Reviewer in English Past Paper PDF

**REVIEWER IN ENGLISH** **Pointers:** - **LESSON 1-6** 1. **Opinion Marking Signals**\ **Definition and Usage**\ Opinion marking signals are phrases that express personal thoughts, reflections, or beliefs, signaling subjective viewpoints. **Common Phrases** - It seems to me tha...

**REVIEWER IN ENGLISH** **Pointers:** - **LESSON 1-6** 1. **Opinion Marking Signals**\ **Definition and Usage**\ Opinion marking signals are phrases that express personal thoughts, reflections, or beliefs, signaling subjective viewpoints. **Common Phrases** - It seems to me that... - In my opinion,... - I am of the opinion that... - My personal view is that... - As far as I understand... - As I see it,... - From my point of view... - I think... - I believe one can (safely) say... - I must admit that... - I am sure/certain/convinced that... - Personally, I think... - I am not sure/certain, but... - Personally, I think social media can be both beneficial and harmful, depending on how it's used. - In my opinion, education is the key to solving many of the world's challenges. - It seems to me that technology has both positive and negative impacts on human interaction. 1. **Emphasis Markers**\ **Definition and Usage**\ Emphasis markers are used to highlight and exaggerate points, drawing attention to key information. - To show contrast: however, on the other hand, notwithstanding - To denote time: after, at last, before - To add a previous point: furthermore, besides, moreover - To show similarity or comparison: likewise, similarly - To concede a point: although, at least, at any rate - For emphasis: even more, specifically, explicitly, more importantly, to be sure, chiefly, particularly - Notably, the importance of education cannot be overstated. - More importantly, we need to recognize the impact of climate change. - Significantly, technological advancements have greatly influenced modern society. - To be sure, our objectives align with the broader goals of the organization. - That is to say, the environmental challenges we face require urgent action. 1. **Indian Literature Overview**\ **Definition and Characteristics** - Indian literature is often called **Sanskrit Literature**, derived from the word Sanskrit, meaning \"cultivated\" or \"perfected.\" - It is one of the world's oldest literatures, with a deeply religious spirit and a focus on piety and the brotherhood of humankind. - **Religious Spirit**: Centered on a strong belief in God and Hinduism. - **Vedas**: The earliest poems, considered the Bible of the Indians. - **Epic Form**: Major works are written in the form of epics, which correspond to significant historical eras. - **Ramayana**: Chronicles the life and trials of Rama, an avatar of Vishnu. - **Mahabharata**: Details the reincarnation of Vishnu as Krishna and teaches moral lessons. - **Reincarnation**: The soul returns to Earth in another form (person, animal, or plant). - **Kindness**: Emphasis on non-violence and compassion toward all living beings. - Development of grammar books, phonetics, trigonometry, and the game of chess. - **Drama**: - **Bhasa**: The first great dramatist, with 13 plays attributed to him. - **Kalidasa**: Known as the \"Indian Shakespeare,\" famous for the play *Shakuntala*. - **Fables**: - **Panchatantra**: A collection of stories featuring animals with human characteristics. **Rabindranath Tagore** - A celebrated Indian poet and dramatist, awarded the **Nobel Prize for Literature** in 1913. 1. **Characters in the Ramayana** 2. **Rama** - Son of King Dasaratha and Queen Kausalya; an avatar of Vishnu. - Known for his virtue, strength, and devotion to his wife, Sita. 3. **Sita** - Daughter of King Janak, renowned for her beauty and virtue. - Rama's wife and an avatar of the goddess Lakshmi. 4. **Lakshmana** - Rama's loyal brother who follows him into exile. - Married to Urmila, Sita's sister. 5. **Ravana** - King of Lanka and a rakshasa (demon). - Kidnaps Sita and is eventually defeated by Rama. 6. **King Dasaratha** - Father of Rama, Lakshmana, Bharata, and Shatrughna. 7. **Kaikeyi** - Dasaratha's youngest wife and Bharata's mother. - Manipulated by her maid, Manthara, to exile Rama. 8. **Bharata** - Son of Dasaratha and Kaikeyi. - Devoted to Rama and attempts to reverse his exile. 9. **Shatrughna** - Son of Dasaratha and Sumitra; Lakshmana's twin brother. 10. **Hanuman** - Advisor to Sugriva and son of the wind god Vayu. - A vanara with immense strength and loyalty to Rama. 11. **Sugriva** - King of the vanaras, helped by Rama to regain his throne. 12. **Vali** - Sugriva's brother who usurped the vanara throne. 13. **Indrajit** - Ravana's son and a powerful warrior. 14. **Kumbhakarna** - Ravana's giant brother, known for his immense strength and long periods of sleep. 15. **Vibheeshana** - Ravana's younger brother who sides with Rama. 16. **Surpanakha** - Ravana's sister, whose advances toward Rama and Lakshmana lead to conflict. 17. **Tatake** - A cursed rakshasi slain by Rama. 18. **Rishyaringa** - A rishi who helps King Dasaratha perform a sacrifice to have sons. 19. **Sumantra** - Chief counselor of Dasaratha, tasked with escorting Rama into exile. Kabuliwala by Rabindranath Tagore tells the story of Rahamat, a fruit seller from Kabul, and Mini, a young girl in Kolkata. Mini is a lively and talkative child who enjoys speaking with Rahamat, who frequently visits her neighborhood to sell dry fruits. Despite their cultural and linguistic differences, they form a friendship as Mini delights in Rahamat's tales of his homeland. Rahamat, in turn, sees Mini as a reminder of his own daughter back in Kabul, whom he deeply misses. One day, Rahamat gets involved in a violent altercation while defending his honor, which leads to his imprisonment. Before being arrested, he entrusts Mini\'s family with some money to give to her. Years pass, and Mini matures into a young woman preparing for her wedding. She gradually forgets her bond with Rahamat, focusing instead on her new life and responsibilities. Upon his release from prison, Rahamat visits Mini's house, hoping to see her. However, he finds her transformed into a bride and no longer the playful child he once knew. Rahamat feels the passage of time keenly, realizing that Mini, like his daughter, has grown up in his absence. He leaves after sharing a moment of reflection with Mini's father, who recognizes the fruit seller's longing for his own child. The story depicts the transient nature of relationships and the passage of time through the lens of Rahamat's bond with Mini and his unfulfilled wish to see his daughter again.