LIT - REVIEWER CHAPTER 7-12 PDF

- also described the susumaton and pasong - early forms of - Members: Iluminado Lucente, Casiano Trinchero, Eduardo narratives Makab...

- also described the susumaton and pasong - early forms of - Members: Iluminado Lucente, Casiano Trinchero, Eduardo narratives Makabenta, Francisco Alvarado, Juan Ricacho, Francisco CHAPTER 7 : R8 EASTERN VISAYAS AND R9 ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA Infectana, Espiridion Brillo, Jaime C. de Veyra SPANISH COLONIZATION - Writers and illustrados banded together for the purpose of - Balac: a poetic love joust between a man and a woman cultivating the Waray language REGION 8: EASTERN VISAYAS - According to Cabardo, the balac retained its formed even as it - responsible for the impetus it gave to new writing in the PROVINCES CAPITAL took new names and borrowed aspects of the languages of the language colonizers Biliran Naval - Balac: called amoral 1900s - 1950s PERIOD - witnessed finest Waray poems of Casiano Trinchera, Iluminado Leyte Tacloban AMERICAN OCCUPATION Lucente, Eduardo Makabenta, Agustin El O’Mora, Pablo - Balac: renamed ismayling (a term derived from English word Rebadulla, Tomas Gomez Jr., Filomeno Quimbo Singzon, Southern Leyte Maasin City “smile”) Pedro Separa, Francisco Aurillo, Eleuterio ramoo - According to a literary investigator, in certain areas of Samar, - English language: ethnic mother tongue as their medium for Samar Catbalogan some balac form or ismayling has been reinvented to express their art Northern Samar Catarman anti-imperialist sentiments Leyte News and The Leader (1920s) - Woman: represents motherland - first local papers in English Eastern Samar Borongan - Man: patriot who professes his love of country - brought increasing legitimization of English as a medium of communication MODERN EAST VISAYAN LITERATURE (1900s - Present) - gradual displacement of Waray and eventual disappearance of Background - Waray, revolves around poetry and drama its poetry from the pages of local publications EASTERN VISAYAS MBC’S DYVL & local radio stations (1970s) An Kaadlawon - first Waray newspaper - poetry are written mostly by local folk Eco de Samar y Leyte - In Samar, a long running magazine in the - poetry is tend to be occasional, didactic, and traditional in form 3.5M, Leyte (highest population) - 1900s Waray Drama 1.5M, Biliran (smallest population) - 132,000 - published articles and literary works in Spanish, Waray, and - commissioned by hermano mayor (to entertain the constituents Humid, wet and dry seasons, agricultural, main crops (coconuts English of the town) Tacloban City - major center of trade & commerce & education - published occasional and religious poems - Hadi-hadi: dealth with Christian and Muslim kingdoms at war An Tadtaran - poetry section of Eco - Hadi-hadi: used to be written and staged in Leyte as part of THE SOCIOLINGUISTIC SITUATION - presented a series of satirical poems that attacked the changing town fiesta in honor of a Patron Saint. - Biliran - Waray values of the people at the time. - Zarzuela: dramatic form enthralled audiences for its musicality - 2 distinct speech communities - Waray & Cebuano An Lantawan (Leyte) - has extant copies from 1931 to 1932 and dramatic action - Waray: 2M speakers, Cebuano: 1.2M speakers - printed religious and occasional poetry - Noteworthy playwrights of Zarzuela: Norberto Romualdez THE LITERATURE - published satirical poems of Bagong Katipunero, Luro, Datoy Sr., Alfonso Cinco, Iluminado Lucente, Emilio Andrada Jr., - Theater tradition: poetry, rituals, mimetic dances Anilod, Marpahol, Vatchoo (Vicente I.de Veyra), Julio Carter Francisco Alvarado, Jesus Ignacio, Margarita Nonato, Pedro - Dances mimed the joys and activities of the ancient Waray (Iluminado Lucente), Ben Tamaka (Eduardo Makabenta), Acerden, Pedro Separa, Educardo Hilbano, Moning Fuentes, - fiction in Waray has not flourished because it lacks a venue for Kalantas (Casiano Trinchera) Virgilio Fuentes, and Agustin El O’Mora publication - poets criticized corrupt government officials, made fun of An Pagtabang ni San Miguel people’s vices, and attacked local women for adopting modern - Filipinas: authority on the Waray zarzuela Fr. Ignatio Francisco Alzina ways of social behavior - earliest zarzuela production of Norberto Romualdez - Spanish Jesuit Sanghiran San Binisaya (1909) - staged in Tolosa, Leyte in 1899 - documented the poetic forms (e.g. candu, haya, ambahan, - Leader: Norberto Romualdez Sr. Iluminado Lucente canogon, bical, balac, siday, awit) - wrote 30 plays  - dealt with domestic conflicts and changing mores of Waray Retold by Gertrudes Pasta 1. “Waray masugad nga 1. There’s no faithful society during his time surugu-on san tawo nga servant as one who Translated by Exaltacion Cinco - number of his longer works tend to be melodramatic, irony & naglulugaring” serves himself. humor, tightness of their plot structure, specious use of 2. “An naluoy, nagpalu-oy” 2. Whoever takes pity In the olden days, a childless couple, Pascasio and Kulasa, longed for a language 3. “An kagang bisan becomes pitiful in child and prayed constantly for one. Their prayers were answered by pag-hatukan the end fairies, and Kulasa gave birth to a baby girl named Gregoria (Goyang), Cebu Writers of Leyte - first published their fiction & poetry in Cebu makagang-kagang la 3. Cook a marsh crab who had a large head and small body. Despite her unusual appearance, guihapon” in coconut milk, it publications the couple was happy to finally have a child. As Goyang grew, she could would still smell of the marsh. not sit or move much due to her large head, but she could speak. One Eugenio Viacrusis, Angel Enemecio, Enemecio Fomarina, Fernando day, when her parents went to the farm, Goyang miraculously Buyser On World transformed into a beautiful young woman with long hair. She cleaned the house and cooked food for her parents, but would always return to 1. “An kalibutan dalunutan” 1. The world is full of her original form before they arrived home. This transformation WARAY RIDDLES English translation 2. “Waray mabaho nga diri slippery turns Compiled & Translated by Ma. Luz happened multiple times, but Goyang denied knowing anything about the nagmamarag” 2. No offensive smell C. Vliches housework. One day, a young man named Felipe saw Goyang in her 3. “Maghingain-kain an remains hidden sakayan, mabalik manta 3. Wheresoever a boat transformed state and fell in love with her. He and his family visited Ano nga naglabay nga waray na What is it that went by that not ha duru-ungan” goes it will always Pascasio and Kulasa to propose marriage. Initially, the parents refused, panahon nga sadang pa igkita? have