Reviewer in Philosophy PDF

REVIEWER IN PHILOSOPHY everything that exists is based on an idea or template that can only be THE MEANING AND NATURE OF perceived in the mind. PHILOSOPHY - Known for his dialectic...

REVIEWER IN PHILOSOPHY everything that exists is based on an idea or template that can only be THE MEANING AND NATURE OF perceived in the mind. PHILOSOPHY - Known for his dialectic - a method of inquiry where two opposing ideas are PHILOSOPHY discussed in an attempt to arrive at new - particularly Western Philosophy, knowledge. originated from two Greek words “philo” - Republic – his most famous work. This which means “love” and Sophia means is where he expressed his thoughts that “wisdom”. of all people, a “philosopher should be - Love of wisdom refers to the strong a king”. desire of human person to possess - Plato believed that one should not live knowledge and applied it correctly. in luxury but instead simplicity. - His lasting contribution to learning was PHILOSOPHIZING his founding of the Academy - an - traces its roots to when people started institution of higher learning where asking “why” and tried looking for Aristotle became one of his students. answers. - It is an attempt to logically formulate, ARISTOTLE understand and answer the essential - Student of Plato, but didn’t always questions that we ask. agree with his teachers. - He liked to focus more on science as PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTIONS one of the practical areas of philosophy. - Does God exist? If so, why is there - He founded his own school called – suffering? the Lyceum. - What is the meaning and purpose of - For him, reason was the highest good life? that having self-control is very important. PROMINENT PHILOSOPHERS PYTHAGORAS SOCRATES - A mathematician and scientist - First major Greek philosopher. - He was the first to call himself a - credited with formulating the philosopher from the Greek word Socratic method - examining a topic by “philosophos” or “love of wisdom”. devising a series of questions that let - Pythagorian Theorem the learner examine and analyze his knowledge and views regarding the DEMOCRITUS topic. - He devoted himself to the study of the - His thoughts focused on morals, good, causes of natural phenomena. evil and society. - The ‘laughing philosopher’ (his - He did not write a lot but Plato, his emphasis on the value of student recorded all his thoughts. ‘cheerfulness ’) - “Nothing exists except atoms and PLATO space, everything else is opinion.” - A student of Socrates - His most significant ideas included the DIOGENES OF SINOPE Theory of Forms, which proposes that - One of the founders of Cynic Considers how people come to learn philosophy (the purpose of life is to live what they know. in virtue, in agreement with nature). - He was a known advocate of living a HOLISTIC POINT OF VIEW simple and virtuous life. - Looks at all aspects of the given problem or situation. EPICURUS - He believed that philosophy could PARTIAL POINT OF VIEW enable man to live a life of happiness. - Looks only at a limited number of The purpose of his philosophy was to aspects of the given problem or help people attain a happy by living a situation. self-sufficient life surrounded by friends (eudaimonia), tranquil life METHOD OF PHILOSOPHIZING characterized by ataraxia (peace and freedom from fear), and aponia (the PHILOSOPHICAL METHOD absence of pain). - Also known as Philosophical methodology JOHN LOCKE - The study of how to do - (1632- 1704) philosophy. - A prominent thinker during the - Philosophy is concerned with Enlightenment period. determining the concept of truth. Truth - Coined the term tabula rasa (blank lies at the heart of any inquiry. slate) to denote that the human mind is born unformed and that ideas TRUTH and rules are only enforced through - Defined as something which can be experience thereafter proven and justified using one’s - Established the method of faculties or senses that follows the introspection, focusing on one’s own order of logic which is factual and valid emotions and behaviors in search of a under the human reason. better understanding of the self. - is most often used to mean being in accord with fact or reality, or BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY fidelity to an original or standard. - is sometimes defined in modern METAPHYSICS contexts as an idea of "truth to self", or - Study of physical universe and the authenticity. nature of ultimate reality. Episteme – Greek word most often LOGIC translated as “true knowledge”. - Differentiate between valid and - Acquiring true knowledge requires a confusing ideas. holistic view of things. AXIOLOGY OPINION - Study of principles and values. (Ethics - less concrete. and Aesthetics) - view formed in the mind of a person about a particular issue EPISTOMOLOGY - is what someone believes or thinks, and is not necessarily the truth - An inconclusive statement, used in body t0 a spirit to represent in human subject matters, which can not be or animal form. proved true or false. - Embodied, therefore, means something is given concrete form, Doxa – basically means “belief” materialized or incorporated to a body. - It is a belief held by someone regarding something. THE HUMAN PERSON - The root word of doxa is dokein (seeming). BODY - Hence, the term doxa also means The physical side of a person. It touches opinion. the material world through the five senses of sight, smell, hearing, taste, Rene Descartes touch. -systematically subjected every purported source of knowledge under SOUL doubt; experience, authority and even The life of a person. The animating mathematics. principle of a person, and is responsible for imagination, memory, reason, and The Methodic Doubt and the emotions. The center of the ego or Foundation of Truth personality. “Experience”, as oftentimes said, “is the best teacher”. However, it is only SPIRIT for those who have the ability to The spiritual side of man. It interacts properly learn the lesson therein taught. with God and the spiritual realm through its own set of “senses,” things The Lived Experience like faith, hope, and prayer. (Phenomenological Inquiry) - Phenomenology is literally the rational HOW BODY FUNCTIONS: explanation or study of the phenomena. Physiological or psychological functions Ultimately its cells' functions. Phenomenology is basically a conscious – Survival is the body's most important experience. It is a lived experience. It is business. properly called a “first person of view”. HOW SOUL FUNCTIONS: Truth must be ‘tangible’ for it to have Memory- to recall (remember and meaning. reflect) Tangibility simply means the Curiosity- to inquire (explore) connection ‘truth’ has to him who Perception- to interpret (sense and experienced. understand) Reason- to think (meditate and HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED conceive) SPIRIT Imagination- to create (envision) Emotion- to feel (have passion, Embodied affective) - According to Merriam Webster’s Volition- to will (decide) dictionary, embody means to give a HOW SPIRIT FUNCTIONS: Revelation from God The embodied soul is distinguishable Prayer to God into three aspects: Communion with God The Rational - responsible for thought, Worship with God reason, deliberation, and inquiry. Witness to man (world) The Passionate - responsible for passion, Conscience: to judge love, and spirit / emotion. Fellowship with God The Appetitive - responsible for (bodily) Discernment of spirits desires / appetite. Spiritual warfare Seedbed for the fruit of the spirit TRADUCIANISM Latin word “Tradux” meaning to inherit. ORIGIN OF THE SOUL A person inherits his soul from his parents. PRE-EXISTENCE THEORY / It holds that the human race was INFUSIONISM immediately created by Adam, with According to this theory, souls have respect to the soul as well as the existed in a previous state and enter the body, and that both are propagated human body at some point in the from him by natural generation. development of the body. Plato, Philo, and Origen held this view. BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOUL INTELLECT - tells whether a given issue ORIGEN is right or wrong God had created the souls of all the SENSIBILITY – tells what I would like to intelligent beings. These souls, at first do about the issue fully devoted to God, fell away from him CONSCIENCE - tells what should/ to do and were given physical bodies. about the issue (ANALYZE) WILL – tells what to do about the issue PHILO JUDAEUS (PHILO OF (ACT) ALEXANDRIA) A Jewish Philosopher TYPES OF CONSCIENCE The soul has descended into the world EVIL - A troubled conscience; diseased of matter, and it is up to each by guilt. individual, by stripping himself of Guilt is heavy, it is oppressive, and earthly passions, to bring about the by its very nature suffocates the his soul’s ascent to God. soul. DEFILED - A contaminated conscience; PLATO so polluted that he cannot ascertain The soul was the “real” part of the good from evil, because his standard person, temporarily attached to a is corrupt. physical body, but immortal. WEAK - The conscience has not The soul was a guiding force that helped matured in knowledge to be able to the body and mind to work together, take action apart from doubt; to be and the only way it could do this was weak in faith. with a governance of the tripartite. TYPES OF CONSCIENCE PLATO : THE TRIPARTITE SOUL GOOD - Need for the workings of faith ( 1Tim 1:5, 1:19); having good motives; displaying motives that will not result in Hatred- bad temper a guilty conscience. Variance- trouble making, fighting PURE - Conscience that only sought Emulation- being jealous God. Anything that was outside God Wrath - anger had no place in a person. Strife- arguing SACRED - Having a sincere faith and Sedition- causing divisions manifesting it at all times, not Heresy -false teaching pretending but living it daily within the Envying- wanting which else has premise of FREE CHOICE. Murder- killing people Drunkenness- drinking liquor SOUL SICKNESS Revealing- wild and wasteful parties SOUL INJURY Used to describe the inner hurts of the THE HUMAN PERSON AND THE soul. ENVIRONMENT A breakdown of the emotions and mind will lead to a breakdown in the body. Environmental Philosophy the discipline that studies the moral CAUSES OF SICKNESS OF THE SOUL relationships of human beings with the 1. PARENTS environment and its non-human – Physical Abuse (Cruel Beatings) contents. In this case, it is not just the body that suffers. The soul can be severely SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT damaged as well in which these inner The development that meets the needs scars are carried into adult life. of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet Emotional Abuse their own needs. It contains two key Unseen wounds of overly critical concepts: parents. 1. The concept of “needs”, in particular, Suffer from a low sense of self- and the essential needs of the world’s esteem. poor; and Cannot picture successfully anything. 2. The idea of limitations imposed by Afraid to take on new duties or even the state, technology, and social prepare for a better position in life organization on the environment’s Live under a cloud of self-doubt and ability to meet present and future personal insecurity needs. 2. Works of the Flesh ENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRITY Adultery- sex with someone other than Maintaining the state of the your spouse environment. Fornication- sex with unmarried person Uncleanliness- impure thoughts, words, ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY and deeds, homosexuality Prudence in decision-making regarding Lasciviousness- selfish and shameless the use of resources to ensure that behavior there is minimum to zero waste. Idolatry- worship of idols and false gods Witchcraft - the use of magical or EQUITY demonic power. Demands that we use our natural This environmental problem refers to resources in such a manner that these the cutting of trees for agricultural, are conserved so that the next industrial, housing or urban use. generation will be able to use them. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (2015), a Heraclitus: total of 129 million hectares of forest Different Environmental Problems and have been lost since 1990. Now, their Impacts on Human Lives deforestation created by humans contributes to various environmental Heraclitus, a Western philosopher in risks that become harmful to humans, the ancient period once argued that the animals and other living creatures. world is in constant change. For him, the world involves an ongoing Prudence is the ability to regulate one’s process governed by the law of change. actions and behaviors. AIR POLLUTION refers to the contamination of the air in the atmosphere, which is primarily caused by harmful gases and toxins released from the smoke of the industrial factories and the combustion of fossil fuels from our private cars and vehicles, public transportations facilities, and agricultural machineries. WATER POLLUTION Another environmental problem that is caused by oil spill, acid rain and other hazardous chemicals that mixed with water. (SEPA, 2012). According to the World Health Organization (2017), contamination in waters causes various diseases in human persons, particularly to children. CLIMATE CHANGE One of the most trending or mostly discussed environmental issues today. Climate change refers to an increase in the average global temperatures. It is believed that climate change is caused by human activity and its consequences are harmful to humans as well as to nature. DEFORESTATION