Reviewer in 21st Century Literature PDF

REVIEWER in 21st CENTURY LITERATURE Duplo or Karagatan – are native dramas that are connected to Catholic mourning rituals and Module 1: MAPPING OUR LITERARY PAST, harvest celebrations....

REVIEWER in 21st CENTURY LITERATURE Duplo or Karagatan – are native dramas that are connected to Catholic mourning rituals and Module 1: MAPPING OUR LITERARY PAST, harvest celebrations. PRESENT, and FUTURE: Zarzuela – are musical comedies or Philippine Precolonial Literature – brimming which melodramas that deal with elemental passions of a tradition of oral literature, weaved with countless human beings. myths and legends to explain certain phenomena in life. MODULE 2: PHILIPPINE POETRY: ITS FORM, LANGUAGE, AND SPEECH Proverbs – practical observations and philosophy of everyday life that are written in a - In the early 1900s, Filipino poetry celebrated rhyming scheme. Teaches basic skills in surviving romanticism, and several poems about love flourished. local life Senses and images are used by the writers to Riddles – they demand an answer and are describe their impressions of their topic or object of used to test the wits of those who are listening to writing. them, usually riddles (bugtong) Introduction to Imagery – the use of descriptive Folksongs – are beautiful songs that are language that appeals to the senses informal expressions of our ancestors’ experiences in life. Range from courtship (harana), to lullabies,  Visual Imagery – what the writer wants you harvest, funerals, and others to see Tales – stories of origin for certain places,  Olfactory Imagery – what the writer wants their names and creation. Also known as myths and you to smell legends.  Gustatory Imagery – what the writer wants Epics – are long-winded poems about a you to taste hero and his adventures and misadvantages. Usually tells of a male hero who is born with pleasing qualities  Tactile Imagery – what the writer wants you that your ancestors like in a person and who also has to feel superhuman capabilities.  Auditory Imagery – what the writer wants Spanish Colonial Philippine Literature – when you to hear Spaniards came, it then centered on the Christian faith, and the stories about natural phenomena Diction – is the denotative and connotative meaning suddenly became all about the lives of saints and of the words in a sentence, phrase, paragraph, or other religious hymes. poem. Corrido – is a legendary religious narrative Rhyme Scheme – the way the author arranges words, form that usually details the lives of saints or the meters, lines, and stanzas to create a coherent sound history of a tradition. when the poem is read aloud. Awit – is a chivalric poem about a hero, Carlos Angeles – born on May 25 1921, Leyte. His usually about a saint. It is also usually sung and used poetry collection, Stun of Jewels, won the Republic in religious processions. Cultural Heritage Awards in Literature back in 1964. “Gabu” was the poem he made that was widely loved Pasyon – a narrative poem about Jesus by Filipino’s. Christ, beginning from his birth and up to his death. Word Order – either the natural or unnatural Cenaculo – is the dramatization of the arrangement of words in a poem. A poet may use a passion of Christ, highlights the sufferings and death word grammatically or not-often called as poetic of Jesus Christ. license-and may invent words too. Moro-Moro – is a blood-and-thunder melodrama depicting the conflict of Christians and Muslims. Module 3: THE LANDSCAPE OF PHILIPPINE FICTION Carillo – is a play that uses shadows as its main spectacle, made from animating figures made Fiction – is a story that is entirely made up and is not from cardboard. true. At times, fiction may resemble reality, but it is purely circumstantial. Tibag – is the dramatic reenactment of St. Helena’s search for the Holy Cross. Techniques of Fiction  Character  Drama is the literary genre or script that  Symbolism – a character may symbolize a forms the basis of theatrical performance. community or an event in history. Introduction to Drama: The Plot Structure of Fiction  Exposition – is the beginning of the story, where  drama is a genre of literature that is meant to the writer introduces the characters, describes be performed rather than just read, involves the setting, and sometimes a brief background of characters in conflict and action. the story.  Its focus is to entertain, inform, and provoke Inciting Incident – small events and telltale signs thought through representation of real-life situations that a conflict is about to happen.  Rising Action – is when complications begins to occur. Elements of Drama:  Climax – event in which the greatest tension in the story Plot: The sequence of events or actions in the drama.  Falling Action – is the result of the climax, and it Characters: The people or beings who carry out the is the part when the things start falling into place action. for the characters. Setting: Where and when the story takes place.  