the least chance of return to its port explaining that their daughter had physical defects. However, when - Adlaw nga naglabay being seen again? Goyang was presented, she transformed again into a beautiful maiden. - A day that passed On God Surprised, the parents agreed to the marriage, realizing that Goyang was not their real daughter but a changeling, the child of a fairy. Goyang and Kapti ako;/Malorop ako Take hold of me/For I shall 1. “Salapi ngani nga linupot 1. Money obtained the - Teniba dive kan Bathala guin durukot” crooked way, Felipe were then betrothed. - Bucket Bathala takes away 1. Characters: Pascasio, Kulasa, Goyang (the changeling), Felipe Baboy ha kangurangan, / An Pig of the forest, / It’s hairs (the young man), and the fairies. barahibo puro raysang are all nails MGA SIDAY 2. Setting: rural village, Pascasio & Kulasa’s house, farm - Langka - Jackfruit Poems 3. Plot: Pascasio and Kulasa, a childless couple, pray for a child. They are blessed with a daughter, Goyang, who has an Magmauran magmaadlaw, / Perme Rain or shine / Its trouser are TO THE MOST BLESSED VIRGIN MARY unusually large head. Goyang secretly transforms into a la it sarowal napatohod always up to his knees On Her Assumption to Heaven - Manok - Chicken beautiful maiden when her parents are away. Felipe, a rich Translated by Salvador Mondragon young man, falls in love with her and proposes. During the Kon bata pa nagbabado, When young, a dress it wears. proposal, Goyang transforms in front of everyone, revealing she CHRISTMAS PRESENTS Pagtigurang na naghuhubo / When old, its body bares is a fairy child. She and Felipe become engaged. - Kawayan - Bamboo Translated by Gregorio Luangco 4. Conflict: The couple struggles with having a child, and once they do, they are confused by the mysterious transformations LOVE LETTERS happening in their home. There is also the internal conflict of Translated by Victoria S. Salazar Goyang hiding her true identity. Waray Proverbs English translation 5. Theme: longing, magic, transformation, and acceptance, hope Compiled & Translated by Nenita MGA KASANHI NGA SUSUMATON and prayer, intervention of supernatural beings. Tamayo 6. Climax: When Felipe and his family visit the house and Goyang Folk Tales On Man reveals her true form, surprising everyone and leading to the resolution of her engagement to Felipe. The Changeling  Bowaon and Totoon (Waray Literature) connected to the main part of Mindanao, most situated between Maguindanao del Sur Buluan Panguil Bay & Pagadian Bay 1. Characters: Bowaon (selfish & envious friend), Totoon (kind & boundary between the peninsula and mainland is officially compassionate person), The King (offers them work in his marked by the border between Zamboanga del Sur and Lanao palace) del Norte. - organization of 6 politico-military districts in 1860 2. Supporting characters: fish, eagles, other creatures who help Executive Order no. 36 on September 19, 2001 - Capital: Cotabato City, but destroyed by strong earthquake, Totoon was previously called “Western Mindanao”, composed of 2 sub after the capital was Zamboanga City 3. Settings: coral reef, road, palace regions: Sub Region IX-A (Basilan, Sulu, Tawi-tawi), Sub - Central Mindanao region was created on July 7, 1975 under PD 4. Plot: Bowaon and Totoon search for fortune, face several Region IX-B (Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte, 742 challenges, and take up work in a palace. Bowaon, out of Zamboanga City) - August 1, 1989 - RA 6734 - creation of Autonomous Region in jealousy, falsely accuses Totoon, but Totoon overcomes was briefly independent as the Republic of Zamboanga Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). The former Regional Autonomous obstacles with help from creatures he had previously shown became a part of Moro Province, which consisted of Mindanao Government of Central Mindanao has reverted to administrative kindness to. and Sulu Archipelago regions in 1990 5. Conflict: The main conflict is between Bowaon’s envy and name & status of Moro province soon changed to Department - October 12. 1990 - Executive Order 429 - Region 12 (mandated Totoon’s good character. Bowaon tries to sabotage Totoon, of Mindanao & Sulu on August 16, 1916, that cause the transfer of regional offices from Cotabato City to Koronadal leading to challenges Totoon must overcome. Zamboanga to become a province City) 6. Theme: kindness, compassion, selfishness, envy 1942 - Japanese Imperial forces - February 23, 1995 - RA 7901 - creating Region 12 to be known 7. Resolution: Totoon completes the king’s tasks with help from 1945 - liberation at Zamboanga Peninsula by defenders of the as Caraga Administrative Region, Sec 3 (transfer of Sultan those he had once helped. He marries the princess, while PH & US forces against Japanese Imperial forces during WWII Kudarat to Region 11, Surigao del Sur transfer from Region 11 Bowaon’s envy backfires on him, leaving him to face the June 6, 1952 - divided two provinces: Zamboanga del Norte , to Caraga Region) consequences of his actions. Zamboanga del Sur - September 6. 1996 - provisions of Final Peace Agreement 2001 - Zamboanga Sibugay was created & Ipil as seat of between PH Government & Moro National Liberation Front government (MNLF) REGION 9: ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA 2004 - Pagadian became Regional Center - October 2, 1996 - Executive Order 371 was issued by Fidel V. known for its old Spanish fort, Fort Pilar. A tourist destination Ramos, established Special Zone & Development (SZOPAD) in PROVINCES CAPITAL Southern Philippines, which encompassed 5 regions, including besides being considered as Highly Urbanized and independent city Region 12 Zamboanga Del Norte (2nd Dipolog City largest island in PH) Dapitan City also known as the 3rd older charter city in the PH - March 21, 1998 - RA 8500 - Kidapawan became a city - RA 8744 “An act Repealing Section 3 of RA 7901 and to Return Zamboanga Del Sur Pagadian City THE HISTORY OF MINDANAO the Province of Sultan Kudarat to Region 12 and other (table was partially googled) Purposes” - Province Sultan Kudarat was reverted to Region 12 Zamboanga Sibugay Ipil PROVINCES CAPITAL Mythology of Mindanao Basilan Isabela City - highly urbanized Philippine Folklore Stories by Mabel Cook Cole (1816) Cotabato Kidapawan Background Sultan Kudarat Isulan In the land of Mindanao, villages flourished until four fearsome monsters terrorized the region. Kurita, a multi-limbed creature, haunted the ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA Lanao del Norte Tubod mountains, while Tarabusaw, a monstrous man, lived on Mount Matuntun. The enormous bird Pah, whose eggs were as large as both