Reviewer of P1 in Gen 005 - The Contemporary Word - PDF

**REVIEWER OF P1 IN GEN 005 -- THE CONTEMPORARY WORD** **LESSON 1 -- CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY** ***[FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY]*** 1. **HISTORICAL INFLUENCES** Centuries of colonization by Spain, the United States, and Japan have left indelible marks on Filipino identity. **SPANI...

**REVIEWER OF P1 IN GEN 005 -- THE CONTEMPORARY WORD** **LESSON 1 -- CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY** ***[FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY]*** 1. **HISTORICAL INFLUENCES** Centuries of colonization by Spain, the United States, and Japan have left indelible marks on Filipino identity. **SPANISH COLONIZATION --** introduced Catholicism, Spanish language, and Hispanic cultural elements. **AMERICAN COLONIZATION --** brought western education, democracy and English language. The struggle for independence and the resistance against colonial rule also **SHAPED FILIPINO NATIONALISM AND PRIDE.** 2. **CULTURAL DIVERSITY** The Philippines is home to a diverse array of **ETHNO-LINGUISTIC GROUPS,** each with its own unique traditions, languages, and customs. It encompassing over **180 LANGUAGES** and a rich tapestry of cultural practices, contributes to the complexity of Filipino identity. The integration of these diverse cultural elements into a cohesive national identity is an ongoing process. 3. **GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCES** The Philippines' geographical location in **SOUTHEAST ASIA,** its archipelagic nature comprising over **7,000 ISLANDS,** and its exposure to various trade routes have influenced its interactions with neighboring countries and cultures. This has contributed to the blending **INDEGINOUS, MALAY, CHINESE, AND OTHER CULTURAL INFLUENCES** IN SHAPING FILIPINO IDENTITY. 4. **POLITICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS** Socio-economic disparities, political instability, and issues such as corruption and poverty also influence Filipino identity. The struggle for social justice, equality, and empowerment are integral to the Filipino narrative and shape perceptions of identity and belonging. 5. **GLOBALIZATION AND MODERNIZATION** Globalization has brought about rapid socio-economic changes in the Philippines, impacting various aspects of life including technology, media, and consumer culture. Exposure to global trends and influences, coupled with modernization, has led to shifts in traditional values and norms, influencing the evolving Filipino identity. ***[DEVELOPMENT OF PHILIPPINE CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY]*** 1. **PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION (1896-1999)** Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Aguinaldo, Filipino rose up against Spanish oppression to fight for independence. 2. **AMERICAN COLONIZATION (1898-1946)** Introduction of democratic institutions, public education, and English language. 3. **WORLD WAR 2 AND JAPANESE OCCUPATION (1941-1945)** Resilience of Filipino resistance movements. 4. **MARTIAL LAW UNDER FERDINAND MARCOS (1972-1986)** Marked a period of authoritarian rule characterized by political repression, censorship, and human rights abuses. The assassination of opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983 sparked outrage and eventually led to the historic People Power Revolution in 1986. 5. **PEOPLE POWER REVOLUTIONS (1986-2001)** Downfall of the Marcos dictatorship and restored democracy in the Philippines. **LESSON 2 -- INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION** **GLOBALIZATION --** has changed how we communicate and connect, making it easier to talk to people from anywhere. Social media, video calls, and online teamwork tools help us connect globally. With these tools, people can have conversations, share ideas, and work together with those from different cultures. **CULTURAL EXCHANGES --** has changed how we communicate and connect, making it easier to talk to people from anywhere. Social media, video calls, and online teamwork tools help us connect globally. With these tools, people can have conversations, share ideas, and work together with those from different cultures. **TECHNNOLOGY --** has changed how we communicate and connect, making it easier to talk to people from anywhere. Social media, video calls, and online teamwork tools help us connect globally. With these tools, people can have conversations, share ideas, and work together with those from different cultures. **BIG GLOBAL PROBLEMS --** like climate change, poverty, and human rights issues need people from all over the world to work together. Being involved in solving these problems is another way people feel connected globally. By taking part in projects that address these issues, people help improve life for everyone ***[3 BIG IDEAS ABT GLOBALIZATION]*** **NEOLIBERALISM --** supports free markets, less government control, and personal