Reviewer History PDF

REVIEWER!!! SOURCES OF HISTORY Primary Sources: Primary sources provide direct, first-hand accounts of events or topics by those with a direct connection. These include: Texts of laws and original documents. Newspaper reports from witnesses or quoting involved people. Spee...

REVIEWER!!! SOURCES OF HISTORY Primary Sources: Primary sources provide direct, first-hand accounts of events or topics by those with a direct connection. These include: Texts of laws and original documents. Newspaper reports from witnesses or quoting involved people. Speeches, diaries, letters, and interviews. Original research and datasets (e.g., census data). Photographs, videos, or audio recordings. Additional primary sources include: Artifacts: Objects like ceramics, tools, or the Manunggul Jar, a Neolithic burial jar from the Philippines symbolizing the afterlife journey. Archaeological remains and Eco facts (organic or inorganic remains like seeds or minerals). Written sources: Letters, documents, and records from the studied period. Secondary Sources: Secondary sources interpret or analyze primary sources, such as: Books and articles written by those not directly involved. Documentaries and research papers. Historical Methodology: Historians analyze the creator, context, and purpose of the source. They question the reliability of sources and how they were used to influence events, like propaganda or truthful storytelling. Epigraphy: The study of inscriptions on various surfaces such as stone, metal, or wood, which are used as primary sources of history. The Subjectivity of History: History is subjective, often based on human recollection and interpretation. Complete reconstruction of the past is impossible since most events were unobserved, and few artifacts remain. WHAT IS HISTORY? History involves both facts (narratives of what happened) and interpretation (historical analysis or "touch"). History derives from the Greek word Historia, meaning inquiry or learning through research. Natural History (from Aristotle) refers to the systematic study of natural phenomena, regardless of time or order. The English term history is usually reserved for the chronological study of human affairs. Philippine Historical Perspectives The bipartite view of Philippine history, introduced by the Spaniards, portrays the pre- Spanish Philippines as uncivilized, emphasizing that the Spanish brought "light" to a "dark" society. José Rizal, however, promoted the tripartite view of Philippine history, which sees the nation’s history in three stages: 1. Pre-colonial period. 2. Spanish colonization. 3. The eventual rise or "rebirth" of the nation after colonization. Rizal emphasized that the writing of Philippine history should be rooted in a Filipino perspective. Historiography History is not just the events themselves but also how societies interpret and record those events. It involves human narratives and is influenced by subjectivity. Civilization and History Civilization is often associated with an advanced state of human development, including governance, culture, and societal norms.  The tripartite view of Philippine history is inspired by narratives such as the Passion of Christ: birth, death, and resurrection, reflecting the pattern of rise, fall, and recovery. WHY STUDY HISTORY? Purpose of History History is not about right and wrong, but about understanding different perspectives and the complexity of events. History helps us understand people, societies, and change by revealing how our present society came to be. Historical Insights: Settlement of Ancient Filipinos: They settled in the upland areas (Saraya) and lowland areas (Sa-ilud). Manila Galleon Trade: A profitable trade route between Manila and Acapulco (1565–1813), which played a significant role in Manila’s wealth. American Colonial Influence: Introduction of universal public education, English as the medium of instruction, and modern urban living in the Philippines. Relevance of History: 1. History contributes to moral understanding: It teaches by example and offers lessons that reflect on societal values. 2. History provides identity: It helps individuals and nations understand their roots and shared experiences. 3. History is essential for good citizenship: Studying history develops critical thinking skills, such as: o Assessing evidence. o Evaluating conflicting interpretations. o Learning from past examples of change. ANALYZING HISTORICAL TEXT Historical criticism is the process of analyzing historical texts to understand their context, authorship, and intended audience. It is crucial for gaining accurate insights into the past. The Importance of Historical Context Understanding the social, political, and cultural factors surrounding the creation of a text helps avoid misinterpretation and provides a clearer view of the author's intentions. Primary vs. Secondary Sources Primary sources provide first-hand accounts, while secondary sources offer second-hand information, often synthesizing primary sources. Original Sources An original source has several conditions: 1. It contains fresh ideas. 2. It is not a translation. 3. It is in its earliest form. 4. The text is unmodified. 5. It provides the earliest available information. External Criticism This involves checking the authenticity of a document. Key questions include: o Who was the author? o What was the context of the text's creation? o Was it produced when and where claimed? Internal Criticism Internal criticism examines the content, focusing on truthfulness, context, and potential biases or hidden agendas. Steps for conducting internal criticism: 1. Analyze the language and the shifts in meaning over time. 2. Identify the author's perspective. 3. Cross-reference with other sources. 4. Examine the historical context. 5. Assess the text's logical consistency. Understanding Document Language The meaning of words can shift over time (e.g., “revolution” could mean uprising or rapid change depending on the period). Forgery and Historical Hoaxes The presentation mentions cases like the Code of Kalantiaw, a fabricated historical text, and La Loba Negra, another hoax attributed to Father Jose Burgos. Both are examples of why verifying authenticity is crucial. Semantics and Hermeneutics Semantics deals with how word meanings change over time. Hermeneutics is the art of interpreting texts, helping uncover hidden or deeper meanings. NATURE OF HISTORY: CONTENTS, DISTORTIONS AND APPROACHES History is both facts and interpretation—a reconstruction of the past through written records, oral traditions, and physical artifacts. It is an inquiry into human motivations and a philosophical study of the causes of historical events. Filipino Perspectives: o R. Constantino: History is the struggle for increasing freedom and self-realization. o A. Ocampo: History gives Filipinos a sense of identity. o T. Agoncillo: History is a factual and imaginative interpretation of the past. Why Study History? History helps us understand the present and future by providing a scientific guide to past events. It raises historical consciousness, promotes critical thinking, and helps us develop a sense of national identity. By studying history, we learn from past mistakes and gain insights into how to act correctly in the future. Problems in Writing and Teaching History Colonial historiography: Filipino history was often viewed through the lens of colonizers, leading to distortions and biases. Imbalances in historical narratives: Colonial historians often hid their true motives, generalized events, and ignored native customs that didn’t fit colonial values. Manila-centric narratives: National history often focuses on events in Manila, neglecting local histories that haven’t gained academic recognition.  Historical teaching inadequacies: Many teachers lack the training to engage in historical research, which affects the accuracy of teaching. Distortions in History History has been distorted by ethnocentric views, particularly during colonial times, when early writers ignored native values. Gender blindness: History often focuses on the achievements of men, especially colonial figures, while neglecting the contributions of women. There are also gaps in data due to poor recording or lack of attention to local histories. Approaches to Studying History 1. First School of Thought: History should be studied for its own sake as an intellectual pursuit of truth. 2. Second School of Thought: Study history considering the present to better understand contemporary events and predict future outcomes. Key Historians' Approaches 1. Renato Constantino: Advocates for a nationalist framework to redress the imbalances of colonial historiography. He emphasizes the importance of seeing Filipinos not merely as victims but as active agents shaping their history. 2. Teodoro Agoncillo: Believes in the use of historical imagination to flesh out facts and bring history to life, encouraging historians to write with passion and creativity. 3. Felix Resurreccion: Stresses the need for history to be descriptive yet analytical, contributing something new and making value judgments.