a peninsula and administrative region Lanao del Sur Marawi houses, resided on Mount Bita, and a dreadful seven-headed bird located in the Northwestern part of Mindanao, extending toward roamed Mount Gurayn. When Sulayman heard of these monsters, he Southwest part of Sulu Archipelago and Borneo Maguindanao del Norte Datu Odin Sinsuat courageously set out to destroy them with his brother Indarapat’s Area: 18,730 sqk support, receiving a magical ring and sword. Sulayman defeated Kurita, Tarabusaw, and Pah but was crushed by the latter’s massive wing. Mt. Gurayn - dwelling of the dreadful seven-headed bird - served the double purpose of fortress and penitentiary Indarapat, realizing Sulayman had perished when a symbolic tree King Indarapat’s Palace - where the symbolic tree connected - 1662 - abandoned by Spanish garrisons withered, revived his brother with a magical jar of water. Afterward, King to Sulayman’s life withers and dies, signaling Sulayman’s fate - 1663 - destroyed to prevent falling into the hands of Moros Indarapat ventured on to kill the seven-headed bird, restoring peace to The Cave - a hidden refuge where the surviving villagers take - 1718 - reconstruction began by the Government the land. During his search for survivors, Indarapat discovered a hidden shelter, later discovered by King Indarapat. - April 8, 1719 - finished the reconstruction under Jesuit Priest cave where villagers had sought refuge. Grateful for his heroism, the The Land of Peace - The state of the region after the monsters - renamed the Real Fuerza de Nuestra Señora del Pilar de villagers’ leader offered his daughter in marriage, the same woman are defeated and the people return to their lives of safety and Zamboanga Indarapat had seen earlier. With the monsters defeated, the people lived happiness. peacefully and happily ever after. The Image of La Virgen del Pilar Wild Tribes of Mindanao - Marian Image is a small replica of Our Lady copied from the Characters: original Nuestra Senora del Pilar in Saragossa, Spain Kurita - terrible creature w/ many limbs, lived partly on land & - Bukidnon: northern part of Mindanao island - Blessed Virgin wears Imperial Crown partly in the sea - belief prevails that there are spirits in the stones, in baliti trees, - 2 inscriptions on the wall Tarabusaw - ugly creature in the form of man, lived on Mt. vies, cliffs, caves - 16th century, Nuestra Senora del Pilar protected the entire town Matutun, fights Sulayman but is ultimately defeated. - Men are great warriors, dress in dark red suits & peculiar Zamboanga against the British invaders Pah - enormous bird, wing covered the sun, egg large as headbands which permitted to wear only after they have taken - 1719, she was reported to have appeared to a sentinel house, It lives on Mount Bita and kills Sulayman by crushing 6 lives stationed in the Fort him with its wing before being slain. - unexpected Victory over English ships on Jan 21, 1798 Sulayman - a brave hero who volunteers to fight the monsters Diwata Magbabaya: greatest of the spirits, his name is never mentioned - revolt of prisoners kep in the fort on Sep 15, 1872 terrorizing the land. He kills three of the four monsters but is above a whisper, lives in the sky in a house made of coins, there are no - quick suppression of epidemics on 1897 crushed by the wing of the giant bird Pah. He is later revived by windows - Sep 21, 1897 - series of earthquakes which failed to cause his brother, Indarapat. damage King Indarapat - Sulayman’s supportive brother, who provides Bagobo: dwell on the lower slopes of Mt. Apo (highest peak in PH), very - same Mary standing in mid-air over Basilan strait on Sep 21, him with a magical ring and sword for his journey. He later kills industrious, forging excellent knives, weaving beautiful hemp cloth 1897 the seven-headed bird and revives Sulayman with a magical jar - August 16, 1976 - she appeared at midnight, when a killer of water. He also marries the daughter of the headman. Mandarangan & Darago (his wife) - believe to live in the side of Mt. quake and tsunami threatened the City Seven-Headed Bird - dreadful monster capable of seeing in all Apo, an evil beings who look after the fortunes of the warriors, these - Today, it has become one of the principal Marian Shrines in directions, residing on Mount Gurayn. It is killed by King spirits are feared to appease them with offerings ( a human sacrifice) Mindanao, and a center of religious pilgrimages Indarapat. - April 28, 1645 (Saturday) - offer Mass of Thanksgiving and sing The Old Woman - mysterious figure who reveals to King Nuestra Señora La Virgen del Pilar de Zamboanga the triumphant hymn of Te Deum Indarapat that many villagers are hidden in a cave, helping him - October 12, 1960 - Image of NSLVDPDZ was canonically reunite with the survivors. Historical Background crowned The Headman - leader of the hidden villagers who offers his - have a great devotion to Blessed Mother, especially to La daughter’s hand in marriage to King Indarapat as a gesture of Virgen del Pilar in the historic Fort Shrine of NSLVDP gratitude. - annual celebration: October 12 ( City’s official feast day) - open-air shrine, without doors, right in the middle of the City The Headman’s Daughter - beautiful woman whom King - made the Virgin of Pilar the actual patroness of Zamboanga Indarapat saw earlier and later marries, bringing joy and unity to City, instead of Immaculate Concepcion (celebrated on Dec 8) the land. CHAPTER 8 : R11 NORTHERN MINDANAO AND R12 DAVAO The Fort REGION Settings: - Spaniards built the Fort in 1635 as a secure bastion,to stop Mt. Bita - mountain home of Pah Moros from raiding Christians and protect Jesuit Missions Mt. Kurita - mountain haunted by Kurita - construction was directed by Jesuit Fr. Melchor de Vera REGION 10 : NORTHERN MINDANAO Mt. Matutun - forested mountain where Tarabusaw - known as “The Fort of Saint Joseph”  Agus-IV to VII Hydroelectric Plants (Iligan City, Baloi, Lanao del 2. According to the Klemartin myth (Borneo), the sky was raised PROVINCES CAPITAL Norte) - supplies most of its electrical power in Mindanao when a giant named Usai accidentally struck it with his mallet Bukidnon Malaybalay City aims to be primary food basket of the PH due to rapid land while pounding rice. conversion in Central Luzon, Southern Tagalog, and Visayas Camiguin Mambajao Malaybalay City - “South Summer Capital of the Philippines” MYTH Camiguin - “Island born on fire” How the World Was Made Lanao del Norte Tubod Lanao del Norte - “Land of beauty and bounty” Oroquieta City - “City of Good Life” Misamis Occidental Oroquieta City Cagayan de Oro- “City of Golden Friendship” Characters: Maguayan - god of