Agricultural Review 2025 PDF

Common Name Scientific Name English Name Palay Oryza sativa Linn Rice Mais Zea mays L. Corn Niyog Cocos Nucifera L. Coconu...

Common Name Scientific Name English Name Palay Oryza sativa Linn Rice Mais Zea mays L. Corn Niyog Cocos Nucifera L. Coconut Tubo Saccharum officinarum L. Sugarcane Saging Musa sapientum var. Banana Pinya Ananas comosus L. Pineapple Kape Coffea sp. Coffee Mangga Magnifer indica L. Mango Tabako Nicotiana tabacum Tabacco Abaka Musa textiles Nee Abaca Mani Archis Hypogea Linn Peanut Mongo Virgina radiata L. mungbean Common Name Scientific Name English Name Kamoteng Kahoy Manihot exculenta Crantz Cassava Kamote Ipomoea batatas Lam Sweet Potato Kamatis Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill. Tomato Bawang Allium Sativa Linn. Garlic Sibuyas Allium cepa Linn. Onion Bulb Repolyo Brassica oleracea L. (Capitata Cabbage grp) Talong Solanum melongena Linn. Eggplant Kalamansi Citrus madurensis Lour. Calamansi Goma Hevea brasilliasis Mull. Ara Rubber  "Neolithic Revolution or the (First) Agricultural Revolution“- 12, 000 years ago human switched from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles to permanent settlements and farming.  Plant Domestication ◦ The wild progenitors of crops including wheat, barley and peas are traced to the Near East region. ◦ 11,300 years ago - fig trees prehistoric seedless fruits discovered in the Jordan Valley.  9,000 years ago - Cereals were grown in Syria  The origins of rice and millet farming date to around 6,000 B.C.E.  The world's oldest known rice paddy fields, discovered in eastern China in 2007   In Mexico, squash cultivation began around 10,000 years ago, but corn (maize) had to wait for natural genetic mutations to be selected for in its wild ancestor, teosinte. While maize- like plants derived from teosinte appear to have been cultivated at least 9,000 years ago, the first directly dated corn cob dates only to around 5,500 years ago.  Corn later reached North America, where cultivated sunflowers also started to bloom some 5,000 years ago. This is also when potato growing in the Andes region of South America began. Farmed Animals  Cattle, goats, sheep and pigs all have their origins as farmed animals in the so-called Fertile Crescent, a region covering eastern Turkey, Iraq and southwestern Iran. This region kick started the Neolithic Revolution. PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURE  The Philippines is still primarily an agricultural country despite the plan to make it an industrialized economy by 2000.  The country's main agricultural crops are rice, corn, coconut, sugarcane, bananas, pineapple, coffee, mangoes, tobacco, and abaca  Secondary crops include peanut, cassava, camote (a type of rootcrop), garlic, onion, cabbage, eggplant, calamansi (a variety of lemon), rubber, and cotton.  The Philippines exports its agricultural products around the world, including the United States, Japan, Europe, and ASEAN countries (members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations). Major export products are coconut oil and other coconut products, fruits and vegetables, bananas, and prawns (a type of shrimp). Other exports include the Cavendish banana, Cayenne pineapple, tuna, seaweed, and carrageenan. The value of coconut-product exports amounted to US$989 million in 1995 but declined to US$569 million by 2000.  Imported agricultural products include unmilled wheat and meslin, oilcake and other soybean residues, malt and malt flour, urea, flour, meals and pellets of fish, soybeans and whey. 1. rampant conversion of agricultural land into golf courses, residential subdivisions, and industrial parks or resorts. 2. Many farmers in the Philippines continued relied on chemical fertilizers, resulting soil degradation. 3. Environmental damage (Coral-reef destruction, pollution of coastal and marine resources, mangrove forest destruction, and siltation) 4. The agriculture sector has not received adequate resources for the funding of critical programs or projects such as efficient irrigation systems and mechanization program.  5. The average age of the Filipino farmer is around 53 years old. Meaning and Scope of Crop Science  Plant – any organism belonging to the Kingdom Plantea typically lacking of active locomotion or obvious nervous system or sensory organs and has photosynthetic ability.  