Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology PDF

Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology Page 1: Heart Structure and Function Heart Function Pumps oxygenated blood for systemic circulation through rhythmic relaxation and contraction. Layers of the Heart Epicardium/Pericardium: Outer layer containing lubricating pericardial fluid. Myocardium: M...

Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology Page 1: Heart Structure and Function Heart Function Pumps oxygenated blood for systemic circulation through rhythmic relaxation and contraction. Layers of the Heart Epicardium/Pericardium: Outer layer containing lubricating pericardial fluid. Myocardium: Middle muscular layer; myocytes form muscle fibers and are part of the cardiac conduction system. Endocardium: Innermost layer providing protection for the valves. Right Side of the Heart Right Atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus. Right Ventricle: Pumps blood to pulmonary circulation via the pulmonary artery. Left Side of the Heart Left Atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via pulmonary veins. Left Ventricle: Pumps blood to systemic circulation via the aorta. Valves Atrioventricular Valves: Separate atria and ventricles. Tricuspid Valve: Blood flow from right atrium to right ventricle. Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve: Blood flow from left ventricle to aorta. Semilunar Valves: Prevent backflow during systole. Pulmonic Valve: Blood flow from right ventricle to pulmonary artery. Aortic Valve: Blood flow from left ventricle to systemic circulation. Coronary Arteries Supply blood to the myocardium. Left Coronary Artery: Major branches include the left anterior descending artery and circumflex artery. Right Coronary Artery: Supplies the right side of the heart and inferior left ventricle. Page 2: Cardiac Cycles and Conduction System Cardiac Cycles Systole: Ventricular contraction and blood ejection. Diastole: Ventricular relaxation and filling. Cardiac Conduction System Generates and transmits electrical impulses. Physiologic Characteristics: Automaticity: Initiates electrical impulses. Excitability: Responds to impulses. Conductivity: Transmits impulses between cells. Key Components: Sinoatrial Node: Primary pacemaker (60-100 bpm). Atrioventricular Node: Secondary pacemaker (40-60 bpm). Bundle of His: Transmits impulses to ventricles. Purkinje Fibers: Conduct impulses throughout ventricles (30-40 bpm). Cardiac Action Potential Phases: Phase 0: Rapid depolarization (sodium influx). Phase 1: Early repolarization (potassium efflux). Phase 2: Plateau phase (calcium influx). Phase 3: Completion of repolarization. Phase 4: Resting phase. Dysrhythmia: Any deviation from normal heartbeat patterns. Page 3: Cardiac Hemodynamics Cardiac Output: Total blood volume pumped per minute (Normal: 5L/min). Stroke Volume (SV): Blood ejected per heartbeat. Control of Heart Rate (HR): Reflex control and baroreceptors (Normal: 60-100 bpm). Factors Affecting Stroke Volume: Preload: Degree of ventricular muscle stretch. Afterload: Resistance to blood ejection. Contractility: Force generated by myocardium. Page 4: Cardiovascular Assessment and Diagnostics Common Symptoms: Chest pain, discomfort in other body areas, shortness of breath, peripheral edema, palpitations, unusual fatigue, dizziness. Pulse Pressure: Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure (Normal: 30-40 mmHg). Jugular Vein Pulsation: Indicates right-side heart function. Heart Inspection and Palpation: Identifying key areas for auscultation. Page 5: Auscultation of Heart Sounds Normal Heart Sounds: S1: Closure of AV valves ("Lub"). S2: Closure of semilunar valves ("Dub"). Abnormal Heart Sounds: S3: Early diastole; may indicate pathophysiology. S4: Late diastole; indicates non-compliant ventricles. Murmurs: Caused by turbulent blood flow. Page 6: Cardiac Biomarkers Key Biomarkers: Creatinine-Kinase (CK): Indicates muscle injury. Troponin I and T: Most definitive for diagnosing myocardial infarction (MI) Lipid Profile: Evaluates cholesterol levels. Diagnostic Procedures 2D Echocardiography: Assesses heart function and structure. Cardiac Catheterization: Invasive procedure for diagnosing coronary artery disease (CAD). Page 7: Stress Testing Cardiac Stress Tests: Evaluate myocardial ischemia. Exercise Stress Test: Patient exercises on a treadmills Pharmacologic Stress Test: Uses vasodilating agents. Page 8: Electrocardiogram (ECG) ECG Basics: Records heart's electrical activity. Lead Placement: Specific locations for accurate readings. Page 9: ECG Waveforms P-wave: Atrial contraction. QRS Complex: Ventricular contraction. T-wave: Ventricular repolarization. Page 10: Cardiovascular Diseases Pericarditis: Inflammation of the outer heart layer. Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium. Endocarditis: Inflammation of the inner heart lining. Page 11: Heart Failure and Coronary Artery Disease Heart Failure: Inability to pump blood effectively. Coronary Artery Disease: Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis leading to reduced blood flow. Angina Pectoris: Chest pain due to inadequate oxygen supply. Myocardial Infarction: Severe chest pain due to coronary artery obstruction.