Aviation Knowledge Training (Lion Group Training Center) PDF

**AVIATION KNOWLEDGE TRAINING** **Writer:** **Instructor Aviation Knowledge** **Material Collector:** **Instructor Aviation Knowledge** **Issued: 01** **Revision: 01** **2023** Prepared by : **Instructor Aviation Knowledge** --------------------- -------------------------------...

**AVIATION KNOWLEDGE TRAINING** **Writer:** **Instructor Aviation Knowledge** **Material Collector:** **Instructor Aviation Knowledge** **Issued: 01** **Revision: 01** **2023** Prepared by : **Instructor Aviation Knowledge** --------------------- ------------------------------------- Editor : TQS No. Course Material : 052/FA/CM-AVK-INH/I/2023 +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Verified by**, | **Accepted by,** | +===================================+===================================+ | **[Rosmalinda]** | **[Chaerfinah]** | | | | | PIC Flight Attendant Training | PIC Safety Quality | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Date : January 2023** | **Date : January 2023** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Tangerang, **Writer** TABLE OF CONTENTS {#table-of-contents.TOCHeading1} ================= [**1.** **AVIATION TERMINOLOGY** 3](#aviation-terminology) [**2.** **RULES OF THE AIR** 11](#rules-of-the-air) [**3.** **TERM OF REFERENCE** 13](#term-of-reference) [**3.1.** **Time Zones** 13](#time-zones) [**3.2.** **Phonetic Alphabet** 15](#phonetic-alphabet) [**4.** **GENERAL AIRCRAFT DESCRIPTION** 17](#general-aircraft-description) [**4.1.** **Major Components** 17](#major-components) [1. Fuselage 17](#fuselage) [2. Wings 17](#wings) [3. Empennage 18](#empennage) [4. Landing gear 19](#landing-gear) [5. The power plant 19](#the-power-plant) [**4.2.** ***Turbine engines*** 20](#turbine-engines) [**4.3.** **Winglets (BOEING)/ Sharklet (AIRBUS)** 21](#winglets-boeing-sharklet-airbus) [**5.** **WEIGHT AND BALANCE** 21](#weight-and-balance) [**5.1.** **Weight** 21](#weight) [**5.2.** **Balance** 21](#balance) [**5.3.** **An effect of weight** 22](#an-effect-of-weight) [**6.** **PRESSURIZED AIRCRAFT** 22](#pressurized-aircraft) [**7.** **ALTITUDE PHYSIOLOGY** 24](#altitude-physiology) [**7.1.** **Cabin Pressurization** 24](#cabin-pressurization) [**7.2.** **Decompression** 24](#decompression) [**7.3.** **Hypoxia** 24](#hypoxia) [**7.4.** **Time Of Useful Consciousness** 24](#time-of-useful-consciousness) [**8.** **AEROMEDICAL FACTORS** 25](#aeromedical-factors) [**9.** **FLIGHT CONTROLS SYSTEM** 25](#flight-controls-system) [**9.1.** **Axes of an airplane** 26](#axes-of-an-airplane) [**9.2.** **Primary Flight Control** 26](#primary-flight-control) [1. Ailerons 27](#ailerons) [2. Elevator 27](#elevator) [3. Rudder 28](#rudder) [**10.** **AIRCRAFT MANEUVERS** 29](#aircraft-maneuvers) [**11.** **BASIC AERODYNAMICS OF FLIGHT** 29](#basic-aerodynamics-of-flight) [**11.1.** **Forces Acting on the Aircraft** 29](#forces-acting-on-the-aircraft) [**11.2.** **Wingtip Vortices** 33](#wingtip-vortices) [**12.** **METEOROLOGY** 33](#meteorology) [**12.1.** **Structure of the atmosphere** 33](#structure-of-the-atmosphere) [**12.2.** **Turbulence** 34](#turbulence) [**13.** **AIRPORT OPERATIONS** 34](#airport-operations) [**13.1.** **Types of Airports** 34](#types-of-airports) [1. Towered Airport 34](#towered-airport) [2. Non towered Airport 35](#non-towered-airport) [**14.** **EXTERIOR LIGHTS** 35](#exterior-lights) [**14.1.** **Navigation/Position Lights** 35](#navigationposition-lights) [**14.2.** **Anti-Collision Lights** 36](#anti-collision-lights) [**14.3.** **Landing lights** 36](#landing-lights) [**14.4.** **Taxi lights** 36](#taxi-lights) [**15.** **PHASE OF FLIGHT** 37](#phase-of-flight) [**16.** **CRITICAL SURFACES** 39](#critical-surfaces) [16.1. Cockpit Distraction/Sterile Cockpit 39](#cockpit-distractionsterile-cockpit) [**17.** **COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT** 40](#communication-equipment) [**18.** **LIST OF AIRPORT** 40](#_Toc185438783) [18.1. Domestic Airport Lion Air, Batik Air, Super Air Jet 40](#domestic-airport-lion-air-batik-air-super-air-jet) [18.2. International Airport Lion Air, Batik Air, Super Air Jet 42](#international-airport-lion-air-batik-air-super-air-jet) [18.3. Domestic Flight Wings Air 44](#domestic-flight-wings-air) [18.4. International Airport Wings Air 46](#international-airport-wings-air) **\ ** **AVIATION TERMINOLOGY** ======================== +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 114. | Air carrier | : A person who | | | | undertakes directly | | | | by lease, or other | | | | arrangement, to | | | | engage in air | | | | transportation. | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | 1. | Aircraft | : Any machine that | | | | can derive support in | | | | the atmosphere from | | | | the reactions of the | | | | air other than the | | | | reactions of the air | | | | against the earth's | | | | surface. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 2. | Airplane / Aero plane | : A power-driven | | | | heavier-than-air | | | | aircraft, deriving | | | | its lift in flight | | | | Chiefly from | | | | aerodynamic reactions | | | | on surfaces which | | | | remain fixed under | | | | given conditions of | | | | flight | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 3. | ASL | : Above Sea Level | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 4. | ATC | : Air Traffic | | | | Control; a service | | | | operated by | | | | appropriate authority | | | | to promote the safe, | | | | orderly, and | | | | expeditious flow of | | | | air traffic | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 5. | ATA | : Actual Time Arrival | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 6. | ATD | : Actual Time | | | | Departure | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 7. | Approach | : Procedures how to | | | | land on an airfield | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 8. | Alternate airport | : An airport at which | | | | an aircraft may land | | | | if a landing at the | | | | intended airport | | | | becomes inadvisable. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 9. | Aerobatic | : Special movements | | | | of the aircraft when | | | | flying, either | | | | individually or in a | | | | format | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 10. | Aerodynamic | : The science of the | | | | action of air on an | | | | object, and with the | | | | motion of air on | | | | other gases. | | | | Aerodynamics deals | | | | with the production | | | | of lift by the | | | | aircraft, the | | | | relative wind, and | | | | the atmosphere. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 11. | Aerodrome/Airport | : A defined area on | | | | land or water | | | | (including any | | | | buildings, | | | | installations and | | | | equipment) intended | | | | to be used either | | | | wholly or in part for | | | | the arrival, | | | | departure and surface | | | | movement of aircraft. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 12. | Aileron | : Primary flight | | | | control surfaces | | | | mounted on the | | | | trailing edge of an | | | | airplane wing, near | | | | the tip. Ailerons | | | | control roll about | | | | the longitudinal | | | | axis. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 13. | Airframe | : The fuselage, | | | | booms, nacelles, | | | | cowlings, fairings, | | | | airfoil surfaces | | | | (including rotors but | | | | excluding propellers | | | | and rotating airfoils | | | | of engines), and | | | | landing gear of an | | | | aircraft and their | | | | accessories and | | | | controls | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 14. | Altimeter | : A flight instrument | | | | that indicates | | | | altitude by sensing | | | | pressure changes | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 15. | Angle of attack | : The angle of attack | | | | is the angle at which | | | | relative wind meets | | | | an airfoil. It is the | | | | angle that is formed | | | | by the chord of the | | | | airfoil and the | | | | direction of the | | | | relative wind or | | | | between the chord | | | | line and the flight | | | | path. The angle of | | | | attack changes during | | | | a flight as the pilot | | | | changes the direction | | | | of the aircraft and | | | | is related to the | | | | amount of lift being | | | | produced. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 16. | Approach lights | : Provides lights | | | system | that will penetrate | | | | the atmosphere far | | | | enough from touchdown | | | | to give directional, | | | | distance, and | | | | glidepath information | | | | for safe transition | | | | from instrument to | | | | visual flight. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 17. | Apron | : A defined area, on | | | | a land aerodrome, | | | | intended to | | | | accommodate aircraft | | | | for purposes of | | | | loading or unloading | | | | passengers, mail or | | | | cargo, fueling, | | | | parking or | | | | maintenance | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 18. | Airborne | : Aircraft began to | | | | fly because the wing | | | | has to produce the | | | | Required lift force | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 19. | Aircraft dimension | : Measures of | | | | aircraft parts | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 20. | APU | : Auxiliary Power | | | | Unit (Machines that | | | | function as aids to | | | | turn on The engine, | | | | electrical systems, | | | | air cooling system. | | | | For large aircraft | | | | APU installed in the | | | | aircraft and placed | | | | in the tail) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 21. | Airfoil | : An airfoil is any | | | | surface, such as a | | | | wing, propeller, | | | | rudder, or Even a | | | | trim tab, which | | | | provides aerodynamic | | | | force when it | | | | interacts with a | | | | moving stream of air. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 22. | ABP | : Able Bodied | | | | Passenger (passenger | | | | physical and mental | | | | Health eligible to be | | | | appointed to help | | | | crew in emergency | | | | situations) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 23. | Aborted takeoff | : Attempt to cancel | | | | the flight due to | | | | some reason (eg a | | | | sudden technical | | | | interference in the | | | | aircraft) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 24. | Block time | : Time from block to | | | | block | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 25. | Break in area | : Section on the | | | | plane to evacuate the | | | | crew and passengers | | | | During an emergency. | | | | This section is | | | | usually written \"CUT | | | | HERE\" | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 26. | Biplane | : An airplane that | | | | has two wings on each | | | | side of the fuselage, | | | | one placed above the | | | | other. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 27. | Cabin Altitude | : The pressure inside | | | | the cabin of an | | | | aircraft in flight, | | | | expressed in feet | | | | above Mean Sea Level | | | | (MSL). | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 28. | Center of gravity | : The point at which | | | (CG) | an airplane would | | | | balance if it were | | | | possible to suspend | | | | it at that point. It | | | | is the mass center of | | | | the airplane, or the | | | | theoretical point at | | | | which the entire | | | | weight of the | | | | airplane is assumed | | | | to be concentrated. | | | | It may be expressed | | | | in inches from the | | | | reference datum, or | | | | in percentage of mean | | | | aerodynamic chord | | | | (MAC). The location | | | | depends on the | | | | distribution of | | | | weight in the | | | | airplane. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 29. | Cruising | : Horizontal flight | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 30. | Cruising level | : Altitude aircraft | | | | in flight flat | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 31. | Cruising speed | : The speed of the | | | | aircraft while flying | | | | flat | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 32. | Crewmember | : A person assigned | | | | to perform duty in an | | | | aircraft during | | | | flight time or A | | | | person assigned by an | | | | operator to duty on | | | | an aircraft during a | | | | flight duty period | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 33. | Certificate | : A document issued | | | | by, or on behalf of | | | | DGCA which confirms a | | | | regulatory standard | | | | as described in | | | | document, has been | | | | met. A certificate | | | | does not convey any | | | | authority to act. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 34. | Climbing | : The plane was | | | | flying upward to | | | | reach the cruising | | | | altitude has Been | | | | determined | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 35. | Cockpit | : The place where the | | | | pilot sits, now | | | | commonly called the | | | | flight deck | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 36. | Dangerous goods | : Articles or | | | | substances which are | | | | capable of posing a | | | | risk to health, | | | | safety, property or | | | | the environment and | | | | which are shown in | | | | the list of dangerous | | | | goods in the | | | | Technical | | | | Instructions or which | | | | are classified | | | | according to those | | | | Instructions | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 37. | Descent | : Aircraft descended | | | | from cruising | | | | altitude | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 38. | Ditching | : The forced landing | | | | of an aircraft on | | | | water | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 39. | Divert | : Flight diverted to | | | | other places | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 40. | Drag | : The net aerodynamic | | | | force parallel to the | | | | relative wind, | | | | usually the sum of | | | | two components: | | | | induced drag and | | | | parasite drag | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 41. | ETA | : Estimated time of | | | | arrival. For IFR | | | | flights, the time at | | | | which it is estimated | | | | that the aircraft | | | | will arrive over that | | | | designated point, | | | | defined by reference | | | | to navigation aids, | | | | from which it is | | | | intended that an | | | | instrument approach | | | | procedure will be | | | | commenced, or, if no | | | | navigation aid is | | | | associated with the | | | | aerodrome, the time | | | | at which the aircraft | | | | will arrive over the | | | | aerodrome. For VFR | | | | flights, the time at | | | | which it is estimated | | | | that the aircraft | | | | will arrive over the | | | | aerodrome. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 42. | ETD | : Estimated Time of | | | | Departure | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 43. | Empennage | : The section of the | | | | airplane that | | | | consists of the | | | | vertical stabilizer, | | | | The horizontal | | | | stabilizer, and the | | | | associated control | | | | surfaces | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 44. | Elevator | : The horizontal, | | | | movable primary | | | | control surface in | | | | the tail section, or | | | | empennage, of an | | | | airplane. The | | | | elevator is hinged to | | | | the trailing edge of | | | | the fixed horizontal | | | | stabilizer. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 45. | ELT | : Emergency Locator | | | | transmitter (radio | | | | signal transmitter | | | | with A specific | | | | frequency that serves | | | | to indicate the | | | | location of the plane | | | | crash victims) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 46. | Emergency exit | : Doors or windows | | | | that can be opened | | | | easily from the | | | | outside and from | | | | inside the plane | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 47. | Evacuation | : Evacuation or | | | | rescue of the crew | | | | and passengers in an | | | | emergency | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 48. | Engine trouble | : Interference with | | | | the machine that does | | | | not work perfectly | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 49. | Emergency landing | : An emergency | | | | landing under | | | | circumstances where a | | | | normal landing is | | | | impossible | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 50. | Equilibrium | : A condition that | | | | exists within a body | | | | when the sum of the | | | | moments of all of the | | | | forces acting on the | | | | body is equal to | | | | zero. In | | | | aerodynamics, | | | | equilibrium is when | | | | all opposing forces | | | | acting on an aircraft | | | | are balanced (steady, | | | | uncelebrated flight | | | | conditions). | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 51. | Flight time | : The total elapsed | | | | time from the moment | | | | the aircraft first | | | | moves under its own | | | | power for the purpose | | | | of takeoff, until the | | | | time it comes to rest | | | | at the end of the | | | | flight. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 52. | Flight Altitude | : The altitude above | | | | mean sea level at | | | | which the aircraft is | | | | operated. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 53. | Flight duty time | : The total elapsed | | | | period from the time | | | | a crewmember is | | | | Required to report | | | | for duty, to the time | | | | that crewmember has | | | | completed all | | | | official duties with | | | | respect to a flight | | | | or series of flights | | | | and is released for | | | | an official crew | | | | rest. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 54. | Flight level | : Altitude of the | | | | aircraft from the sea | | | | level based on | | | | International | | | | standard atmosphere | | | | | | | | 1. A level of | | | | constant | | | | atmospheric | | | | pressure related | | | | to a reference | | | | datum of 29.92 | | | | inches of | | | | mercury. Each is | | | | stated in three | | | | digits that | | | | represent | | | | hundreds of feet. | | | | For example, | | | | flight level 250 | | | | represents a | | | | barometric | | | | altimeter | | | | indication of | | | | 25,000 feet; | | | | flight level 255, | | | | an indication of | | | | 25,500 feet. | | | | | | | | 2. \(2) A surface of | | | | constant | | | | atmospheric | | | | pressure which is | | | | related to a | | | | specific pressure | | | | datum, 1 013.2 | | | | hectopascals (hPa | | | | ), | | | | and is separated | | | | from other such | | | | surfaces by | | | | specific pressure | | | | intervals | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 55. | FAA | : Federal Aviation | | | | Administration | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 56. | Flight | : An aircraft is | | | | deemed to be in | | | | flight any time it is | | | | no longer in contact | | | | with the earth's | | | | surface as the result | | | | of its weight being | | | | supported by the | | | | aerodynamic | | | | principles and design | | | | features of that | | | | particular aircraft | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 57. | Flight attendant | : A crewmember who | | | | performs, in the | | | | interest of safety of | | | | passenger, duties | | | | assigned by the | | | | operator or the pilot | | | | in command of the | | | | aircraft, but who | | | | shall not act as | | | | flight crewmember. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 58. | Flight crewmember | : A crewmember | | | | assigned to duty in | | | | an aircraft as a | | | | pilot, flight | | | | engineer, second | | | | officer or navigator. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 59. | Flight plan | : Specified | | | | information provided | | | | to air traffic | | | | services units, | | | | relative to an | | | | intended flight or | | | | portion of a flight | | | | of an aircraft. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 60. | Fuselage | : The section of the | | | | airplane that | | | | consists of the cabin | | | | and/or cockpit, | | | | containing seats for | | | | the occupants and the | | | | controls for the | | | | airplane. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 61. | Flaps | : Hinged portion of | | | | the trailing edge | | | | between the ailerons | | | | and fuselage. In some | | | | aircraft ailerons and | | | | flaps are | | | | interconnected to | | | | produce full-span | | | | "flaperons." In | | | | either case, flaps | | | | change the lift and | | | | drag on the wing | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 62. | FDR | : Flight Data | | | | Recorder (data | | | | recorder flight. It | | | | orange color But | | | | popularly known as | | | | "Black Box") | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 63. | FOO | : (Flight Operation | | | | Officer) A person who | | | | is authorized by an | | | | air carrier to | | | | exercise operational | | | | control over a flight | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 64. | GMT | : Greenwich Mean Time | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 65. | Holding | : A predetermined | | | | maneuver that keeps | | | | aircraft within a | | | | specified airspace | | | | while awaiting | | | | further clearance | | | | from ATC | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 66. | Holding pattern | : A racetrack | | | | pattern, involving | | | | two turns and two | | | | legs, used to keep an | | | | aircraft within a | | | | prescribed airspace | | | | with respect to a | | | | geographic fix. A | | | | standard pattern uses | | | | right turns; | | | | nonstandard patterns | | | | use left turns | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 67. | Hz | : Hertz. The | | | | frequency of a | | | | periodic phenomenon | | | | of which the period | | | | is 1 second. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 68. | Helicopter | : A motor a | | | | rotorcraft that, for | | | | its horizontal | | | | motion, depends | | | | principally on its | | | | engine driven rotors | | | | or an aircraft which | | | | is heavier than air, | | | | capable of flying | | | | with rotary wings, | | | | and travels by its | | | | own power. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 69. | ILS | : Instrument Landing | | | | System. An electronic | | | | system that provides | | | | both horizontal and | | | | vertical guidance to | | | | a specific runway, | | | | used to execute a | | | | precision instrument | | | | approach procedure | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 70. | INOP | : Inoperative | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 71. | ICAO | : (International | | | | Civil Aviation | | | | Organization). Civil | | | | Aviation | | | | organizations | | | | worldwide member | | | | countries and airline | | | | companies. | | | | Headquarters in | | | | Montreal, Canada | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 72. | Log book | : Book to record | | | | hours of flying | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 73. | Leading edge | : The part of an | | | | airfoil that meets | | | | the airflow first | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 74. | LT | : Local Time | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 75. | MEL | : Minimum Equipment | | | | List | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 76. | MSL | : Mean Sea Level | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 77. | Mach number | : The ratio of true | | | | airspeed to the speed | | | | of sound. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 78. | MHZ | : Mega Hertz | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 79. | Monoplane | : Airplanes with a | | | | single set of wings. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 80. | Mesosphere | : A layer of the | | | | atmosphere directly | | | | above the | | | | stratosphere. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 81. | Navigation Light | : Lights mounted on | | | | the aircraft. Red | | | | light (left side), | | | | green (right side), | | | | and white (tail above | | | | and below the | | | | fuselage) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 82. | Nacelle | : A streamlined | | | | enclosure on an | | | | aircraft in which an | | | | engine Is mounted. On | | | | multiengine | | | | propeller-driven | | | | airplanes, the | | | | nacelle is normally | | | | mounted on the | | | | leading edge of the | | | | wing. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 83. | Off block | : \`When block is | | | | taken from the wheel | | | | plane | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 84. | On block | : As the aircraft | | | | wheels mounted block | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 85. | Pre-flight check | : checks before the | | | | plane was flown | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 86. | Pilot in command | : The pilot | | | (PIC) | responsible for the | | | | operation and safety | | | | of an aircraft. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 87. | Pitching | : Movement up and | | | | down from an | | | | aircraft. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 88. | Place of origin | : Place of departure | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 89. | Power plant | : A complete engine | | | | and propeller | | | | combination with | | | | accessories. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 90. | Run-up | : Try machine | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 91. | Rolling | : Rotating aircraft | | | | movement on the | | | | longitudinal axis | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 92. | RTA | : Return To Apron | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 93. | RTB | : Return To Base | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 94. | Second in command | : a pilot who is | | | (SIC) | designated to be | | | | second in command of | | | | an aircraft during | | | | flight time. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 95. | SOS | : Save Our Soul | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 96. | Stratosphere | : A layer of the | | | | atmosphere above the | | | | tropopause extending | | | | to a height of | | | | approximately 160,000 | | | | feet. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 97. | Take-off | : The plane left the | | | | ground (off the | | | | ground) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 98. | Taxi in | : The plane headed | | | | from runway to apron | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 99. | Taxiing | : The plane headed | | | | for runway or apron | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 100. | Taxi out | : The plane headed | | | | from apron to runway | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 101. | Tail | : Section located in | | | | the rear fuselage, | | | | consists of flat | | | | areas and | | | | perpendicular to | | | | establish and control | | | | aircraft | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 102. | Take-off | : The plane left the | | | | ground (off the | | | | ground) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 103. | Trailing edge | : The portion of the | | | | airfoil where the | | | | airflow over the | | | | upper surface rejoins | | | | the lower surface | | | | airflow. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 104. | Troposphere | : The layer of the | | | | atmosphere extending | | | | from the surface to a | | | | Height of 20,000 to | | | | 60,000 feet depending | | | | on latitude. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 105. | Tropopause | : The boundary | | | | between the | | | | troposphere and the | | | | stratosphere Which | | | | acts as a lid to | | | | confine most of the | | | | water vapor, and the | | | | associated weather, | | | | to the troposphere. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 106. | Terminal building | : The terminal | | | | building at the | | | | airport, where | | | | airport officials | | | | Office passenger | | | | waiting room | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 107. | Top of Climb | : The point of flying | | | | up | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 108. | Top of Descend | : The point of flying | | | | down | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 109. | Thermosphere | : The last layer of | | | | the atmosphere that | | | | begins above the | | | | mesosphere and | | | | gradually fades away | | | | into space. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 110. | UTC | : Universal Time | | | | Coordinate | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 111. | VFR | : Visual Flight Rules | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 112. | VHF | : Very High Frequency | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 113. | Yawing | : Aircraft movement | | | | on the vertical axis | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **RULES OF THE AIR** ==================== +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | UNITED NATIONS (UN) / PBB | It is an international | | | organization, formed to | | | | | | promote international peace, | | | security, and | | | | | | cooperation among nations. UN has | | | sub | | | | | | organization such as WHO, UNICEF, | | | ICAO, etc. | +===================================+===================================+ | INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION | It is one of UN subdivision which | | | obligation to | | ORGANIZATION (ICAO) | | | | support diplomacy and cooperation | | | in air | | | | | | transport. ICAO composed 19 | | | ANNEXES | | | | | | containing the basic standards | | | and | | | | | | recommended practices (SARPs) of | | | the | | | | | | international civil aviation. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION / | Indonesia as one of UN member , | | | has Ministry | | KEMENTRIAN PERHUBUNGAN | | | | of Transportation that organized | | | : civil aviation | | | | | | and air transport; maritime and | | | ports as well as | | | | | | land transport. And specifically | | | for air | | | | | | transportation, Indonesia DGCA | | | adopt ICAO | | | | | | regulation. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF CIVIL | Indonesia DGCA has several | | | subdivision, such | | AVIATION / DIREKTORAT JENDERAL | | | | as navigation, airport, | | PERHUBUNGAN UDARA | airworthiness and aircraft | | | | | | operation, etc. DGCA composed | | | CASR as a | | | | | | regulation for civil aviation | | | that adopt | | | | | | ANNEXES. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | DIRECTORATE OF AIRWORTHINESS AND | DAAO specifically organized | | | airworthiness and | | AIRCRAFT OPERATION / DIREKTORAT | | | | aircraft operation. | | KELAIKUDARAAN DAN PENGOPERASIAN | | | | | | PESAWAT UDARA | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | OPERATOR (AIRLINE) | Operator composed OM and SEP | | | | | | which adopt CASR, and CASR refers | | | to | | | | | | ANNEX. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **ANNEXES 1-19** Annex 1 Personnel Licensing ---------- --------------------------------------------------- Annex 2 Rules of the Air Annex 3 Meteorological Services Annex 4 Aeronautical Charts Annex 5 Units of Measurement Annex 6 Operation of Aircraft Annex 7 Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks Annex 8 Airworthiness of Aircraft Annex 9 Facilitation Annex 10 Aeronautical Telecommunications Annex 11 Air Traffic Services Annex 12 Search and Rescue Annex 13 Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation Annex 14 Aerodromes Annex 15 Aeronautical Information Services Annex 16 Environmental Protection Annex 17 Security Annex Annex 18 The Safe Transportation of Dangerous Goods by Air Annex 19 Safety Management **TERM OF REFERENCE** ===================== 1. **Time Zones** -------------- The meridians are also useful for designating time zones. A day is defined as the time required for the Earth to make one complete rotation of 360°. Since the day is divided into 24 hours, the Earth revolves at the rate of 15° an hour. Noon is the time when the Sun is directly above a meridian; to the west of that meridian is morning, to the east is afternoon. The standard practice is to establish a time zone for each 15° of longitude. This makes a difference of exactly 1 hour between each zone. In the Republic of Indonesia, there are three time zones. The time zones are; A. **INDONESIAN WESTERN TIME (GMT/UTC + 7);** **PROVINCE** **CAPITAL OF PROVINCE** **AIRPORT** -------------- ------------------------- ------------- B. **INDONESIAN CENTER TIME (GMT/UTC + 8)** **CAPITAL OF PROVINCE** -- ------------------------- -- C. **INDONESIAN EASTERN TIME (GMT/UTC + 9)** -- -- -- -- -- -- 2. **Phonetic Alphabet** --------------------- The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) phonetic alphabet is used by FAA personnel when communications conditions are such that the information cannot be readily received without their use. ATC facilities may also request pilots to use phonetic letter equivalents when aircraft with similar sounding identifications are receiving communications on the same frequency. Pilots should use the phonetic alphabet when identifying their aircraft during initial contact with air traffic control facilities. Additionally, use the phonetic equivalents for single letters and to spell out groups of letters or difficult words during adverse communications conditions. On the wings of airplanes are made of the letters or groups of letters and numbers. This letter group called the registration number of aircraft