freedom. It encourages open trade and the movement of goods and money. For example, if the government sells a state-owned phone company, it might work better with more competition and less government control. **CULTURAL HOMOGENIZATION --** globalization makes cultures more alike and can reduce cultural diversity. For instance, if fast-food chains and global brands take over a small town, local businesses might struggle. **TECHNOLOGICAL DETERMINISM** -- technology shapes society and drives globalization. Advances in technology, like smartphones and the internet, make global connections faster and change how we interact. Some believe technology makes us more efficient and connected, but others worry about addiction and privacy issues. **LESSON 3 -- FORMS OF GLOBALIZATION** **ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION -** refers to the increasing integration and interdependence of national economies worldwide. This process involves the growing scale of cross- border trade of commodities and services, the flow of international capital, the vast and rapid spread of technology, and the global labor movement. - **EX. MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS (MNCs) --** apple designs its products in the US but manufactures them in various countries, including China and India, using components worldwide. This global supply chain and production network illustrate how MNCs operate across multiple countries leveraging cost efficiencies and accessing different markets and resources. **CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION --** refers to the phenomenon where cultural practices, values, and norms are shared and exchanged across national borders, leading to greater interconnectedness and sometimes homogenization of cultures. This process is driven by various factors, including technological advancements, communication, and transportation, which facilitate the global flow of information, people, and cultural products. - **EX. THE KOREAN WAVE (HALLYU) --** K-pop is a prime example of cultural globalization by showcasing how a local cultural product can achieve global prominence through the interplay of media, technology, and cultural exchange. Its impact on global music, fashion and cultural trends underscores the dynamic nature of cultural globalization, where cultural products transcend borders and influence global audiences **POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION --** This refers to the increasing interconnectedness of political systems and the growing influence of international actors, institutions, and processes on national and global politics. It involves expanding political activities and decision- making beyond national boundaries, leading to greater cooperation, integration, and governance at the global level. - **EX. THE UNITED NATIONS (UN) --** an international organization founded in 1945 after World War 2 to promote international cooperation, maintain peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, and achieve international coexistence. It serves as a platform for member states to address global issues collectively, regardless of their size or economic power. **TECHNOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION --** refers to the worlds through technology. This includes developing, spreading, and using technologies across international borders. It is a two-way street: globalization creates a need for new technologies, which help globalize the world further. - **EX. SOCIAL MEDIA APPLICATIONS --** like FB, TWT, and IG connect people from all over the world, fostering cultural exchange and global communities. Messaging apps like WhatsApp allow instant and free communication across continents, breaking geographical barriers. **ENVIRONMENTAL GLOBALIZATION --** refers to the interconnectedness of environmental issues on a global scale, where environmental problems transcend national borders and require collaborative efforts to address effectively. This concept recognizes that environmental challenges such as climate change, deforestation, pollution, and biodiversity loss are not confined to specific regions or countries but have global implications. - **EX. THE RISE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES (EVs) --** transportation sector is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. The global shift towards electric vehicles represents a significant effort to reduce emissions and combat climate change. The widespread adoption of EVs has the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution in urban areas, especially if renewable energy sources power them. **LESSON 4 -- GLOBAL ECONOMY** **EMMANUEL WALLERSTEIN --** published a groundbreaking book that has become a key reference point for understanding globalization. His theory, called **WORLD-SYSTEM THEORY**, challenged the traditional view of colonization. - Focuses on a single powerful country (**COLONIZER**) taking control of a less powerful territory (**COLONY**) ***[2 MAIN AREAS OF WORLD ECONOMY]*** 1. **CORE --** strong countries with strong economies and a lot of control 2. **PERIPHERY --** less developed countries that often provide raw materials for the core 3. **SEMI-PERIPHERY --** process or distribute these resources ***[ACTORS THAT FACILITATE ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION]*** - As Wallerstein focused on the core-periphery structure of the global economic system. **INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF) --** organization that helps countries maintain economic stability and growth. It provides loans, advice, and support to countries facing economic problem. - Ex. Imagine Nigeria is having a financial crisis, the IMF would step in to help by giving Nigeria a loan and advice on how to fix its economy. **INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS (IFIs) --** include organizations like the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank (ADB). They provide financial help for big projects, such as building roads and bridges, and offer advice on economic policies. - Ex. The Philippines needs to improve its infrastructure. The World bank might give a loan to build new highways, and ADB might provide advice on managing its infrastructure. **TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS (TNCs) --** big companies that operate in multiple countries. They invest in local economies, create jobs, and bring new technologies and skills. - Ex. XYZ Corporation (tech-company) decides to build a factory in the Philippines to produce smartphones. This would create jobs and boost the local economy by investing in infrastructure and local suppliers. But make sure that they follow local labor laws and environmental guidelines **GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY --** includes non-governmental organizations (NGOs), social movements, and individuals working together across borders to address global issues and advocate for human rights and social justice. - Ex. After typhoon Haiyan hit the Philippines in 2013, many international NGOs like the Red Cross and World Vision provided aid. **LESSONN 5 -- TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS** **TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS BY N. GREGORY MANKIW --** provides a framework for understanding how the economy operates, ***[DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR AND INTERACTION]*** 1. HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS (MICROECONOMICS) 2. HOW PEOPLE INTERACT (MICROECONOMICS) 3. HOW THE ECONOMY WORKS AS A WHOLE (MACROECONOMICS) ***[HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS]*** **PRINCIPLE 1: PEOPLE FACE TRADE OFFS --** To get one thing, you have to give up something else. This principle highlights the concept of opportunity cost, which is the value of the next best alternative foregone. **PRINCIPLE 2: THE COST OF SOMETHING IS WHAT YOU GIVE UP TO GET IT --** closely related to the concept of opportunity cost. The true cost of an item is not just its monetary price but also what you sacrifice to obtain it. **PRINCIPLE 3: RATIONAL PEOPLE THINK AT THE MARGIN --** Rational individuals make decisions by comparing marginal benefits and marginal costs. Decisions are made by evaluating the additional (marginal) benefit against the additional (marginal) cost. **PRINCIPLE 4: PEOPLE RESPOND TO INCENTIVES --** Behavior changes when costs or benefits change. Incentives are crucial for understanding how people make decisions. ***[HOW PEOPLE INTERACT]*** **PRINCIPLE 5: TRADE CAN MAKE EVERYONE BETTER OFF --** trade allows people to specialize in what they do best and to enjoy a greater variety of goods and services **PRINCIPLE 6: MARKETS ARE USUALLY A GOOD WAY TO ORGANIZE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY --** In a market economy, decisions are decentralized, and resources are allocated through the interaction of households and firms in markets. Prices act as signals for the allocation of resources. **PRINCIPLE 7: GOVERNMENTS CAN SOMETIMES IMPROVE MARKET OUTCOMES --** When markets fail to allocate resources efficiently (market failure), government intervention can improve outcomes. Examples include regulations to correct externalities or the provision of public goods. ***[HOW THE ECONOMY WORKS AS A WHOLE]*** **PRINCIPLE 8: A COUNTRY'S STANDARD OF LIVING DEPENDS ON ITS ABILITY TO PRODUCE GOODS AND SERVIES --** The most important determinant of living standards is productivity, which is the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input. **PRINCIPLE 9: PRICE RISE WHEN THE GOVERNMENT PRINTS TOO MUCH MONEY --** Inflation is caused by an increase in the quantity of money, which reduces the value of money. **PRINCIPLE 10: SOCIETY FACES A SHORT-RUN TRADEOFF BETWEEN INFLATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT --** In the short run, reducing inflation often causes a temporary rise in unemployment. This trade-off is captured by the Phillips curve.