Medicinal Plants PHG 101 Past Paper PDF

Medicinal Plants PHG 101 By Dr. Manal M Sabry, Assoc. Professor  Medicinal Plants PHG 101 Exam Marks Date Periodical Quiz 1 5 21 October 2024 Quiz 2 10 11 November 2024 Practical - Dusting powders 10...

Medicinal Plants PHG 101 By Dr. Manal M Sabry, Assoc. Professor  Medicinal Plants PHG 101 Exam Marks Date Periodical Quiz 1 5 21 October 2024 Quiz 2 10 11 November 2024 Practical - Dusting powders 10 4 November 2024 - Activity 5 25 november2024 - Attendance 5 - Spots 5 15 December2024 25 Oral 10 Final 50 Total 100 2  Lecture 1 Historical background Introduction to pharmacognosy  Historical background ❑ In the early period, primitive man went in search of food at random, plants or their parts like tubers, fruits, leaves….. ❑ As no harmful effects were observed, he considered them as edible materials (used as food). ❑ If he observed other effects, they were considered inedible, and according to the actions he used them in treating symptoms or diseases. ❑ If it caused diarrhoea ‫اسهال‬, it was used in case of constipation ‫امساك‬ ❑ as emetic ‫مسبب للقىء‬ ❑ and if it was found poisonous ‫ سام‬it was used as arrow poison. 4  Historical background ❑ The history of herbal medicine is old as human civilization. ❑ Documents revealed that plants were used medicinally in China, India, Egypt and Greece long before the beginning of the Christian era. 5  Pharmacognosy from the 20th Century to Now ❑ In 1928, penicillin was isolated by William Fleming, and its large scale production began in 1941 ❑ Vinca alkaloids, especially vincristine and vinblastine were isolated and used as anticancer. ❑ Steroid hormones were prepared by partial synthesis from diosgenin (a steroidal saponin) ❑ In 1970 and 1980, many universities canceled the pharmacognosy courses from their curriculum ❑ However, at the beginning of the 21st century, human returns to nature, pharmacognosy has presented a strong vitality and broad prospects. 6  Identification Analysis PHARMACOGNOSY Preparation of the A.C. Extraction of volatile oil Quality control Final product 7 Introduction to Pharmacognosy Pharmacognosy ( ‫(علم العقاقير‬ derived from: - Pharmakon meaning drug or poison gnosis: meaning to acquire knowledge (the entire knowledge of drugs) 8 Definition of Pharmacognosy is an applied science which treat medicinally active products derived from natural origin (plant, animal or mineral origin). -Any Substances produced by living cells are called Natural products -Synthetic compounds do not occur in nature 9  Natural products Crude drugs Isolated Semisynthetic Galenicals Entire or compound All extracts Natural source undergo slight powdered drug Pure (aqueous or chemical modification to improve compounds alcoholic) the solubility, the absorbance or Volatile oils e.g. atropine the bilological activity Morphine e.g. contraceptive ‫موانع الحمل‬ caffeine Sex hormones cortisone Mentha leaf Curcuma powder Mentha or any plant powder 10 Crude drugs - natural substances of plant, animal or mineral origin. - possess therapeutic properties and pharmacological actions. - have undergone only the processes of collection (harvest) and drying. 11 Examples of crude drugs (raw drugs) 4-Clove bud (plant organ) 5-Mentha 1-Cochineal (entire plant) (entire insect) 2-Senna leaf used as natural (plant organ) 3-Talc/chalk red dye (mineral) 6-Cinnamon bark (plant organ) 12  Unorganized substances derived from plant or animal are not the direct parts of plants and are prepared by some intermediary physical processes, such as incision, drying or extraction with water and do not contain cellular tissue. Plant source Animal source -gelatin Beeswax Opium (latex) Gum Aloe gel 13 Pharmaceutical preparations from Natural origin 14 Choose the correct answer ……………….. Is a crude drug a. Tea extract b. Tea powder c. Tea volatile oil d. Caffeine Cortisone is a ……………………… a. Crude drug b. galenical c. Isolated compound d. Semisynthetic compound 15 Mention an unorganized drug of plant orgin Opium (latex) Gum Aloe gel Mention the name of an animal entire drug 1-Cochineal (entire insect) used