and consists of 5 letters. Registration number is a call sign of a radio transmitter and from the plane. Examples: PK-LNI LNI : Nickname or (call sign) from the transmitter plane **How to say the letter** +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **LETTER** | **PHONETIC | **PRONUNCIATION | **MORSE CODE** | | | ALPHABET** | ** | | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | A | | | -  | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | B | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | C | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | D | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | E | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | F | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | G | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | H | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | I | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | J | | | -    | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | K | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | L | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | M | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | N | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | O | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | P | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Q | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | R | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | S | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | T | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | U | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | V | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | W | | | -   | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | X | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Y | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Z | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ **NUMBER** **PHONETIC ALPHABET** **MORSE CODE** ------------ ----------------------- ---------------- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 4. **GENERAL AIRCRAFT DESCRIPTION** ================================ Airplane / Aeroplane is A power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft, deriving its lift in flight chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on surfaces which remain fixed under given conditions of flight 1. **Major Components** -------------------- Although airplanes are designed for a variety of purposes, most of them have the same major components. The overall characteristics are largely determined by the original design objectives. Most airplane structures include a fuselage, wings, an empennage, landing gear, and a power plant. \[Figure 1-1\]  Figure 1-1. Airplane components 1. ### Fuselage The fuselage is the central body of an airplane and is designed to accommodate the crew, passengers, and cargo. It also provides the structural connection for the wings and tail assembly. 2. ### Wings The wings are airfoils attached to each side of the fuselage and are the main lifting surfaces that support the airplane in flight. Airplanes with a single set of wings are referred to as monoplanes, while those with two sets are called biplane. Figure 1-5. Monoplane and biplane. Wings may be attached at the top, middle, or lower portion of the fuselage. These designs are referred to as high-, mid-, and low-wing, respectively.  In most modern airplanes, the fuel tanks either are an integral part of the wing's structure, or consist of flexible containers mounted inside of the wing. 3. ### Empennage The empennage includes the entire tail group and consists of fixed surfaces, such as the vertical stabilizer and the horizontal stabilizer. The movable surfaces include the rudder, the elevator, and one or more trim tabs. The rudder is attached to the back of the vertical stabilizer. During flight, it is used to move the airplane's nose left and right. The elevator, which is attached to the back of the horizontal stabilizer, is used to move the nose of the airplane up and down during flight \[Figure 1-7\] Trim tabs are small, movable portions of the trailing edge of the control surface. These movable trim tabs, which are controlled from the flight deck, reduce control pressures. Trim tabs may be installed on the ailerons, the rudder, and/or the elevator. Figure 1-7. Empennage components 4. ### Landing gear The landing gear is the principle support of the airplane when parked, taxiing, taking off, or when landing. The most common type of landing gear consists of wheels, but airplanes can also be equipped with floats for water operations, or skis for landing on snow. \[Figure 1-9\]  Figure 1-9. Landing gear Wheeled landing gear consists of three wheels---two main wheels and a third wheel positioned either at the front or rear of the airplane. Landing gear with a rear mounted wheel is called conventional landing gear. Airplanes with conventional landing gear are sometimes referred to as tail wheel airplanes. When the third wheel is located on the nose, it is called a nose wheel, and the design is referred to as a tricycle gear. A steerable nose wheel or tail wheel permits the airplane to be controlled throughout all operations while on the ground. Most aircraft are steered by moving the rudder pedals, whether nose wheel or tail wheel. Additionally, some aircraft are steered by differential braking. 5. ### The power plant The power plant usually includes both the engine and the propeller. The primary function of the engine is to provide the power to turn the propeller. It also generates electrical power, provides a vacuum source for some flight instruments, and in most single-engine airplanes, provides a source of heat for the pilot and passengers. Figure 1-10. Engine compartment The engine is covered by a cowling, or a nacelle, which are both types of covered housing. The purpose of the cowling or nacelle is to streamline the flow of air around the engine and to help cool the engine by ducting air around the cylinders. The propeller, mounted on the front of the engine, translates the rotating force of the engine into thrust, a forward acting force that helps move the airplane through the air. A propeller is a rotating airfoil that produces thrust through aerodynamic action. A high-pressure area is formed at the back of the propeller's airfoil, and low pressure is produced at the face of the propeller, similar to the way lift is generated by an airfoil used as a lifting surface or wing. This pressure differential develops thrust from the propeller, which in turn pulls the airplane forward. Engines may be turned around to be pushers with the propeller at the rear. ***Turbine engines*** --------------------- 3. **Winglets (BOEING)/ Sharklet (AIRBUS)** ---------------------------------------- Is small airfoil surfaces mounted at the tip of aircraft wing for drag reduction  A. Reduce wingtip vortices B. Cut back on drag up to 20% C. Higher cruise speed D. Increased fuel economy E. Good when wing extension is not possible F. Range increase **WEIGHT AND BALANCE** ====================== **Weight** ---------- **Balance** ----------- **An effect of weight** ----------------------- a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. 