Resolution – reaching the conclusion of the Theme: The central idea or message of the play. story, the story reaches a premature resolution of Dialogue: The spoken words between characters. conflicts, problems, and issues. Conflict: The struggle between opposing forces,  Denouement – is a French term that means which drives the plot “ending”. This is where the story reaches its final conclusion. Structure of a Play Acts and Scenes: Explain how plays are divided MODULE 4: DRAMA IN LITERATURE (THE into acts and scenes. HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE THEATER) Exposition: Introduction of characters and setting. Theater - refers to the art form that involves the performance of plays, including the physical It encompasses all aspects of staging a performance, Rising Action: Events that build up to the climax. including acting, directing, set design, lighting, costumes, and audience Climax: The turning point or moment of highest tension. - it encompasses the entire process and experience of live performance. It includes various forms such as Falling Action: The events following the climax plays, musicals, opera, and even some forms of dance leading to resolution. - The term can also refer to the venue where Resolution/Denouement: The conclusion of the performances take place, such as a theater building. play where loose ends are tied up. Drama - It consists of written works (scripts) that are Types of Drama composed of dialogue and stage directions, meant to convey a story through performance. Tragedy: A serious play with a sad or tragic ending. - refers to the written text of a play or performance. It is a literary form, like poetry or prose, focused on Comedy: A light-hearted play with a happy ending. depicting human conflict and emotions through dialogue and action. Tragicomedy: A mix of both tragedy and comedy. - While drama can be read and analyzed as a literary work, it is ultimately designed to be brought to life in Melodrama: A dramatic work that emphasizes plot the theater over character, often with exaggerated emotions. Summary: Farce: A type of comedy that uses highly  Theater is the art form and the space where exaggerated and funny situations. performances occur, encompassing all elements of staging. THE HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE THEATER E. Martial Law Period (1972-1986) A. Pre-Colonial Period Theater as a Form of Protest:  Street Theater: Used as a form of resistance against the Marcos dictatorship. Indigenous Rituals and Performances:  Political Plays: Plays focusing on human rights, social injustice, and freedom, often performed  Baybayin and Epic Poetry: Early forms of underground. storytelling using chanting and dance.  PETA and UP Repertory Company: Continued  Religious Rituals: Performance of spiritual to produce socially relevant plays despite rituals by babaylans (spiritual leaders), often censorship and repression. involving theatrical elements.  Tribal Performances: Cultural celebrations F. Contemporary Philippine Theater (1986-Present) and storytelling in indigenous communities. Diversity and Innovation: B. Spanish Colonial Period (1565-1898)  Rise of New Theaters: Establishment of new theater companies like Tanghalang Pilipino and Introduction of Western Theater: Repertory Philippines.  Musical Theater: Growth of original Filipino  Komedyas: Popular during religious musicals and adaptations of Western productions. festivals, featuring stories of saints, the lives  Independence and Innovation: Experimental of Jesus, and other religious narratives. theater groups exploring new forms and  Sarsuwela: A musical drama that combines narratives. spoken dialogue with singing, often  Contemporary Issues: Addressing modern portraying social and political issues. social, political, and cultural issues through  Moro-Moro: A theatrical form depicting theater. battles between Christians and Muslims, Notable Figures in Philippine Theater reflecting the conflictsduring the Spanish Severino Reyes: Father of Filipino Sarsuwela, colonization. known for "Walang Sugat."  Religious Influence: Spanish missionaries Rolando Tinio: Playwright, director, and used theater as a tool for religious National Artist for Theater and Literature. conversion and education. Nicanor Tiongson: A key figure in the study and revival of traditional Philippine theater forms. C. American Colonial Period (1898-1946) Philippine Theater in the Global Context  International Recognition: Filipino productions Emergence of New Forms: and artists gaining recognition on the global  Bodabil: A variety show influenced by stage. American vaudeville, incorporating dance,  Collaborations: Partnerships with international comedy, and music. theater companies and participation in global  Social and Political Themes: The rise of theater festivals. plays addressing nationalism, independence, and social issues.  