as natural red dye 16 Dr. Manal Sabry Medicinal Plants PHG 101 By Dr. Manal M Sabry, Assoc. Professor  Lecture 2 Important terms Nomenclature of plants Important Terms 3 Official and Unofficial Drugs Official drugs = listed and described in Pharmacopoeia Pharmacopoeias British Pharmacopoeia (B.P.) German commission E American herbal pharm. (A.H.P.) Egyptian Pharm. (E.P.) Deutsch Pharm. (D.A.B.) World health organization (W.H.O.) United States Pharm. (U.S.P) Folk medicine = ‫الطب الشعبى‬ (Traditional) Not supported by animal or clinical studies 5  6 Phytotherapy = science based medical practice  Complementary medicine Alternative medicine ‫الطب التكميلي‬ ‫الطب البديل‬ Used in addition to Used to replace conventional conventional medicine medicine Dietary supplements Meditation Physiotherapy Massage 7 Nutraceuticals = food supplements Any substance considered as food or part of food that provide health value (Prevention and protection)in addition to its nutritive value. As vitamins, garlic tablets, fortified dairy products Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceutical products used to treat diseases Flora = book devoted to the plants of particular region and also restricted to a major segment in the plant kingdom.  Classification of drugs for study Alphabetical : Latin or English name, used in pharmacopeias. Taxonomic : phyla, orders, family. Morphological : -organized drugs: leaves, flowers, fruits, barks, roots. -unorganized drugs: extracts, gums, resins, oil, waxes Chemical : drugs containing alkaloids, volatile oils etc... Pharmacological or Therapeutic : astringents ‫ قابض لعالج االسهال‬, drugs treating GIT (gastrointestinal tract), cardio tonics ‫مقوي‬ ‫للقلب‬, laxative ‫ ملين‬, anthelmintics ‫ طارد للديدان‬etc.... Origin (source) of Drugs: (Natural-Commercial- Geographical) Natural (Biological ) Origin: It is the plant or animal yielding the drug. The Binomial system (made by the Swedish biologist Linnaus): Genus species (followed by author name) Example: Atropa belladonna L. (italic) Atropa belladonna L. (underlined) Specific names are usually chosen to indicate 1. Some striking characters of the plant: Atropa belladonna (bella: beautiful-donna: lady) (Atropus: greek fate who kills, being poisonous) 2. A characteristic color: Piper nigrum (nigrum, due to the black color of the fruit) ‫الفلفل األسود‬ Digitalis purpurea (purpurea, due to the purple color of the flower) 12 Specific names are usually chosen to indicate 3. A geographical source: Cannabis indica (indica, from India) 4. A characteristic odor: Myristica fragrans (having a characteristic nice aroma) Caryophyllous aromaticus (refer to the aroma) Specific names are usually chosen to indicate 5. A pharmaceutical activity or active constituents: Strychnos nux vomica (vomica, induce vomiting) Quillaia saponaria (saponaria, contain saponin substance like soap) Nicotiana tabacum Nicotiana: Jean Nicot, a French scientist, who probably introduced tobacco into Europe Tabacum: Indian name for the pipe or tube used for smoking it. Papaver somniferum (induce sleep) Ipomoea purga (purgative ‫) ملين قوي‬ 2. Geographical Origin: It means the habitat i.e., region in which the plant or animal which yields the drug grows. Plants growing in their native countries are said to be indigenous plants. Plants, not of native origin are called exotic plants. Habitat is important to give indication about soil characters, climatic conditions, altitude e.g., Cinchona calisaya native to Brazil and grows at high altitude and warm moist conditions plants with high % of A.C. In India, the soil is similar to brazil but not the same altitude low % of A.C. 16  3. Commercial Origin: Refers to its production and its channel of trade. e.g. English Hyoscymus leaves gathered from England Alexandrian senna shipped from Alexandria Spanish liquorice, produced in Spain  Source of medicinal plants Cultivated plants or wild plants ? Which is better? Cultivated ‫نباتات مزروعة‬ Wild ‫نباتات برية‬ cost High-cost production Low cost Distribution Easy to reach Sparse distribution Market Supply Regular and constant