Crop – domesticated/cultivated plants that are grown for profit. It usually connotes a group or population of cultivated plants.  Science – systemically accumulated and tested knowledge. Two groups of science practitioners A. Theoretical, Academic or Basic Scientist – brings the saturated solution of knowledge to the point of crystallization. B. Applied scientist – brings the idea to a practical achievement.  Crop science –concerned with observation and classification of knowledge concerning economically cultivated crops and the establishment of verifiable principles regarding their growth and development for the purpose of deriving the optimum benefit from them.  Crop production - the art and science of producing cultivated plants, aimed increasing productivity and quality of the products in order to maximize monetary returns but at the same time minimize, if not completely eliminate the negative effects on the environment. -It involves the process of land preparation, sowing, adding manure and fertilizers, irrigation, harvesting Classification of Agricultural Crops A. Agronomy/Agronomic crops –from the Greek word“agros” meaning field and “nomos” meaning to manage. -are annual herbaceous plants that are grown on the farm under a system of extensive or large scale culture. Classification of Agronomic crops A. Botanical Classification - They classified the crops is based upon the morphological similarity of the plant. A.1 Grass Family / Gramineae Characteristics: ❖ They are herbaceous ( small non woody )and some are woody plants; ❖ The stem are made up of nodes and internodes and usually with hollow cylindrical; ❖ The leaves are elongated and alternate w/ parallel-veined. They have two parts the leaf sheath w/c envelops the stem, and the leaf blade the expanded portion of the leaf; ❖ The roots are fibrous; and ❖ The small greenish flowers are collected in a compact or open inflorescence, which is terminal on the stem, the flowers are usually perfect. A.2 Legume Family / Leguminoseae Characteristics: ❖ The leaves are compound and have stipules with netted veins; ❖ The flowers are papilionaceous or butterfly – like; ❖ The fruit is pod that contains one or several seeds; and ❖ The roots are taproots and has root nodules ( rhizobium bacteria) has ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen in their bodies. B. Agronomic Classification - They classified on the basis of use. Cereals or Grains crops - They are grasses grown for edible seeds. (Rice, Corn, Wheat, Sorghum). The term cereals being applied either the grain or to the plant itself. Grains as collective term for fruits of cereals. Legumes for seeds - They are leguminoseae grown for their dried seeds. Peanut, Soybeans, Mung beans, Cowpeas) Forages crops - Refers to the vegetable matters fresh or preserved and utilized as feed for animals. (Grasses and Legumes) Root crops - Are grown for their enlarged roots. (Turnips, Sweet potato, Cassava, Yams) Fiber crops - This crop are grown for their fiber. (Cotton, Ramie, Flax) Tuber crops - Are grown for their short thickened under grown stem. (Gabi) Sugar crops - They grown for their sweet juice. (Sugarcane, Sorghum, Corn) Drug crops - They grown for their drug content/Medical values. (Tobacco, Mint) Oil crops - They are grown for their seeds of which contain useful oils. (Soybean, Peanut, Sunflower) Vegetable crops - They grown utilized chiefly as vegetable crops. (Potatoes, Sweet potato, Turnips, Cassava) C. Special Purpose Classification - They classified the crops according to their purposes. 1. Cover crops - are those seeded to provide a cover for the soil. Such a crop turned under while still green would be a green manuring. 2. Catch crops - are substitutes crops planted too late for regular crops or after the crops had failed. 3. Soilage crops - are crops cut and fed green directly to the animals. (Grasses, Legumes) 4. Silage crops - are those crops that preserved in succulent condition by partial fermentation in tight receptacle. 