Golden Age of Sarsuwela: Continued Guide Questions: popularity of sarsuwela, now addressing more contemporary and 1. Can you briefly describe the origins of nationalist themes. Philippine theater during the Pre-Colonial period? D. Post-War Era (1946-1960s) - Pre-colonial Philippine theater was deeply rooted in the indigenous cultures and traditions of the Rebuilding and Transformation: archipelago. It was characterized by ritualistic  Decline of Traditional Forms: The gradual performances that combined dance, music, and decline of sarsuwela and komedya, with the rise storytelling, often related to animistic beliefs and of more modern forms. community life. These performances were integral to ceremonies, agricultural rituals, and spiritual practices,  Introduction of Realism: Influence of Western reflecting the diverse cultures and languages of realism, focusing on social and political themes. various ethnic groups across the islands.  PETA (Philippine Educational Theater Association): Founded in 1967, playing a pivotal 2. How did Spanish colonization influence the role in the development of contemporary development of Philippine theater? Philippine theater. - Spanish colonization brought Christianity to the Philippines, which influenced local theater. Spanish missionaries used plays to teach religious lessons 7. During the Martial Law period, how was theater and spread Christianity. Over time, this led to the used as a form of protest? Can you give an development of a unique form of theater that example? combined Spanish and Filipino elements, such as "komedya," which was a popular genre of the time. - During the Martial Law period in the Philippines (1972-1981), theater was used as a powerful form of 3. What are the main characteristics of Komedya, protest against the regime's repression and human and how did it reflect the society during the rights abuses. Plays and performances often Spanish Colonial period? addressed political and social issues, critiqued the government, and mobilized public opinion. - Komedya, a type of theater that emerged during Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines, is **Example**: One notable example is the work of the characterized by elaborate costumes and settings theater group *Pangkat ng mga Aktibistang reflecting Spanish style, themes centered around Kabataan* (PAK), which produced plays like *“Buwan chivalric tales with knights, battles, and romance, and at Baril”* (Moon and Gun). These performances the incorporation of music and dance. Performed in a depicted the struggles of the Filipino people under mix of Spanish and local languages, komedya Martial Law and aimed to inspire resistance and mirrored the society by showcasing Spanish influence, awareness among audiences. social hierarchies, and religious elements, blending colonial culture with Filipino traditions. 8. Who was Severino Reyes, and why is he considered an important figure in Philippine 4. What is Sarsuwela, and why was it significant theater? during the Spanish Colonial period? - Severino Reyes, also known as "Lola Basyang," was - Sarsuwela, or "zarzuela," is a form of musical a Filipino playwright, director, and actor known for his theater that combines spoken dialogue, song, and significant contributions to Philippine theater. He is dance. During the Spanish Colonial period in the considered an important figure because he Philippines, it was significant because it blended popularized the *sarsuwela* (a form of musical Spanish operatic and theatrical traditions with local theater) and was instrumental in shaping its culture and languages. This allowed Filipinos to development in the Philippines. Reyes' work, express their own stories and concerns through a particularly his sarsuwelas and plays, reflected popular and accessible medium, reflecting both Filipino culture and social issues, making a lasting colonial influence and local identity. impact on the country's theatrical tradition. 5. How did the American Colonial period change the landscape of Philippine theater? 