Insufficiency of supply sufficient supply workers Well-trained workers Done by ignorant unskilled people Improvement Improving soil conditions Cannot be improved Dr. Manal Sabry Medicinal Plants PHG 101 By Dr. Manal M Sabry, Assoc. Professor Revision ▪ A substance derived from living cell is called (folk medicine, natural product, unorganized drug) ▪ Cochineal is an example of (isolated compound, entire, galenical) drug. ▪ ………..drugs are those listed in the pharmacopoeias. ▪ …….. Is a book devoting to the plants of particular region. ▪ The binomial nomenclature of a living organism is formed by the ……….. and ……… followed by the name of the ………..  Lecture 3 Constituents of a monograph in a pharmacopoeia Cultivation Drying methods WHO guidelines on good agricultural and collection practices (GACP) for medicinal plants 4  Contents of a Monograph Definition (origin) Geographical distribution Description of the whole plant Description of the part used  Organoleptic Contents of a Monograph properties (physical) Microscopical Chracters General and purity tests  Assay Major A.C. Contents of a Monograph Medicinal use Pharmacological effect  Adverse (side )effects Contents of a Monograph Contraindications Drug interactions Dosage form and doses References The guidelines provide a detailed description of the techniques and measures required for: - The appropriate cultivation and collection of medicinal plants - The recording and documentation of necessary data and information during their processing. Good agricultural practices for medicinal plants (GACP) 1-Identification/authentication of cultivated medicinal plants A-Selection of medicinal plants: The species or botanical variety selected for cultivation should be the same as that specified in the national pharmacopoeia or recommended by other authoritative national documents of the end-user's country. 10 B- Botanical identity – Scientific name (genus, species, subspecies/variety, author, and family) should be verified and recorded. - The local and English common names should also be recorded. C-Specimens: -A voucher botanical number and specimen should be submitted to a regional or national herbarium ‫ المعشبة‬for identification. 11  2-Seeds and other propagation materials Seeds and other propagation materials should be specified, and their suppliers. The propagation or planting materials should be of the appropriate quality and be as free as possible from contamination and diseases.  Production of crude drugs 1. Cultivation ‫زراعة‬ 2. Collection ‫حصاد‬ 3. Drying ‫تجفيف‬ 4. Garbling ‫غربلة‬ 5. Packing ‫تغليف‬ 6. Storage ‫تخزين‬ 13  1-Cultivation of medicinal plants We should take care of : 1- Site selection 2- Ecological environment and social impact 3- Climate 4- Soil 5- Irrigation and drainage 6- Plant maintenance and protection (workers) Workers should maintain appropriate personal Growers and producers should hygiene and should have have adequate knowledge of the received training. medicinal plant concerned.  3-Drying of Medicinal Plants Drying is defined as decreasing moisture content to preserve the product for extended shelf life. Drying must be done quickly, in other words at raised temperatures. Medicinal plants are dried for the following reasons: 1. To decrease size & weight to facilitates packing, transport & storage. 2. To prevent growth of micro-organism (drug preservation). 3. To stop enzymatic action which fixes the active constituents by preventing reactions that may occur in presence of water. 4.To prevent loss of volatile contents. Drugs containing volatile oils are liable to lose their aroma if not dried or if the oil is not distilled from them immediately. 5. To facilitate powdering and comminution. Drying Methods (Natural or Artificial) 1- Natural Drying: a) By the use of climatic heat in open areas. Drugs are spread in thin layers, turned over every now and then; and protected from moisture at night.  Natural Drying b) Drugs are dried in shade or sun. Drugs are dried in the sun except when active constituents or colors are affected, they are dried in the shade.  