6. **PRESSURIZED AIRCRAFT** ======================== Aircraft are flown at high altitudes for two reasons. First, an aircraft flown at high altitude consumes less fuel for a given airspeed than it does for the same speed at a lower altitude because the aircraft is more efficient at a high altitude. Second, bad weather and turbulence may be avoided by flying in relatively smooth air above the storms. Many modern aircraft are being designed to operate at high altitudes, taking advantage of that environment. In order to fly at higher altitudes, the aircraft must be pressurized or suitable supplemental oxygen must be provided for each occupant. It is important for pilots who fly these aircraft to be familiar with the basic operating principles. In a typical pressurization system, the cabin, flight compartment, and baggage compartments are incorporated into a sealed unit capable of containing air under a pressure higher than outside atmospheric pressure. On aircraft powered by turbine engines, bleed air from the engine compressor section is used to pressurize the cabin. Superchargers may be used on older model turbine-powered aircraft to pump air into the sealed fuselage. Piston-powered aircraft may use air supplied from each engine turbocharger through a sonic venturi (flow limiter). Air is released from the fuselage by a device called an outflow valve. By regulating the air exit, the outflow valve allows for a constant inflow of air to the pressurized area. A cabin pressurization system typically maintains a cabin pressure altitude of approximately 8,000 feet at the maximum designed cruising altitude of an aircraft. This prevents rapid changes of cabin altitude that may be uncomfortable or cause injury to passengers and crew. In addition, the pressurization system permits a reasonably fast exchange of air from the inside to the outside of the cabin. This is necessary to eliminate odors and to remove stale air. Pressurization of the aircraft cabin is necessary in order to protect occupants against hypoxia. Within a pressurized cabin, occupants can be transported comfortably and safely for long periods of time, particularly if the cabin altitude is maintained at 8,000 feet or below, where the use of oxygen equipment is not required. The flight crew in this type of aircraft must be aware of the danger of accidental loss of cabin pressure and be prepared to deal with such an emergency whenever it occurs. Figure 1-11. Standard atmospheric pressure chart 7. **ALTITUDE PHYSIOLOGY** ======================= **Cabin Pressurization** ------------------------ **Decompression** ----------------- 3. **Hypoxia** ----------- Hypoxia means "reduced oxygen" or "not enough oxygen". Although any tissue will die if deprived of oxygen to the brain, since it is particularly vulnerable to oxygen deprivation. Any reduction in mental function while flying can result in life threatening errors. Hypoxia can be caused by several factors including an insufficient supply of oxygen, inadequate transportation of oxygen, or the inability of the body tissues to use oxygen. The forms of hypoxia are divided into four major groups based on their causes. There are four types of hypoxia : Hypoxic hypoxia, Hypemic hypoxia, Stagnant hypoxia, Histotoxic hypoxia. 4. **Time Of Useful Consciousness** -------------------------------- **Altitude** **Time of Useful Consciousness** ----------------- ---------------------------------- 45,000 feet MSL 9 to 15 seconds 40,000 feet MSL 15 to 20 seconds 35,000 feet MSL 30 to 60 seconds 30,000 feet MSL 1 to 2 minutes 28,000 feet MSL 2½ to 3 minutes 25,000 feet MSL 3 to 5 minutes 22,000 feet MSL 5 to 10 minutes 20,000 feet MSL 30 minutes or more **AEROMEDICAL FACTORS** ======================= 9. **FLIGHT CONTROLS SYSTEM** ========================== Aircraft flight control systems are classified as primary and secondary. The primary control systems consist of those that are required to safely control an airplane during flight. These include the ailerons, elevator (or stabilitator), and rudder. Secondary control systems improve the performance characteristics of the airplane, or relieve the pilot of excessive control forces. Examples of secondary control systems are wing flaps and trim systems.  **Axes of an airplane** ----------------------- **Primary Flight Control** --------------------------  Figure 3-9. Axes of an airplane ### Ailerons ### Elevator  3. ### Rudder **The rudder controls movement of the airplane about its vertical axis**. This motion is called **yaw**. Like the other primary control surfaces, the rudder is a movable surface hinged to a fixed surface, in this case, to the vertical stabilizer, or fin. Moving the left or right rudder pedal controls the rudder. When the rudder is deflected into the airflow, a horizontal force is exerted in the opposite direction. By pushing the left pedal, the rudder moves left. This alters the airflow around the vertical stabilizer/rudder, and creates a sideward lift that moves the tail to the right and yaws the nose of the airplane to the left. Rudder effectiveness increases with speed, so large deflections at low speeds and small deflections at high speeds may be required to provide the desired reaction. In propeller-driven aircraft, any slipstream flowing over the rudder increases its effectiveness. **AIRCRAFT MANEUVERS** ====================== **COCKPIT CONTROL** **SURFACES** **AXIS** **ROTATION** -------------------------------- -------------- ------------------ -------------- **WHEELL (LEFT/RIGHT)** **AILERON** **LONGITUDINAL** **ROLLING** **COLUMN** **ELEVATOR** **LATERAL** **PITCHING** **PEDAL (PRESSED LEFT/RIGHT)** **RUDDER** **VERTIKAL** **YAWING** **BASIC AERODYNAMICS OF FLIGHT** ================================ 1. **Forces Acting on the Aircraft** --------------------------------- The four forces acting on an aircraft in straight-and-level, unaccelerated flight are thrust, drag, lift, and weight. They are defined as follows: : ---------- --- -- : **Lift** : : In steady flight, the sum of these opposing forces is always zero. There can be no unbalanced forces in steady, straight flight based upon Newton's Third Law, which states that for every action or force there is an equal, but opposite, reaction or force. This is true whether flying level or when climbing or descending. It does not mean the four forces are equal. It means