the sea Misamis Oriental Cagayan de Oro City LEGENDS Captan - god of the sky Lidagat - daughter of Maguayan, representing the sea Background How Children Became Monkeys Lihangin - son of Captan, representing the wind Bukidnon (Mindanao) Licalibutan - eldest son, made of rock, strong and ambitious NORTHERN MINDANAO Liadlao - second son, made of gold, cheerful and kind occupies the north-central part of Mindanao Island, and the Characters: Libulan - 3rd son, made of copper, timid and gentle island-province of Camiguin Mother and 2 children Lisuga - daughter, made of silver, pure and beautiful Lanao del Norte - originally belonged to Region XII, was Sicalac and Sicabay - first human, created from a bamboo tree transferred to Region X (Executive Order 36) Setting: mudhole Pandaguan - descendant of Sicalac and Sicabay, known for his Cagayan de Oro City - regional center, where national Theme: respect and empathy boldness and defiance government’s regional offices and others are located Surigao del Sur - East. Lanao del Norte & Lanao del Sur - West, How the Moon and the Stars Came to Be Settings; mythical world, vast sea and sky, heavens, earth Bohol Sea - North, Davao del Norte - South Bukidnon (Mindanao) Theme; creation, family, ambition, power and humility Region X - has broad interior plains, and mountains and wide-ranging plateau One day in the times when the sky was close to the ground of a spinster The Story of Bantugan inhabited majority by migrants from Cebu and Iloilo. Also, went out to pound rice. Before she began her work, she took off the Waray-warays, Tagalogs, Maranaos beads from around her neck and the comb from her hair, and hung them The Story of Bantugan is an epic tale from the Maranao people of Rainfall, springs, high elevation, cool, mild, and invigorating on the sky, which at that time looked like coral rock. Then she began Mindanao, Philippines. It tells the adventures of Prince Bantugan, a climate working, and each time that she raised her pestle into the air it struck the brave and powerful warrior from the kingdom of Bumbaran. Bantugan 9th most populous region in PH and 2nd in Mindanao (after sky. For some time she pounded the rice, and then she raised the pestle falls in love with the daughter of a distant Sultan and wishes to marry Davao Region (2010 NSO Census) so high that it struck the sky very hard. Immediately the sky began to her. To propose, Bantugan sends his son, Balatama, on a dangerous Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis Oriental, Bukidnon - major urban rise, and it went up so far that she lost her ornaments. Never did they journey to the Sultan’s kingdom. Along the way, Balatama faces many area of Region X come down, for the comb became the moon and the beads are the stars challenges, such as magical storms and monstrous creatures, but he has a total land area of 14,032.93 km + 60% (forest land) that are scattered about. bravely overcomes them. Upon reaching the Sultan’s court, Balatama is 3rd largest producer of corn and banana asked to provide extravagant gifts, including statues of gold and other Land, air, and water transport; Inter-island ships and airlines 1. The common way to pound rice is to place bundle of the grain impossible treasures. Balatama agrees to these demands but needs to service passenger (from & to Manila, Cebu, Zamboanga, etc) on the ground on a died carabao hide and pound it with a pestle return home to collect them. Buses & Jeepney - main land transport to loosen the heads from the straw. When they are free they are largest regional economy in Mindanao Island + mainly poured into a mortar/cement and again pounded with the Meanwhile, a Spanish General also wishes to marry the Sultan’s agricultural pestle until the grain is separated from the chaff/rubbish/trash, daughter. Leading a massive fleet, the General arrives at the Sultan’'s Del Monte Philippines - located in Bukidnon. Its processing after which is winnowed/trimming city, forcing the Sultan to agree to the marriage. However, Bantugan plant - Cagayan de Oro City, shipped to entire Philippines & arrives with his own fleet, resulting in a fierce battle between Bantugan’s Asia-Pacific Region warriors and the Spanish forces. To stop the conflict, the Sultan tricks both Bantugan and the General, telling them that his daughter will marry Major ethno-linguistic groups of Muslim cultural communities; Modern short stories which are dormant, whose contents remain fixed neither of them. While the Spaniards leave, Bantugan secretly marries (1) Jama Mapuns of Cagayan de Tawi-Tawi; once recorded or published. Short stories are read in the privacy of the the Princess and takes her back to Bumbaran. Enraged, the Spanish (2) Iranons of Cotabato; readers’ rooms.Folktales are told to a lively audience, who reacts and General returns to destroy the Sultan’s city and plans a larger assault on (3) Kaagans of Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, and Davao ask questions in the process of telling or retelling. Bantugan’s kingdom. In the final battle, Bantugan heroically fights the Oriental; overwhelming Spanish forces but ultimately perishes as his warship (4) Kalibugans of Zamboanga; Jama Mapun and Sama call their tales as kana-kana - a slight difference sinks. Miraculously, a new island rises from the sea where his ship sank, (5) Maguindanaos of Maguindanao; from how Tausug call theirs, which is katakata. and legends say that Bantugan and his warriors still live there, watching (6) Maranaos of Marawi; over passing ships. (7) Palawanons and Molbogs of Palawan; Jama Mapun, Sama, and Tausug used to belong to the same province. (8) Samas of Tawi-Tawi; Until former Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos issued PD 302 on September Characters: (9) Sangils of Sarangani; 27, 1973, segregating Sulu ( where Tausug live) and Tawi-Tawi (where Bantugan - main hero, brave and powerful warrior, prince from (10) Tausugs of Sulu; Jama Mapun and Sama come from) as separate provinces the kingdom of Bumbaran (11) Yakans of Basilan; Balatama - Bantugan’s son, young but exceptionally brave, (12) Bangingis of Tongkil and Zamboanga - Totol: Maranao call their tales Bantugan sent him to deliver his father’s marriage proposal to Iranon, Kaagan, Kalibugan, Maranao, Maguindanao - live in - Tudtol: Iranon call their tales the Sultan mainland Mindanao - Tudtolan: Maguindanao call their tales Sultan - ruler of the distant kingdom where Bantugan’s love Jama Mapun, Palawanon, Molbog, Sama, Sangil. Tausug, - Oman-oman: Kaagan of Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Davao interest resides. The Sultan initially agrees to marry his Yakan - reside in the island provinces del