5. Companion crops - are crops sometimes called nurse crops in order to secure a return from the land. 6. Trap crops - this are crops planted to attract certain insect and parasite, are plowed under or destroyed once they have served their purpose. B. Horticulture/Horticultural crops – from the Latin words “hotus” which means a garden and “colere” to cultivate. - are annual and perennial species which are grown under a system of intensive culture w/c means usually required special Care. B. Classification of Horticultural crops B.1 Vegetable / Olericulture - these crops are plants having edible parts that are used in culinary preparations either cooked or raw, as in salad recipes. Types Of vegetables Description Vegetables  Leafy Vegetables Any of vegetable plants or Pechay,Mustard, Lettuce their leaves and stems eaten as vegetables Cole Crops or Crucifers A term for vegetable plants in Broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower the brassica regun Root or Bbulb Crops Underground plants eatn by Carrot, raddish, onion, garlic humans as foods. Bulb is a short stem with fresh leaves Legumes or pulses Legume crops can be used for Pole Sitao, Winged Beans, both food and animal feed Peas beans Solanaceous Generally refers to plants in Hot pepper and Finger the nightshade family Peppers, Tomato, eggplant Cucurbit (crops with tendrils) Any of various mostly climbing Squash, cucumber, gourd or trailing plants of the family Cucurbitaceae B. Classification of Horticultural crops B.2 Fruits - the sweet and fleshy product of a tree or other plant that contains seed and can be eaten as food. Types of Fruits Description Fruits Tree Fruits This are trees which bears frits Mango, Apple, guava, etc. that are consumed or used by humans are some animals Nut Fruits This are fruits composed of an Walnuts, Pistachios, almonds, inedible hard shell and a seed, and coconuts cashew nut which is generally edible Small Fruits A low-growing plant (such as a Strawberry, rasberry shrub, bramble , or herb) that produces tables fruit also a fruit B.2 Plantation Crops is a large-scale estate meant for farming that specializes in cash crops and required minor changes in structure of the product before utilization.  Types of Plantation Crops Description Plantation Crops Oil Crops include both annual (usually palm, soybean, sunflower, called oilseeds) and perennial flax, jatropha, coconut plants whose seeds, fruits or mesocarp and nuts are valued mainly for the edible or industrial oils that are extracted from them Beverage Crops is the one that produces a coffee, tea, sugarcane, sugar potable beverage other than beet, coconut, lemon grass water. It can also include crops that produce starch or sugar which can be used for making a drink or a beverage. Latex or Resin Crops is a milky fluid found in 10% of rubber tree all flowering plants (angiosperms). It is a complex emulsion consisting of proteins, alkaloids, starches, sugars, oils, tannins, resins, and gums that coagulate on exposure to air. Spice Crops a flavoring for food made from black pepper, turmeric, ginger, part of a plant, such as its cinnamon fruit, seeds, or root, usually dried and often made into a powder Fiber Crops are field crop grown for their Flax, Jute, abaca, ramie fibers, which are traditionally used to make paper, cloth, or rope. Medicinal Crops plants that possess oregano, lagundi, amplaya therapeutic properties or exert pharmacological effect on the human or animal body. ORNAMENTALS - are plants that are grown for decorative purposes in gardens and landscape design projects. Cut flowers -are flowers or flower buds (often with some stem and leaf) that have been cut from the plant bearing it. It is usually removed from the plant for decorative use. (Rose, anthurium, Carnations, Gerberas, Chrysanthemums, Tulips, Gladioli, Lilies)  Flowering pot plants - refer to plants that are planted and grown in containers rather than in the ground. Potted plants are ideal for smaller spaces or for more delicate flowers. (bougainvillea, anthurium) Foliage - are plants considered to have decorative, colourful and interesting leaves. (caladium, canna, Artemisia) Landscaping plants - commonly called gardening, the art and craft of growing plants with a goal of creating a beauty within the landscape. Turf plants – are plants grown for lawns, of a type that forms a dense even turf if mown and maintained. (Bermuda, frog grass, carabao grass)