Artificial Drying It is done by the use of artificial methods, using either heat, freezing or chemicals. It is preferred over natural drying because: a) It is rapid. b) It stops enzymatic action. c) It is with controlled and known temperature.  Artificial Drying 1-Tray drying: The plant is spread out on shallow trays where they meet stream of warm air. The air temperature is kept at 20–40 °C for thin materials such as leaves, raised to 60–70 °C for plant parts that are harder to dry, e.g., roots and barks.  2-Vaccum drying It is used mainly for drugs sensitive to high temperature e.g Digitalis leaves. bmstabiltherm02_6.jpg Drying oven 23 Dr. Manal Sabry Medicinal Plants PHG 101 By Dr. Manal M Sabry, Assoc. Professor  Lecture 4 Garbling Packaging, storage Adulteration 4- Garbling The next step in preparation of crude drug for market after drying is garbling. This process is desired when sand, dirt & foreign organic parts of the same plant are required to be removed.  Remark In a dried drug the enzymes are not destroyed but only rendered inactive due to the low water content. As soon as water is added, they become active again. Hence, dried drugs must be protected from moisture during storage.  Stabilization It is a process of stabilizing the active principles of the crude drugs. On long storage, enzymatic reactions will slowly destroy the constituents, because the last traces of water can never be removed. In order to avoid this degradation, the enzymes should be destroyed before drying, a process usually called stabilization. Stabilization could be done using ethanol 90%. 5  Fermentation Fermentation (= enzymatic transformation) is sometimes desirable. The fresh material is exposed to temperatures (30–40 °C) and humidity, so as to accelerate the enzymatic processes. Advantages of fermentation: remove bitter or unpleasant-tasting substances ✓ promote the formation of aromatic compounds with a pleasant smell or taste. e.g., vanilla, tea, and cacao. 6 What is the difference between green and black tea? (caffeine-tannins) 8  Grinding It is important that the particles are of as uniform a size as possible. Grinding produces a certain amount of heat which must be observed when grinding crude drugs containing heat-sensitive compounds. Mills ‫ مطاحن‬cooled with liquid nitrogen are available for such purposes. Cold grinding is also preferable for crude drugs containing volatile oils. Following grinding, the material must be shifted to ensure the proper particle size. It is followed by sieving 8 5-Bulk packaging and labelling of medicinal plants -as quickly as possible to prevent deterioration of the product and to protect against unnecessary exposure to potential pest attacks and other sources of contamination. 11 -Processed medicinal plant materials should be packaged in clean, dry boxes, sacks, bags or other containers. Fragile medicinal plant materials should be packaged in rigid containers. 12 A label affixed to the packaging should clearly indicate: 1- The scientific name of the medicinal plant. 2-The plant part. 3-The place of origin (cultivation or collection site). 4-The cultivation or collection date. 5- The names of the grower/collector and the processor. 6-Quantitative information. 7-A number that clearly identifies the production batch. 13 5- Preservation and Storage  WHO’s Guidelines for Storage of crude drugs 1-Storage facilities for medicinal material should be: ✓ well aerated ✓ dry ✓ protected from light ✓ when necessary be supplied with air- conditioning and humidity control equipment ✓ with facilities to protect against rodents and insects. 15  Storage of Medicinal Plants Volatile oils should be stored in sealed, well-filled containers in a cool, dark place. Similar remarks apply to fixed oils, particularly cod- liver oil, should be stored under inert gas to prevent resinification (for VO) or rancidity (for FO) 3-Fresh medicinal plant material should be stored at appropriate low temps. 