Norte call their tales. (term is reduplicated) (some Kaagans daughter to Bantugan Bangisngis - can be found both in mainland Mindanao have roots in Sulu) Sultan’s Daughter (Zamboanga & Tongkil) + Tongkil - island municipality of Sulu - Kata-kata of Tausug and Kana-kana of Jama Mapuna & Spanish General - antagonist, determined to marry Sultan’s province Samas are reduplicated daughter Muslim communities - has its own inventory of folk literature, - Agamaniyog: Maranao folktales, about sultans and their but unified by their Islamic faith. Regardless of cultural families and their relationships with their subjects. Life, Settings: Valley of Rio Grande, Bantugan’s Kingdom (Bumbaran), community, all Filipino Muslims belong to one Ummah customs, traditions, and other cultural features found in Sultan’s island Muslimah Maranao cultural inventory are reflected in agamaniyog folktales. Theme; heroism, bravery, honor, perseverance, betrayal LITERATURE Posong / Pusung tales - in Sulu REGION 11 : DAVAO REGION In Tausug trickster’s tale, the key character Pusung always deceives The Folktales sultan and gets away with it. He also succeeds in tricking other members PROVINCES CAPITAL of the royal family including sultan’s wives and his beautiful daughters. From Marawi to Tawi-Tawi, every Muslim Filipino has a story to tell. It can Trickster’s tales in Tausug community are meant to entertain by making Compostela Valley Nabunturan be a fairy tale, animal tale, anecdote, or a trickster’s tale. Every Muslim the audience laugh. Davao Del Norte Tagum City cultural community has a number of raconteurs, bearing two or three or more folktales. Their stories have been transmitted to them by older Myths and Legends Davao Del Sur Digos City members of their respective families, etc. Raconteurs can be young and old, men or women. Folktales preach and prescribe. Tales are of multiple Myths and legends have religious overtones. Those who live quite far-off Davao Oriental City of Mati existence and authorship, and contain the cultural elements, features, or from major Muslim groups have evolved their own literary terminology. traits, which they have been told and retold across generations even as Kaagan of Davao and Sangil of Sarangani are rather influenced by other Background raconteurs belonging to another time or milieu integrate cultural features groups. prevalent in their own age or epoch. REGION 11 - Kapunopuno / Kasugod sugod - Kaagan call their legends, which sounds Bisaya  - Oman-oman or gugudanun - Kaagan call their myths - could be considered as the music lovers among Muslim cultural - Indarapatra at Sulayman - Uduhan - Jama Mapun call their legends, having slight communities - Bantugan resemblance to Tausug’s usulan Yakan Songs Poems Iranon, Maguindanao, Maranao - 3 mainland Mindanao Muslim groups - Katakata: lackadaisical melody that reflects pain & suffering of - Bayok: poem name of Maranao and Iranon - Toltol - some Maranao call their myths & legends, as they do somebody who has lost a loved one. For the Yakan, it is a song. - Bayokan: Maguindanao poems with folktales For Tausug, it is an oral narrative, which is told to an audience. - Tarasul: Tausug term for poems - Totolan - Maranao call their legends - Lunsey: top tune of sort that resembles the Tagalog harana - Dawut: Kaagan call their poems - Tudtolan - Maguindanao and Iranon name for legends - Sail: relates a story, may be sung during weddings & burials, the subject matter suited to the nature of the affair PROVERBS AND RIDDLES - Nahana: relates an ancestral story - in Muslim cultural communities, are the simplest genres of folk TAUSUG - Kissa: about royal families literature - Tau means people, Sug means sea current - Jamiluddin: person’s name in Tausug, a song to the Yakan, - highly figurative in the use of language - “Kaawan of Bud Tumantangis” - their favorite legend sung in a game called magdarapanyu - Antokanon: term for riddles of Kaagan of Davao - Bud Tumantangis / Mount Tumantangis - highest peak in the - Antoka: Maguindanao call their riddles province (stands above sea level by 853 meters) EPICS, BALLADS, AND POETRY - Untukan: Yakan call their riddles, slightly resembles Kaagan’s - Tumantangis - root word ‘tangis’ (to cry) and ‘bud’ (mountain) antokanon and Maguindanao’s antoka Epics - Kapamagantoka, Antoka, Pasoalan, Orlimpangan - 3 Many Tausugs say that Mount Tumantangis is called as such because - Bantugan: Maranao epic different names for riddles of Maranao sailors almost always cry when they lose sight of it as the ship sails - Indarapatra at Solayman: Maguindanao epic - Kapagantoka: riddles of Iranon, quite close to kapamagantoka away; or when they return, upon seeing even just its silhouette from afar - Parang Sabil hi Abdulla iban hi Isara: Tausug epic, sung and of Maranao in verse Some literary personages have refuted that Parang - Igum: riddles of Palawanon Maranao Lake Sabil… is just a mere ballad - Tigum-tigum: Tausug Samas, and Jama Mapun call their - loved because of its grandeur and grace - Aliyanapiya: could be a possible Tausug epic riddles - open ocean Ballads - Tukud-tukud: another name for tigum-tigum in Sulu - may be classified as folk songs. They tell stories as they are YAKAN sung Riddles - people of Basilan - belong to the narrative genre - called saknahan or dalian - Usul: Yakan call their legends, quite similar to Tausug’s usulan - Ballads of other nations are oftentimes lyrical - Masaalla or Dalil akkal: Tausug call their proverbs - Yakan legends revolve around Basilan province - handed down by word of mouth - Basilan: comes from ‘basi’ (iron) and ‘lan’ (way or road) which - always solo and sung with gabbang, kulintang or biyula, as Yakan Text English Tausug Text English is dan to Tausugs simple accompaniment Yakan Proverb Tausug Proverb - Basilan: under the domain of Sultanate of Sulu for a very long - Contemporary ballads: reflect recent & famous Tausugs, who time have made history in their political and ideological struggles Ini ini hinang nu Whatever yo In hinang sin The act - Bahasa Sug - one of the language spoken in Basilan province - Religious ballads: tells the virtues of Islam as a religion, Gai iyan muli tungan do (in life) baran of the - derived from Yakal, which refers to durable timber in Yakan and hortatory or didactic It goes back to Muwi kan baran self which abounds in Basilan - Kissa: ballads called in Tausug you Goes - originated from Spanish source, which relates to a story about a - Darangan or bayok: Kaagan call their ballads back to the self Spaniard who met Filipino soldier referring to a child nearby as - Dayunday and sometimes bayok: Maguindanao and Iranon “iyak ng iyak”. So, the Spaniards called