if parents, teachers, and elders emphasize to the individual the value of hard work and savings, by personal achievement, that environment can be controlled and that life is what we make it. **12. The Existence of Spirits, Ghosts and Supernatural Beings** The beliefs on these \"unseen beings\" still persists in our thoughts and we imagine them to be existing in this material world. Many people believe that spirits possess supernatural powers and so we pray to them, offer food to the \"anitos\" and \"anitas\" so that they will not harm us or bring bad luck to our activities. Sometimes, we ask these spirits to cure our illness or to provide us safety, good harvest, and luck. Most of these beliefs and values are already deeply rooted in our culture. **13. The Gaya-Gaya Practice** Generally, imitation is not bad per se because it is one form of learning especially if there is a good model to imitate. On the other hand, \"gaya-gaya\" has a negative value if it indicates lack of creativity, imitativeness, pioneering spirit or as a consequence of timidity to go into a new field of endeavor and rely on just mere imitation. It does not bring good result to the individual\'s ingenuity and resourcefulness **14. Karma** Many Filipinos believe in karma, the Indian word which means \"the law of nature\". The saying \"for every action, there is an equal reaction and opposite reaction\" is referred to karma. There is also a saying in Tagalog: \"Kung ano ang itinanim, ay siyang aanihin\" (What you have sowed, is what you will reap). If do harm to others, that harm goes back to you.