The First Voyage Around The World - AQA Past Paper PDF

REVIEWER FOR SUMMATIVE TEST NO. 2 The First Voyage Around the World Author: Antonio Pigafetta 1491-1534 Vicenza, Italy Italian Scholar Ventetian Writer and Adventurer Key Figures: Antonio Pigafetta – Italian Scholar and Chronicler/ A...

REVIEWER FOR SUMMATIVE TEST NO. 2 The First Voyage Around the World Author: Antonio Pigafetta 1491-1534 Vicenza, Italy Italian Scholar Ventetian Writer and Adventurer Key Figures: Antonio Pigafetta – Italian Scholar and Chronicler/ Author Ferdinand Magellan – Portuguese/ Leader of the expedition and captain-general King Manuel I – King of Portugal / Disapproved or denied the expedition King Charles I – King of Spain/ Agreed to sponsor the expedition Enrique of Malacca – Enslaved Interpreter/ From Southeast Asia Juan Sebastián Elcano – Basque navigator who took command after Magellan’s death Andrés de San Martín – Chief pilot and cosmographer Rajah Humabon – Ruler of Cebu and ally to Magellan Rajah Kolambu – Ruler of Limasawa Island/ King of Zuluan and Calagan (Butuan and Caragua) Rajah Siaiu or Siagu – Rajah of Butuan/ First King Hara Humamay or Queen Juana - Rajah Humabon’s wife, baptized as Juana Lapu-Lapu – Datu (Chieftain) of Mactan Island General Timeline: August 10, 1519 – Departure from Seville Magellan's fleet of five ships, the Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepción, Victoria, and Santiago, departs Seville, Spain, beginning the journey. September 20, 1519 – Fleet Sets Sail from Sanlúcar de Barrameda Officially leaving Spain, the fleet sets sail from Sanlúcar de Barrameda toward South America. December 13, 1519 – Arrival in Rio de Janeiro The fleet reaches present-day Rio de Janeiro, where they restock and trade with Indigenous people. March 31, 1520 – Winter Stay in Port San Julián The fleet stops in Port San Julián, Argentina, to survive the harsh winter. During this time, a mutiny breaks out but is quickly suppressed by Magellan. October 21, 1520 – Discovery of the Strait of Magellan Magellan's fleet discovers and enters the passage at the southern tip of South America, now known as the Strait of Magellan. They navigate through it for a month.  November 28, 1520 – Entry into the Pacific Ocean The fleet exits the strait and becomes the first European fleet to reach the Pacific Ocean, which Magellan names the "Pacific" due to its calm waters. March 6, 1521 – Arrival in Guam After months of sailing across the Pacific with scarce food and water, the crew reaches Guam, where they trade with the Indigenous Chamorro people. March 16, 1521 – Arrival in the Philippines Magellan and his crew arrive in the Philippines, where they interact with local chiefs and begin converting some to Christianity. March 31, 1521 – First Mass in the Philippines at Limasawa Island, Leyte April 14, 1521 – Cebu was baptized as a Christian April 27, 1521 – Battle of Mactan and Death of Magellan November 8, 1521 – Arrival in the Spice Islands (Maluku Islands) The remaining ships reach the Spice Islands, the original destination, where they secure valuable spices. September 6, 1522 – Return of the Victoria to Spain The Victoria, the only ship to complete the journey, arrives back in Spain with a small, weakened crew, thus completing the first circumnavigation of the Earth. Specific Timelines in the Philippines: 1. March 16, 1521 – Arrival in the Philippines - Magellan’s fleet first sighted the Philippine archipelago and anchored at the island of Homonhon. This marked the beginning of their interactions with the local population. 2. March 28, 1521 – Meeting with Rajah Kolambu - Magellan met Rajah Kolambu, the ruler of Limasawa Island. They formed an alliance and celebrated a *sanduguan* or blood compact, symbolizing friendship and trust between the two parties. 3. March 31, 1521 – First Mass in the Philippines - The first Catholic Mass in the Philippines was celebrated on the island of Limasawa, officiated by Father Pedro de Valderrama. This event marked the introduction of Christianity in the region. 4. April 7, 1521 – Arrival in Cebu and Meeting with Rajah Humabon - Magellan arrived in Cebu and met Rajah Humabon, who welcomed them warmly. Humabon and his wife, Hara Humamay, along with their followers, were later baptized into Christianity, marking the beginning of Catholic influence in Cebu. 5. April 14, 1521 – Baptism of Rajah Humabon and Queen Juana - Rajah Humabon, his wife (renamed Queen Juana after baptism), and around 800 Cebuano natives were baptized. Magellan presented Queen Juana with the Santo Niño, an image of the Child Jesus, which remains an important religious icon in Cebu. 6. April 27, 1521 – Battle of Mactan and Magellan’s Death - Magellan attempted to subdue Lapu-Lapu, the chieftain of Mactan Island, who resisted Spanish influence and Christianity. Magellan led about 49 men against Lapu-Lapu’s estimated 1,500 warriors. The battle resulted in Magellan’s death, marking a significant Indigenous resistance against European forces. These events had a lasting impact, establishing early contact between the Philippines and Europe and introducing Christianity, which continues to shape Filipino culture and history. 