the people as Yakan. call their ballads Yakan English Tausug Riddle English This has produced the present motto that Yakans are no longer - Toltol: Palawanon call their ballads and folktales Riddle translation the crying tribe, but a rising tribe since provincial leaders are now all Yakan Epic heroes of Maranao and Maguindanao informants  Aa magdimbuwa luma There are two Duwa (There Gai migkitaluwi siblings magtaymanghud are) two 1. The origin story is of a very different type from those of the Background Who do not Di’ mag-kita-i siblings Bukidnon and Bagobo. While the others show foreign influence, REGION 12 see each They do this appears to be typically primitive. other not see 2. The limokon is the omen bird of the Mandaraya. It is believed September 19, 2001 - Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo issued each to be a messenger from the spirit world which, by its calls, Executive Order 36 to reconfiguration of ARMM, which other warns the people of danger or promises them success. If the realigned regions in Mindanao coo of this bird comes from the right side, it is a good sign, but if Tourist spots; Mt. Apo, Lake Sebu, cultural villages, Mosques, MYTHS its on the left, in back, or in front, it is a bad sign and the shrines… Mandaraya knows that he must change his plans Lake Sebu - dreamweavers use only black and red threads | The Creation Story Cotabato - ancient brass casting and T’boli heartland Origin Isulan’s grand capital building - great leader Sultan Kudarat | The world began with only the sea and sky, and a kite between them. Bagobo (Mindanao) coastal village of Ilawan | Golden dome of Grand Mosque The kite grew tired of flying and stirred up the sea, causing the sky to Yellow Fin - King of tuna showered it with islands. The sea breeze and the land breeze married and had a child, a bamboo. The bamboo struck the kite's feet, resulting The Good Prince Bantugan Poem in a man and a woman.The earthquake called for their marriage, and Cagayan by Malou P. Shih they had many children. The parents were tired of having many useless The story of Bantugan revolves around a kingdom ruled by an old king, children and wanted to send them away. In desperation, the father beats where Prince Bantugan, the younger brother, is admired for his bravery the children. As time goes on, the parents become overwhelmed by their and goodness. Despite the envy of the old king, Prince Bantugan leads many children and, in frustration, drive them away. The children scatter his men to defend the kingdom against enemies. Due to a plot by the evil in different directions, and their hiding places come to define their fates king, Prince Bantugan decides to leave and embarks on a journey to the and social roles: Kingdom-Between-Two-Seas. There, he falls weak and dies outside the - Those who hid in hidden rooms become the island chiefs. gates, where Princess Datimbang falls in love with him. His body is - Those who hid in the walls become slaves. brought back to his kingdom, causing great sorrow. Prince Madali, his REGION 13 : CARAGA - Those who ran outside became free men. younger brother, retrieves his soul from death and revives him, leading to PROVINCES CAPITAL - Those who hid in the fireplace become people with darker skin. a joyous celebration and Prince Bantugan marrying Princess Datimbang. - Those who fled to the sea are gone so long that when their Agusan Del Norte Cabadbaran City descendants return, they are white people. CHAPTER 9 : R12 NORTHERN MINDANAO AND R13 CARAGA Agusan Del Sur Prosperidad REGION 12 : SOCCSKSARGEN Dinagat Islands San Jose The Children of the Limokon PROVINCES CAPITAL Surigao Del Norte Surigao City Mandaya (Mindanao) South Cotabato Koronadal City Surigao Del Sur Tandag City The Limokon , a powerful dove, laid two eggs one at the mouth of the Mayo River and one farther up its course, After some time these eggs Cotabato (North Cotabato) Kidapawan City hatched.one becoming a man and the other a woman. The man lived Background alone on the riverbank, searching for a companion. He found a hair and Sultan Kudarat Isulan CARAGA decided to search for it. He found a woman and they married, raising Sarangani Alabel “Land of the Brave and Fierce People” many children who are the Mandaya still living along the Mayo River. Administrative region of the Philippines, on the northeastern General Santos City portion of Mindanao Island  6 cities; Bayugan, Butuan, Cabadbaran, Surigao, Tandag, Bislig - Folk Speech: expressed through riddles ARMM | 67 municipalities and 1,311 barangay (antuka/pantuka/paakenala) and lyric poems (bayok) Butuan City - regional center Filipino translation: Nagsasariling Rehiyon ng Muslim sa - Narratives may be divided into Islamic and folk traditions 15th century - explorers discovered the existence of Kalagans, Mindanao (ARMM) - Islamic: includes Quran; tarsila or genealogical narratives; believed to be of Visayan Origin in one of 3 districts in Composed of predominantly Muslim provinces; Basilan (except luwaran (embodiment of customary laws), hadith or sayings of Mindanao Isabela City), Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi the Prophet; quiza or religious stories ‘Caraga’ - originated from Visayan word Kalagan: “Kalag” Only region that has its own government - Folk tradition: comprises tudtul (folktales), and the epics Raja meaning soul or people and “An” meaning land. Cotabato City - regional capital, this city is outside of its Indarapatra, Darangen, and Raja Madaya Kalagans have a long history of being brave and fearless jurisdiction - Mindanao riddles: promote friendship in a group and a tools October 7, 2012 - Pres. Benigno Aquino III said that the for basic pedagogy. Its structure consists of an image and a POETRY government aimed to have peace in the region and it will be subject known as “Bangsamoro” - 4 Types of Image; comparative, descriptive, puns or puzzles, EARTH-MAN SONG by Evee V. Huervana and narrative LITERARY ARTS 1. Decrescendo Riddling 2. Crescendo Maguindanao (folktales) - short stories involving simple events - Should not be done at night, so as not to invite evil spirits 1. Lagya Kudarat - Avoidance of the word nipai (snake) PRAEVALET ILLICITA by Karen Pioquinto 2. Pat-I-Mata - Ida-ida a rata (children rhymes sung in chorus) - Tubud-tubud (short love poem) FIVE MATH POEMS by Eileen Tupaz Characters: - Bayok: composed in metaphorical language, resorted to when 1. I’m tired of being a zero vector Lagya Kudarat - male protagonist, a brave adventurous figure a cautious & euphemistic expression is required 2. Soulmates Puteli Sittie Kumala - Lagya Kudarat’s sister 3. Conformity Sumedsen - a Prince who marries Puteli Kumala If one