4-Small quantities of crude drugs should be stored in: ✓air tight, ✓moisture proof ✓light proof containers such as tin ,cans, amber glass containers 17 General undesirable changes occurring during storage - Aromatic drugs loses their odour. - Absorbent cotton loses its absorbance power. - Drugs containing fixed oil may be rancid. - Drugs containing volatile oils may be resinified. - Sensitive drugs may lose their activity. e.g. Digitalis leaves. 16 Exception of drugs required to be stored for at least one year before use: - Cascara and Frangula barks: (used as laxative) - They contain glycoside which causes emesis (vomiting), but during storage, hydrolysis of the glycoside takes place losing this side effect. 17 Principal factors responsible for deterioration: 1. Physiochemical factors Moisture ‫الرطوبة‬ Light ‫الضوء‬ Temperature ‫الحرارة‬ Oxygen (Air) ‫األوكسجين‬ 18 2-Biological factors Bacteria ‫البكتريا‬ Moulds ‫عفن‬ Worms ‫الديدان‬ Insects and rodents ‫الحشرات والقوارض‬ 22 Control of infestation: 1. Heat treatment: By exposing the drug to temperature of 60-650C to kill insect 20 2. Fumigation: Fumigation by volatile insecticide in closed area -T-gas (90% Ethylene oxide + 10% CO2 ) is used for medicinal plants. Fumigation should be repeated at intervals, to permit eggs to hatch and young larvae are killed. 21 3. Liming: ‫التجيير‬ Drugs are dipped in freshly slaked lime or sprinkle quick lime (calcium sulphate) to coat the drug with a fine powder. e.g.: ginger ‫ الجنزبيل‬and nutmeg‫جوزالطيب‬ 22 4. Low temperature storage: Adult insects, pupae, larvae and eggs are killed by extremely low temperature Exposure to sub-freezing temp. (-10 to -150 C) for 12-18 hours. 23 Adultration of Drugs and Detection of Adultrants. 24  Adulteration ‫الغش‬ Adulteration = debasement of any article It occurs when a drug is scarce or when the price of a drug is high. The adultrant must be cheap and available in large amounts. 25 Adultration involves: 1. Sophistication 2. Substitution 3. Admixture 4. Spoilage 5. Inferiority 26 1-Sophistication (=True Adulteration) It is the addition of an inferior material to any article with intend. e.g., Addition of wheat flour to powdered ginger: with enough Capsicum to restore pungency and Curcuma to maintain the colour 27  2-Substitution ‫التبديل‬ An entirely different article is used or sold in place of the required or asked for. i. Substitution with inferior commercial variety e.g. Arabian senna, Dog Senna instead of Alexandrian Senna ii. Substitution with inferior quality materials as clove stalks are mixed with clove 28  iii-Substitution with exhausted drugs In this type, the same drug is devoid of any medicinally active constituents as they are already extracted out. This practice is more common in case of volatile oil containing drugs such as fennel, clove, coriander, caraway. 51  iv: Substitution of superficially similar but cheaper natural substances having no relation to genuine drugs as Xanthium leaves for Stramonium leaves. 39  3-Admixture ‫اختالط‬ -The addition of one article to another through accident, ignorance or carelessness. -Admixture may occur through faulty collection o collecting a drug in the improper time, like collecting solanaceous leaves in spring, instead of in summer. o Collecting other parts of the same plant, or another plant by mistake. 31  5-Spoilage ‫التلف‬ A form of deterioration in which quality of an article is destroyed by the action of bacteria or fungi. 32  6-Inferiority It is any substandard condition for any cause e.g. Dried ripe seeds of Nux vomica containing less than 1.15% strychnine is considered of inferior quality. 33 Revision ❑……….. Is considered as true adulteration. ❑To control infestation, ……………, ………………. And…………..could be used. ❑Volatile oils should be stored in ……….., ………….. containers in a ……….., ……..... place. ❑Mention the reason for plants drying.  Genus species Ipomoea purga purgative Papaver somniferum induce sleep Nicotiana Tabacum French scientist Jean Nicot Indian name for the pipe or tube used for smoking it. Quillaia saponaria contain saponin substance like soap Strychnos nux vomica induce vomiting Myristica fragrans having a characteristic nice aroma Caryophyllous (refer to the aroma) aromaticus Other examples Dr. Manal Sabry