5 Ships: 1. Concepcion – 3rd/ Lost during the expedition / Gaspar de Qeusada 2. San Antonio – 2nd ship to be lost/ Juan De Cartagena 3. Santiago – The 1st ship to be ruined 4. Trinidad – Mothership/ Magellan’s flagship/ 4th 5. Victoria – the only ship to complete the circumnavigation Battle of Magellan and Lapu-Lapu: Ferdinand Magellan Soldiers: 49 soldiers Lapu-Lapu Warriors: 1,500 warriors Places visited in the Philippines: Landrones Islands or the “Islands of the Thieves” / Marianas Islands Zamal or Samar Humunu Island or Homonhon Mazzawa/ Mazaua – saw two ballanghai (balangay) Ceylon (Leyte) Bohol Zzubu (Cebu) The KKK and the Kartilya ng Katipunan KKK (Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan) 1. Founding - The *Katipunan*, or *KKK*, was a revolutionary society established on July 7, 1892, by Andres Bonifacio, along with others like Ladislao Diwa and Teodoro Plata. - Its purpose was to gain Philippine independence from Spanish colonial rule through armed revolution. 2. Structure and Ideals: - The KKK had a secret membership structure, often initiated through blood oaths. Members used aliases to protect identities. - It aimed to unite Filipinos across different classes to fight for freedom and advocated values such as patriotism, discipline, and sacrifice. 3. Leadership:  - Andres Bonifacio was a primary leader and often regarded as the "Father of the Philippine Revolution." - Later, a faction under Emilio Aguinaldo would emerge, leading to internal conflicts that influenced the organization’s course. 4. Achievements: - The KKK sparked a nationwide revolutionary movement and inspired uprisings across the country starting in 1896. - It helped lay the foundation for Philippine nationalism and the eventual declaration of independence from Spain. About the Author: Emilio Dizon Jacinto Brains of the Katipunan or “Utak ng Katipunan” Alias: Pingkian Pen Name: Dimas-Ilaw Trozo, Manila December 15, 1875 Died on: April 16, 1899 Parents: Mariano Jacinto and Josefa Dizon Wrote Liwanag at Dilim and the poem A la Patria It was said that Dr. Jose Rizal and Marcelo H. Del Pilar inspired him to be a good writer during his time He was only 18 years old when he joined the movement Appointed as Commander of the Katipunan in Northern Luzon at the age of 22. Died of Malaria at the of age of 24 in the town of Magdalena, Laguna Key Figures: Illustrados: - Marcelo H. del Pilar - Graciano Lopez Jaena - Jose Rizal Diego Silang – El Rey de Ilocos (The King of Ilocos) Andres Bonifacio – Supreme leader (Supremo) and founder of the Katipunan Gregoria de Jesus – Custodian and "Lakambini" (muse) of the Katipunan. Teodoro Plata – Co-founder and secretary of the Katipunan Ladislao Diwa – Co-founder and recruiter. Emilio Aguinaldo – Revolutionary leader and president of the First Philippine Republic Pio Valenzuela – Physician and adviser of the Katipunan Mga Aral Nang Katipunan ng mga A.N.B. or Lessons of the Organization of the Sons of Country Andres Bonifacio – 10 Kartilya ng Katipunan Emilio Jacinto – Revised into 14 Kartilya ng Katipunan The KKK and the Kartilya ng Katipunan are pillars of the Philippine revolution, with the KKK leading the resistance against colonial oppression and the Kartilya providing a moral compass. Both shaped the Filipino identity and fueled the pursuit of independence and self-determination. Timeline: 1. July 7, 1892 – Founding of the Katipunan - The *Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan* (KKK) was founded by Andres Bonifacio, Ladislao Diwa, Teodoro Plata, and others in Manila. The organization aimed to gain Philippine independence from Spanish colonial rule through armed revolt. 2. August 19, 1896 – Discovery of the Katipunan - Spanish authorities discovered the existence of the Katipunan. This led to mass arrests, including members and sympathizers. The exposure of the secret society intensified calls for immediate revolution. 3. August 23, 1896 – Cry of Pugad Lawin - Andres Bonifacio and fellow revolutionaries gathered in *Pugad Lawin* (or in other accounts, *Balintawak*) and tore their *cedulas* (residence certificates), symbolizing their commitment to revolt against Spanish rule. This event marked the official start of the Philippine Revolution. 4. August 30, 1896 – Battle of San Juan del Monte - The Katipunan launched its first major assault on Spanish forces at the *El Deposito* in San Juan del Monte. Although they suffered losses, the battle demonstrated the Filipinos’ resolve to fight for independence. 5. March 22, 1897 – Tejeros Convention - A meeting in Tejeros, Cavite, was held to resolve leadership disputes within the Katipunan. During this convention, Emilio Aguinaldo was elected president, while Bonifacio was given a lower position. This decision led to internal conflicts within the revolutionary ranks. 