volunteers to be a riddler, he/she has to have a riddle ready or 4. We are Born Kabayan - elderly unmarried woman else be subject to dtapulung (ridicule), which is given not as a criticism 5. Breaking point Princess - royal figure who marries Lagya Kudarat but as part of the riddling tradition. Riddling can be done during work or AUTONOMOUS REGION IN MUSLIM MINDANAO recreation or both. PROVINCES CAPITAL “ Example of form of basic pedagogy; Characters: Basilan Pat-I-Mata -( a cruel ruler with four eyes )antagonist, cruel ruler, WIND: Entuden, niaden (It is here, it is there) Lanao del Sur Marawi City rules Kabalukan, has 4 eyes; when his 2 eyes sleep, his other two are awake. Known for his cruelty to women, marrying them Riddles also represent the world view of the Maguindanao Maguindanao Shariff Aguak (Maganoy) when they are beautiful and returning them after they have gone ugly. Pat-I-Mata's tyranny—marrying women and HAT: Cannibal in the forest, that eats only a head Shariff Kabunsuan Datu Odin Sinsuat (googled) abandoning them—leads to unrest. Although cannibals and hats do not share anything in common, they are Datu sa Pulu - (a kinder ruler). protagonist, wise & just leader, reconciled with the use of metaphors such as: “that eats only heads” Sulu Jolo reigns over Reina Regente People of Kabalukan - They symbolize the oppressed and Salsilas or tarsilas Tawi-Tawi Panglima Sugala (Balimbing) seek relief from Pat-I-Mata’s tyranny, motivating the Datu to act. - family heirlooms that trace one’s line of descent Bongao (googled) - Used to ascertain noble lineages that may go back to the days LITERARY CULTURE of the Kabungsuan Background - Ex. a tarsila recounts the adventures of Datu Guimba who leads the first group of Maguindanao to Labangan. He marries the  local princess Bai-alibabai and adopts the title Datu sa upside down. After a heavy rain, Melu corrected the noses to save the - Named after Rio Grande de la Pampanga Labangan. The next to arrive at Labangan is Datu Buyan humans from drowning. Humans were grateful and promised to honor - Malays and Indonesians - earliest settlers Makasosa Kanapia, an adventurer, who marries a Maranao. him. - One of the richest provinces during Spanish rule Together, Datu Guimba and Kanapia rule Labangan. Other Datu - “Culinary Center of the Philippines” arrive in time; Datu Maulona Taup Consi and Datu Canao Characters: - Cuisine reflects influences from Malay, Chinese, and Spanish Sultan Maputi Melu - creator of the earth and humans cultures Maguindanao Luwaran Tau tana - interferer - San Fernando, Pampanga - giant Christmas lanterns - Set of encoded adat laws that deal with murder, theft, and Human - creations of Melu and Tau Tana - Sto. Tomas, Pampanga - potteries and jars adultery, inheritance and trade - Angeles City - rattan woven products - Laws apply to all regardless of crime Epic Raja Indarapatra - Macabebe - religious sculpture - Become the basis of modern Islamic jurisprudence This epic tells of two brothers, Raja Indarapatra and Raja Sulayman, PAMPANGA TOWNS & CITIES MYTHS who battle terrifying creatures to save Mindanao. Raja Sulayman fights first but dies heroically. Raja Indarapatra continues the mission, avenging Angeles City In the Beginning his brother and restoring peace to the land. The story emphasizes - Known as Culiat Bilaan (Mindanao) heroism, loyalty, and the triumph of good over evil. - 1796 - Don Angel Pantaleon de Miranda & his wife Dona Rosalia de Jesus started clearing the woodland & cultivated it Four beings lived on a tiny island and created the earth using soil and Characters: for rice & sugar seeds brought by a bird. They attempted to create humans from wax but Raja Indarapatra - A brave and wise hero who saves - Remained a barrio of San Fernando for 33 years failed. Later, they made humans from dirt, though the noses were initially Mindanao. - December 8, 1829 - became an independent town upside down. Melu fixed the noses, leaving a mark on them. Raja Sulayman - selfless brother who dies fighting evil - Renamed as Angeles, in honor of Don Angel, its founder, and creatures. Los Santos Custodios, its titular patron Characters: Terrible creatures - symbolic of chaos & destruction - May 7, 1899 - became the seat of First PH Republic under Gen. Melu - leader and creator, greatest of the four Aguinaldo Fiuweigh, Diwata, Saweigh - co-creators Birth of Raja Indarapatra - who is said to come from the union of Sultan - June 12, 1899 - hosted the celebration of first anniversary of PH Buswit (the bird) - symbol of exploration, brought some earth, Nabi and his cousin. Plot revolves around a trick the cousin, who is well Independence piece of rattan, and some fruit versed in black magic, plays on the Sultan - January 1, 1964 - RA 3700, Angeles as a chartered city Humans - imperfect beings Apalit - Known for its weaving & metal industries PAMPANGA: A BRIEF HISTORY The Story of the Creation - Site of annual colorful traditional fluvial parade (since 1844) Bilaan (Mindanao) - Founded in 1500s Kapampangan - Got its name from a species of tree; Asana (Tagalog) & Apalit 1. This story is well known among the Bilaan, who are one of the - People called themselves and their language (Kapampangan) tribes least influenced by the Spaniards, and yet it bears so - River bank “pampang” or “pang-pang” - Panday Pira - established a small blacksmith & foundry shop in many incidents similar to biblical accounts that there is a strong Pampanga Capalangan suggestion of Christian influence. It is possible that these ideas - December 11, 1571 (now celebrated as Pampanga Day), Gov came through the Mohammedan Moro Gen. Miguel Lopez de Legaspi declared Pampanga as the first Arayat 2. Melu is the most powerful of the spirits and people resort him in Province of Luzon - Home of the beautiful fairy ‘Mariang Sinukuan’ (protects the times of danger - One of the first eight Philippine provinces that revolted against mountains’ flora & fauna) Spain in the late 1800s - Known as “Balayat ning Pambuit”, an ancient settlement Melu created the earth from dead skin rubbed off his body. He shaped - During WWII, it was the base for a guerilla unit known as originally located in barrio Palinglang (present poblacion used two humans but was interrupted by Tau Tana, who made their noses “Hukbalahap” to be jungle inhabited by Aetas)  - The town was renamed “Dayat” (irrigated farmlands) + the - Became a town in 1712 - December 8, 1800 - demarcation between Mexico and San mountain was called Bundok Alaya (eastern mountain) - Named after ‘balacat’ tree, a fourth class timber Fernando towns was set - ‘Mabalacat’ means full of ‘balacat’ Minalin, Pampanga Bacolor - Before 1712, Mabalacat