9. How did PETA contribute to the evolution of - During the American Colonial period, Philippine contemporary Philippine theater? theater saw several significant changes. American influence introduced new forms and styles, including - PETA contributed to contemporary Philippine theater vaudeville and Broadway-style musicals. The use of by introducing innovative and experimental English became more prominent in performances, productions that addressed social issues, focusing on and new themes emerged, reflecting contemporary theater as a tool for education and social change, and issues and American culture. Additionally, American training new generations of theater practitioners. support for education and the arts helped develop theater as a more formal and professional field, 10. Can you name a contemporary Filipino leading to greater variety and innovation in Filipino playwright or director who has significantly theater. influenced modern Philippine theater? What are some of their notable 6. What is Bodabil, and what Western influences works? shaped its development in the Philippines? - Bodabil is a Filipino form of entertainment similar to - One contemporary Filipino playwright and director vaudeville, featuring a variety of acts such as comedy, who has significantly influenced modern Philippine music, dance, and magic. It emerged during the theater is **Ricky Lee**. Notable works by Ricky Lee American Colonial period and was significantly include the plays *“Sinapupunan”* and *“Sa Kabila ng shaped by Western influences, particularly American Buwan”*, as well as the screenplay for the film vaudeville and variety shows. These Western forms *“Himala”*. His work is known for its innovative introduced new performance styles and entertainment storytelling and exploration of social and political formats to the Philippines, blending with local themes. traditions to create the distinct and popular Bodabil. 11. In what ways did Philippine theater serve as a tool for cultural preservation and resistance during colonial and post-colonial periods? - Philippine theater preserved cultural traditions by - Traditional forms like Komedya and Sarsuwela often incorporating local stories and rituals into portrayed society through idealized or moralistic performances, while also serving as a form of narratives, focusing on chivalric themes, religious resistance by critiquing colonial rule and addressing values, and social hierarchies. In contrast, modern social and political issues in post-colonial periods. experimental theater groups today present a more critical and diverse portrayal of society, exploring 12. How do you think the themes in Philippine contemporary issues, challenging norms, and theater have evolved from the Pre-Colonial period incorporating innovative styles and multimedia to to the Contemporary period? reflect and address current social and political realities. - The themes in Philippine theater have evolved from celebrating pre-colonial folklore and communal values 16. If you were to create a play based on the to addressing colonial oppression, social issues, and history of the Philippines, which period or event contemporary concerns, reflecting a shift from would you focus on, and why? traditional cultural expressions to critical examinations of modern society and politics. - I would focus on the **Martial Law period** because it was a time of significant political and social 13. What role does theater play in reflecting and upheaval that deeply impacted the lives of Filipinos. shaping social and political issues in the This era offers rich material for exploring themes of Philippines today? resistance, human rights, and the struggle for democracy, making it a powerful backdrop for a play - Today, theater in the Philippines plays a crucial role that can both educate and provoke thought about the in reflecting and shaping social and political issues by complexities of Filipino history and its ongoing presenting critical perspectives on current events, relevance. fostering public dialogue, and inspiring social change through engaging and thought-provoking 17. Imagine you are a director staging a modern performances. adaptation of a Sarsuwela. What contemporary issues would you address, and how would you 14. Compare and contrast the theater forms incorporate traditional elements? introduced during the Spanish Colonial period with those introduced during the American - In staging a modern adaptation of a Sarsuwela, I Colonial period. would address contemporary issues such as social inequality, political corruption, and environmental - During the Spanish Colonial period, theater forms challenges. To incorporate traditional elements, I such as sarsuwela and komedya focused on religious would blend classic sarsuwela features like live music, themes, chivalric tales, and moral lessons, blending dance, and elaborate costumes with modern staging Spanish and local languages with a strong emphasis techniques, multimedia projections, and contemporary on Catholicism. In contrast, the American Colonial dialogue. This approach would maintain the essence period introduced forms like vaudeville and of the traditional form while making it relevant and Broadway-style musicals, leading to the development engaging for today’s audience. of bodabil, which emphasized variety shows and light entertainment in English, reflecting American cultural influences while incorporating Filipino elements. 15. How did traditional forms of theater like Komedya and Sarsuwela differ in their portrayal of society compared to modern experimental theater groups today?