the opposing forces are equal to, and thereby cancel, the effects of each other. The force vectors of thrust, drag, lift, and weight appear to be equal in value. The usual explanation states (without stipulating that thrust and drag do not equal weight and lift) that thrust equals drag and lift equals weight. Although true, this statement can be misleading. It should be understood that in straight, level, unaccelerated flight, it is true that the opposing lift/weight forces are equal. They are also greater than the opposing forces of thrust/drag that are equal only to each other. Therefore, in steady flight: - The sum of all upward components of forces (not just lift) equals the sum of all downward components of forces (not just weight) - The sum of all forward components of forces (not just thrust) equals the sum of all backward components of forces (not just drag)  Figure 3-1 Relationship of forces acting on an airplane a. ***Thrust*** For an aircraft to start moving, thrust must be exerted and be greater than drag. The aircraft continues to move and gain speed until thrust and drag are equal. In order to maintain a constant airspeed, thrust and drag must remain equal, just as lift and weight must be equal to maintain a constant altitude. If in level flight, the engine power is reduced, the thrust is lessened, and the aircraft slows down. As long as the thrust is less than the drag, the aircraft continues to decelerate. To a point, as the aircraft slows down, the drag force will also decrease. The aircraft will continue to slow down until thrust again equals drag at which point the airspeed will stabilize. Likewise, if the engine power is increased, thrust becomes greater than drag and the airspeed increases. As long as the thrust continues to be greater than the drag, the aircraft continues to accelerate. When drag equals thrust, the aircraft flies at a constant airspeed. b. ***Drag*** c. ***Weight*** d. ***Lift*** 2. **Wingtip Vortices** -------------------- The action of the airfoil that gives an aircraft lift also causes induced drag. When an airfoil is flown at a positive AOA, a pressure differential exists between the upper and lower surfaces of the airfoil. The pressure above the wing is less than atmospheric pressure and the pressure below the wing is equal to or greater than atmospheric pressure. Since air always moves from high pressure toward low pressure, and the path of least resistance is toward the airfoil's tips, there is a spanwise movement of air from the bottom of the airfoil outward from the fuselage around the tips. This flow of air results in "spillage" over the tips, thereby setting up a whirlpool of air called a vortex. **METEOROLOGY** =============== **Structure of the atmosphere** ------------------------------- **Turbulence** -------------- - Light Turbulence - Moderate Turbulence - Severe Turbulence - Extreme Turbulence **AIRPORT OPERATIONS** ====================== **Types of Airports** --------------------- - Civil Airports---airports that are open to the general public. - Military/Federal Government airports---airports operated by the military, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), or other agencies of the Federal Government. Private **Airports---airports designated for private or restricted use only, not open to the general public.** 1. ### Towered Airport ### Non towered Airport **EXTERIOR LIGHTS** =================== - Navigation lights - Anti-collision lights - Landing Lights - Taxi Lights 1. **Navigation/Position Lights** ------------------------------ - - - - - - - 2. **Anti-Collision Lights** ------------------------- - - - - - - 3. **Landing lights** ------------------ 4. **Taxi lights** --------------- 15. **PHASE OF FLIGHT** ===================  On block Aircraft has arrived in the parking position and parking brakes are activated (aircraft wheel is stopped using wheel chock). Process: refueling, loading (loading goods), and boarding (passenger board to the aircraft. When aircraft has landed, during block on the process are disembarking, unloading, back to the boarding and so on. ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Off block The moment when aircraft starts to move from the parking position and prepare to taxi and take off (wheel chock is removed from aircraft) Push back The aircraft is pushed back using the push backer, engine is starting up Taxi out Aircraft moving from apron to runway Running for take off The aircraft is moving with full speed to take off Take off Aircraft takes off from the ground Climbing The aircraft flies to the determined height Top of climb The aircraft has reached the allowed height point Cruise Phase of flight between top of climb and top of descent when aircraft has reached its assigned altitude for the journey Top of descent The point where the aircraft begins to decrease altitude Descent Aircraft lower the altitude Approach The runway is clearly visible Final approach The aircraft is lined up with the runway and the landing gear is extended Touch down Landing gear touches the ground Landing Aircraft is landing Taxi in Aircraft is moving from runway to apron **CRITICAL SURFACES** ===================== Cockpit Distraction/Sterile Cockpit {#cockpit-distractionsterile-cockpit.b} ----------------------------------- 1. Flight Crew (including occupant(s) of the jump seat) must limit conversation and activity to that directly and strictly associated with the safe operation of the aircraft; 2. Flight Attendants must not contact the cockpit except for safety-related/abnormal/emergency reasons, or other critical operational reasons and communication by interphone use emergency call 3. Calls and public address must be limited to those required for the safe operations of the aircraft. **Critical phases of flight are defined as follows:** 1. From the time the aircraft commences movement prior to takeoff until the SEAT BELT sign has been switched off during climb or a minimum of 10,000 feet, whichever is higher; and From the time the seat belt is switched on in preparation for landing until the aircraft has stopped and the engines shut down; or 2. Such other period as declared by the PIC. **COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT** =========================== **LIST OF AIRPORT** =================== Domestic Airport Lion Air, Batik Air, Super Air Jet {#domestic-airport-lion-air-batik-air-super-air-jet.b} --------------------------------------------------- International Airport Lion Air, Batik Air, Super Air Jet {#international-airport-lion-air-batik-air-super-air-jet.b} -------------------------------------------------------- Domestic Flight Wings Air {#domestic-flight-wings-air.b} ------------------------- International Airport Wings Air {#international-airport-wings-air.b} -------------------------------