was a barrio of Bambang - Dubbed as “Egg Basket of Luzon” because of its large-scale - Was called Bakulud from “makabakulud” (upland) surrounded - Negritos - first settlers led by Caragan poultry industry by “cababan” or “babo lubao” ( lowland) - Used to be called ‘Minalis’ meaning ‘moved’ - 1576 - Guillermo Manabat founded the pueblo Macabebe - 4 Founders; Mendiola, Nucum, Lopez, Intal - February 10 - feast is celebrated - Historically known for its cloth traders and bravery of its soldiers - Founders negotiated with the Datu of Macabebe to acquire an - Capital of the Philippines during British occupation of Manila in under Rajah Soliman initial piece of lands 1762 to 1763 - Ancient town of Pampanga that is intrinsically linked to the - Capitan Mayor Diego Tolentino wrote the name of the town as - Known as “Villa de Bacolor” water ‘Minalin’ - Provincial capital for almost 300 years - Macabebes: first known Kapampangans - Another version; town originated as a Malayan settlement - ‘Macabebe’: bordering river banks’ and ‘pampanga’ means (called ‘Tigip’) under leadership of Kahn Bulaun, a descendant Candaba the same of Prince Balagtas. When Spaniards came and looted the town, - Derived from ‘Candawe’, a name of a place close to Sitio - Dialect of Macabebe is more severe and louder they renamed the settlement as ‘Mina Linda de las Mujerez’ Culumanas, was later corrupted by Spanish derivation to - Chinese from Guagua, mispronounced the name of the town as Candaba Magalang ‘Minah Linah Neh Lah Muchele,’ which townspeople shortened - Origin: “Cang Daba” or Brother Daba - San Bartolome - old Magalang site to ‘Minalina’ - ‘Daba’ - a term used for a big earthen jar & obese people were - Known as ‘Balen Melacuan’ (abandoned town) and now a teased barrio of Concepcion Porac - “Buru” (pickled fish) - Talimundoc or San Pedro: Magalang’s present site - September 16, 1867 - town transferred to its present site called - Complete name: San Pedro de Magalang ‘Capatagan’ (plain), near a river called ‘Porag’ Floridablanca - San Bartolome: patron saint (August 24 as Feast Day) - The river got its name from ‘kurag’ or ‘purag’, a rattan plant - Spanish word meaning ‘maputing sampaga’ or ‘white flower’ - December 24, 1863: formally established growing near the river - Named after Jose Monino, Count of Floridablanca in Spain, a - First settlers of Magalang were migrants from ‘Magelang’ popular Spanish political figure (village in Indonesia) City of San Fernando - Founded between January 5 and 31, 1879 by 39 settlers - ‘Magalang’ - ancient Kapampangan word for abundance - Carved out of the towns of Mexico & Bacolor headed by surveyor Ramon Orozco - Founded in 1754 Masantol - Rey (King) de Castilla y Leon - named after its patron saint & Guagua - Used to be called San Miguel, once part of Macabebe Spanish King Fernando III - Known as ‘Wawa’ (mouth of a river) or ‘alua’ or ‘bukana’ in the - Got its name from the fruit tree (santol tree) vernacular - May 1, 1878 - founded as separate town and renamed San San Luis - Became an important battleground during PH-American war Miguel - Originally named ‘Cabagsak’ (from ‘bagsakan kabag’ plenty of - Betis: used to be a town independent of Guagua until 1904 - Composed of former Macabebe barrios of Bebe, Bulakus, fruit bats) Kaingin, Nigi - Renamed ‘San Nicolas Cabagsac’, in honor of its first parish Lubao - Came to be known as San Miguel Masantol priest, Fray Nicolas de Orduno, OSA - First printing press was set up in by Augustinian friars - Renamed San Luis, after Dona Luisa, wife of the town’s legal - One of the oldest towns in Pampanga Mexico counsel who successfully defended it against a land claim by - Founded by Malays - ‘Masiku’ pre-Spanish name, meaning abundance of water the neighboring town of Pinpin (Sta. Ana) in 1761 - Originally referred to as Baba Lubao, meaning lowland - Other claims got its name from ‘chico’ fruits or ‘makasiku’ (opposite of ‘bakulud’, meaning upland) (river elbowing or town elbowing neighboring towns) San Simon - Also called Baras (from Spanish ‘barras’), meaning sandbars - Named after Mexico in Central America Mabalacat  - divided into 2 parts; Apalit (southern part) and San Luis Characters: 6. Karagatan - ancient poetic & literary game performed during (northern part). Both sides decided to petition the Gov Gen Sinukwan - legendary king of Mount Arayat wakes based on the loss of a ring belonging to a princess in Simon de Anda y Salazar to consider declaring it a town Mariang Makiling - goddess and wife of Sinukwan mid-sea - named after the Apostle Simon Baluga - nursemaid 7. Duplo - poetic game amounting to a contest in both poetic - 1771 - San Simon was included in the towns of Pampanga Mariang Malagu, Mariang Matimtiman, Mariang Mahinhin - 3 powers of expression & general cultural knowledge, stringing all - A vast forest feared by travelers being the nest robbers beautiful daughters of Sinukwan and Mariang Makiling in a slender narrative line… dupleros (participating poets) hold - Named Sra. Del Pilar in honor of Don Mariano del Pilar de los Miguel Masikan - suitor of Mariang Malagu, succeeded debates during wakes of literary occasions Reyes (founder) building the tomb 8. Sapatya - another form of poetic joust; verse is sung & Miguel Matapang - suitor of Mariang Matimtiman, rid all participants dance to the beats of their castanets… informal Sasmuan ferocious animals & poisonous snakes using his magic crystal debate is improvised - Formerly called ‘Sasmoan’ (from ‘sasmo’ or assemble) ball 9. Diparan - folkloric aphorism of proverb which embody - It is where Kapampangan soldiers assembled prior to attacking Miguel Masipag - suitor of Mariang Mahinhin, trimmed down all well-known truths or common facts ascertain by Chinese insurgents in upstream Guagua the big trees using his magic bolo experience/observation - Mispronounced Sesmoan Aring Punsalan - king of Zambales Mountain Range who 10. Kumidya - derived from Spanish Comedia, dealt w/ romances - Spaniards misspelled as Sexmoan (x and s in Latin are challenges Sinukwan of high-born ladies and princesses, liberally strewn w/ military phonetically the same) skirmishes between Christian & Moros…may be classified as - 1987 - Rep. Emy Lingad corrected the colonial faux pas Settings: metrical romance Arayat Candaba Zambales Mountain Range 11. Kuriru - derive from Spanish word ‘corridor”, romance or light Sta. Ana poetic composition (jacara) in assonants w/ accompaniment of - Previously known as ‘Bale Pinpin’ (‘laid aside’) Conflict: Man vs Man a guitar for light entertainment - Spaniards came in 1600s and established it as a parish in 1760 Theme: pride, power, love and sacrifice, magic, nature 12. Zarzuel