6. May 10, 1897 – Execution of Andres Bonifacio - Following a power struggle, Bonifacio was tried and executed by Aguinaldo’s faction in Maragondon, Cavite. This event deeply divided the revolutionaries but Aguinaldo maintained leadership of the movement. 7. December 14–15, 1897 – Pact of Biak-na-Bato - The Spanish and Aguinaldo’s faction signed a truce known as the *Pact of Biak-na-Bato*. Under this agreement, Aguinaldo and other leaders agreed to go into exile in Hong Kong in exchange for financial compensation and limited reforms from the Spanish government. However, the truce did not end the desire for independence. 8. May 19, 1898 – Aguinaldo Returns to the Philippines - With the onset of the Spanish-American War, Aguinaldo returned from Hong Kong to the Philippines with American assistance, resuming the revolution against Spanish forces. 9. June 12, 1898 – Declaration of Philippine Independence - Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed Philippine independence from Spain in Kawit, Cavite. The Philippine flag was officially unfurled, and the national anthem was played for the first time, marking a historic moment in the nation’s struggle for freedom. 10. August 13, 1898 – End of Spanish Rule (Mock Battle of Manila) - American forces defeated the Spanish in a staged battle in Manila. This marked the end of Spanish rule in the Philippines, but American occupation soon followed, leading to the Philippine-American War. Proclamation of the Philippine Independence About the Author: Don Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista Born on December 7, 1830 Biñan, Laguna Lawyer and General Emilio Aguinaldo’s confidante Died on December 4, 1903 at the age of 72 Known as “Don Bosyong” Parents: Gregorio Enriquez Bautista and Silvestra Altamira Trivias: June 12, 1898 – Proclamation of the Philippine Independence at Kawit, Cavite 333 years – end of the Spanish Colonization 8 Provinces that lead the revolution – Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Manila, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac (BBCLMNPT) White Triangle represent the distinctive emblem of the Katipunan Society/ “Eye of Providence” 3 Stars – Luzon, Mindanao and Panay (Visaya) Colors Blue, Red, and White – commemorate the flag of the United States of America Key Figures: GOMBURZA – three (3) martyred priests  - Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora Emilio Aguinaldo – President of the revolutionary government. The Trio Who Made the Philippine Flag - Marcela Agoncillo – wife of Julian Agoncillo - Lorenza Agoncillo – Marcela’s Daughter - Delfina Herbosa de Natividad – niece of José Rizal General Artemio Ricarte – known as Vibora, present during the independence proclamation General Mariano Noriel – present at the proclamation Ladislao Diwa – Revolutionary leader and founding member of the Katipunan. Apolinario Mabini – Adviser and “Brains of the Revolution”/ Chief Adviser of Aguinaldo/ Not Present during the proclamation. A Glance at Selected Philippine Political Caricature About the Author: Alfred William McCoy Birth: July 8, 1945 Birthplace: Massachusetts, USA 72 years old American Historian and Professor Ph.D. from Yale University in 1976 Trivias: Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American Era (1900-1941) Caricature came from Italian Words “Carico” and “Caricare” means “to load” or to “exaggerate” Key Figures: Alfredo Roces – helper of McCoy / prominent Filipino artist, educator, and cultural figure known for his contributions to Philippine art, particularly in the field of painting List of Cartoons: Publisher Title Date Characters/ Meaning The Independent A public post is not a May 20, 1916 Dr. Santos, Juan hereditary crown dela Cruz, and a Priest The Independent War, against the June 16, 1917 Filipino Child stole a Speculators chicken, A police  officer, and Juan de la Cruz Philippine Free Death Cars Colorum Press automobiles in the city street The Independent Flaming Youth A blown-up police officer was at the screen sayingthat couples are not allowed to neck and make love in the the The Independent Uncle Sam Riding a November 27, 1915 Uncle Sam riding a Chariot Chariot pulled by 6 Filipino students Lipang Kalabaw El Turno De Los Partidos August 24, 1907 Uncle Sam rationing porridge to the politicians and member of the Progresista Party Corazon Aquino’s Speech Before the U.S. Congress About the Author: Maria Corazon “Cory” Cojuanco Aquino Born: January 25, 1933 Tarlac Province Died: August 1, 2009, Makati (Aged of 76) 11th President of the Philippines (1986-1992) First Female President of the Republic of the Philippines and in Asia Spouse of Senator Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino, Jr. “Mother of Philippine Democracy” Known for her role in the People Power Revolution, which led to the ousting of President Ferdinand Marcos Trivias: Cory came from a rich haciendero family in Tarlac Ninoy Aquino was shot at the Tarmac of the Manila International Airport on August 21, 1983 Snap Election – February 1986 Speech was given on September 18, 1986 Ninoy went a hunger strike and fasted for 40 days EDSA People Power Revolution Philippine has a debt of 26 dollar billion at the time of her speech Key Themes in Her Speeches: 1. Restoration of Democracy - Aquino emphasized the importance of restoring democratic processes and institutions in her speeches. She often spoke about the need for the people to actively participate in governance and uphold democratic values. 2. Unity and Reconciliation - She called for national unity and healing after years of division and conflict under martial law. Aquino encouraged Filipinos to work together to rebuild the nation. 3. Human Rights and Justice - Aquino advocated for human rights, civil liberties, and justice, condemning abuses during the Marcos regime. She pledged to protect the rights of all citizens. 4. Economic Reforms - Her speeches included discussions on the need for economic reforms to uplift the Filipino people, addressing poverty, unemployment, and the need for sustainable development. 5. Faith and Values - Aquino often invoked her strong Catholic faith and moral values, believing that these would guide the nation toward a better future. She viewed her presidency as a moral obligation to serve the people. Key Figures: 1. Corazon “Cory” Aquino 2. Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. - Role: Filipino senator and political opponent of Ferdinand Marcos. - Contribution: Aquino’s assassination in 1983 was a catalyst for the People Power movement. His death sparked widespread opposition against Marcos, with Cory Aquino later taking up his mantle, becoming the face of the opposition. 3. Jaime Cardinal Sin - Role: Archbishop of Manila and prominent religious leader. - Contribution: Cardinal Sin played a vital role in the People Power Revolution, urging Filipinos through Radio Veritas to gather on EDSA and peacefully protest against the Marcos regime. His call mobilized millions, leading to the success of the peaceful uprising. 4. Juan Ponce Enrile - Role: Defense Minister under Ferdinand Marcos. - Contribution: Initially a Marcos ally, Enrile defected and joined the opposition, playing a critical role in the military-backed People Power movement. His decision to stand against Marcos alongside General Ramos was a turning point in the revolution. 5. Fidel V. Ramos - Role: Deputy Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.  - Contribution: Ramos, along with Enrile, withdrew support from Marcos and supported the People Power Revolution. His defection to Cory’s side was instrumental in gaining military and public support for the transition to democracy. 6. Salvador “Doy” Laurel - Role: Vice President and key ally of Cory Aquino. - Contribution: Laurel, who initially intended to run for president, joined forces with Aquino to challenge Marcos. As Vice President, he provided political support and helped stabilize the new government. 7. Gringo Honasan - Role: Philippine Army officer and aide to Enrile. - Contribution: Honasan led various military operations and initially plotted against Marcos. However, during Aquino’s presidency, he was involved in several coup attempts against her administration, complicating her leadership. 8. Jose “Chel” Diokno - Role: Lawyer, senator, and human rights advocate. - Contribution: Diokno was a staunch critic of martial law and helped shape the human rights agenda during Aquino’s presidency. He advocated for freedom, justice, and democratic principles, influencing the government’s focus on human rights. 9. Lorenzo Tañada - Role: Senator and freedom fighter. - Contribution: Tañada, a long-time critic of Marcos, was a key figure in rallying opposition. He served as a senior advisor to Cory and championed anti-corruption and democratic reform efforts. 10. Butz Aquino - Role: Congressman and younger brother of Ninoy Aquino. - Contribution: Butz Aquino was instrumental in organizing the people’s movement during the EDSA Revolution and continued to support Cory’s administration in legislative reforms. Notable Speeches: 1. Inaugural Address (February 25, 1986) - Delivered after her victory in the snap elections against Marcos. It focused on the restoration of democracy and the promise of a new beginning for the Filipino people. 2. Speech on the People's Power Revolution (February 22, 1986) - Commemorating the peaceful uprising, Aquino acknowledged the collective power of the people and the need to remain vigilant against tyranny. 3. State of the Nation Address (SONA) - In her annual addresses, Aquino discussed her administration's achievements, challenges, and plans for the future, emphasizing transparency and accountability in governance. Conclusion: Corazon Aquino's speeches not only reflect her vision for a democratic Philippines but also serve as important historical documents that capture the sentiments and struggles of a nation in transition. Her legacy as the "Mother of Philippine Democracy" endures, and her speeches continue to resonate with Filipinos striving for a just and equitable society.