Reviewer (Chapter 16-20) PDF

REVIEWER: CHAPTER 16 East German government - opened the Berlin Wall’s checkpoints in 1989, The fall of the Berlin Wall marked the end of the Cold War and served as the first step toward the reunification of Germany. After Nikita Khrushchev was forced out of...

REVIEWER: CHAPTER 16 East German government - opened the Berlin Wall’s checkpoints in 1989, The fall of the Berlin Wall marked the end of the Cold War and served as the first step toward the reunification of Germany. After Nikita Khrushchev was forced out of office, the Soviet Union experienced domestic and foreign problems reform began under Mikhail Gorbachev’s perestroika and continued with the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. Alexei Kosygin and Leonid Brezhnev (BREHZH nehf) replaced Nikita Khrushchev when he was removed from office in 1964. Leonid Brezhnev - Determined to keep Eastern Europe in Communist hands, he was not interested in reform. He also insisted on the Soviet Union’s right to intervene if communism was threatened pa in another Communist state (known as the Brezhnev Doctrine). détente, a relaxation of tensions and improved relations between the two superpowers. dissidents, those who spoke out against the regime. THE COLD WAR INTENSIFIES détente collapsed in 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. President Jimmy Carter canceled U.S. participation in the 1980 Olympic Games to be held in Moscow. Ronald Reagan became president. He called the Soviet Union an “evil empire” and began a military buildup and a new arms race GORBACHEV AND REFORM Gorbachev preached the need for radical reforms based on perestroika (pehr uh STROY kuh), or restructuring. 1988 Communist Party conference, he set up a new Soviet parliament with elected members, the Congress of People’s Deputies first secretary of the Communist Party (Gorbachev’s posi-tion) had been the most important. In March 1990, Gorbachev became the Soviet Union’s first—and last—president. END OF THE COLD WAR Gorbachev made an agreement with the United States in 1987, the Intermediate-Range INF Treaty, to eliminate intermediate-range nuclear weapons The reunification of Germany on October 3, 1990, was a powerful symbol of the end of the Cold War. 1991 the Soviet Union was dissolved END OF THE SOVIET UNION  Soviet Union included 92 ethnic groups and 112 different languages independence came first in Soviet Georgia and then in Latvia, Estonia, Moldavia, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, and Lithuania (1989- 1990) December 1, 1991 - Ukraine independence. August 19, 1991, a group of these conservative leaders arrested Gorbachev and tried to seize power. Boris Yeltsin, president of the Russian Republic, and thousands of Russians bravely resisted the rebel forces in Moscow. leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus announced that the Soviet Union had “ceased to exist.” RUSSIA UNDER YELTSIN Boris Yeltsin faced the problem I'm Chechnya, a province in the south that wanted to secede from Russia and become independent. RUSSIA UNDER PUTIN 1999, Yeltsin resigned and was replaced by Vladimir Putin, who was elected president in 2000. Reforms: free sale and purchase of land and tax cuts EASTERN EUROPE POLAND Lech Walesa (LEHK vah LEHN suh) organized a national trade union known as Solidarity gained the support of the workers and of the Roman Catholic Church, which was under the leadership of Pope John Paul II, the first Polish pope CZECHOSLOVAKIA Václav Havel (VAHT slahf HAH vehl), a writer who had played an important role in bringing down the Communist government, became the new president. Havel was an eloquent spokesperson for Czech democracy and a new order in Europe. Havel became the first president of the Czech Republic Michal Kovác became the first president of Slovakia. ROMANIA leader Nicolae Ceaușescu Ruled with iron grip, using secret police to crush all dissent. The current president, Traian Basescu, leads a country that is just beginning to show economic growth and the rise of a middle class. GERMAN REUNIFICATION Erich Honecker, head of the Communist Party in East Germany, ruled harshly  Serbs followed a policy called ethnic cleansing toward Bosnians—killing or forcibly removing them from their lands. Kosovo, an autonomous or self-governing province within Yugoslavia. UNCERTAINTIES IN FRANCE François Mitterrand was elected president. ○ increased minimum wage, a 39-hour workweek ○ higher taxes for rich REUNIFICATION WOES first Social Democratic chancellor elected in West Germany was Willy Brandt. Angela Merkel, leader of the Christian Democrats, became the first female chancellor in German history. Margaret Thatcher, Britain’s first female prime minister ○ limit social welfare ○ restrict union power ○ to end inflation ○ Her main focus was privatization. ○ Thatcherism, as her economic policy was termed, improved the British economic situation, but at a price. THE U.S. AND CANADA Richard Nixon believed that “law and order” issues and a slowdown in racial desegregation would appeal to Southern whites. used illegal methods to gain political information about his opponents that led to the Watergate scandal. Vice President Gerald Ford became president when Nixon resigned, only to lose in the 1976 election to the former governor of Georgia, Jimmy Carter. Carter’s inability to gain the release of the American hostages contributed to his loss to Ronald Reagan in the 1980 election. ○ The spending policies of the Reagan administration produced record government budget deficits - exists when the government spends more than it collects in revenues. George Bush, Reagan’s vice president, succeeded him as president. Bush’s inability to deal with the federal deficit and an economic downturn, however, allowed Democrat Bill Clinton to be elected presi-dent in 1992. CANADA Pierre Trudeau - acknowledged the rights of French-speaking Canadians - passed the Official Languages Act, which allowed both English and French to be used in the federal civil service 1993 Canada approved the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), along with US and MEXICO. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Women's movement women’s movement emerged in the United States politicians to address “gender stereotyping,” US passed the Equal Pay Act in 1963- It required women to be paid the same as men for performing the same work. TRENDS IN ART Postmodernism, a revival of traditional elements and techniques, includes traditional painting styles and traditional crafts cultural imperialism, meaning that a Western nation controls other world cultures much as Western nations had controlled colonial govern-ments. January 30, 1972 - “BLOODY SUNDAY” CHAPTER 17 (Latine America) ECONOMIC INSTABILITY Latin American countries depended on the United States, Europe, and Japan for Advanced technology military regimes in Chile, Brazil, and Argentina abolished political parties and returned to export-import economies financed by foreigners encouraged multinational corporations (companies with divisions in more than two countries) to come to Latin American maintain their weak economies by borrowing money. Between 1970 and 1982, debt to foreigners grew from $27 billion to $315.3 billion President Alberto Fujimori returned Peru to an authoritarian system. LATIN AMERICAN SOCIETY megacity not only has a huge population, but also has grown so fast that regular urban services cannot be provided. U.S. MILITARY INVOLVEMENT 1948, the states of the Western Hemisphere formed the Organization of American States (OAS). ○ emphasized the need for Latin American independence.  ○ passed a resolution calling for an end to military action by one state in the affairs of another FIGHTING COMMUNISM Jacobo Arbenz, president of Guatemala, was overthrown in 1954 with aid from the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. LITERATURE Magic realism brings together realistic events with dreamlike or fantasy background One Hundred Years of Solitude, a novel by Gabriel García Márquez, a Colombian writer, who won the Nobel Prize in literature in 1982 Gabriela Mistral from Chile -poet, first Latin American to receive the Nobel Prize in literature. ART AND ARCHITECTURE Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer was appointed chief architect for the new capital. DEBT CRISIS privatization, the sale of government-owned companies to private firms Carlos Salinas de Gortari, sped up privatization to relieve the debt crisis. He also changed some restrictive trade regulations in order to attract more foreign investors. Vicente Fox defeated the PRI candidate for the presidency corrupt dictator, Fulgencio Batista used open displays of brutality to maintain control, and poverty and unemployment were widespread. Fidel Castro, communist led to improvement in healthcare and education trade embargo, a policy prohibiting trade with Cuba. contras- a group opposed to the Sandinistas’ policies, descamisados (the shirtless ones) cooperatives (farm organizations owned by and operated for the benefit of peasants). Shining Path the group wanted to create a classless society. The drug cartels used bribes and violence to see force government cooperation in the drug traffic and to dominate the market. Fidel Castro- led the Cuban Revolutionagainst the Batista regime Brazil - South American country had an “economic miracle” in the late 1960s and early 1970s 80 percent of Venezuela’s population lives in poverty CHAPTER 18 Africa and the Middle East Western Wall or Kotel in Jerusalem - Judaism’s holiest site. A Muslim shrine, the Dome of the Rock, now stands in the approximate location of the Western Wall. It is one of the holiest places in Islam In 1957 the Gold Coast, renamed Ghana and under Kwame Nkrumah, was the first British colony to gain independence. South African whites (descendants of the Dutch, known as Afrikaners)- strengthened the laws separating white and black apartheid (“apartness”)- system of racial segregation NEW NATIONS AND NEW LEADERS Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya and General Mobutu Sese Seko of the present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo- believed in Western-style capitalism Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, and Sékou Touré of Guinea- preferred an “African form of socialism. Pan-Africanism—the unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries ECONOMIC AND HEALTH PROBLEMS rich in many East African countries are known as the wabenzi, or Mercedes-Benz people. END OF DICTATOR One dictator ousted was Idi Amin of Uganda Bishop Desmond Tutu and others worked to free Mandela and to end apartheid. SECTION 2 Holocaust, the deliberate killing of 6 million European Jews in Nazi death camps Jews in Palestine proclaimed the state of Israel on May 14, 1948 Gamal Abdel Nasser - Pan-Arabinism Camp David Accords, an agreement to sign an Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty. The treaty, signed by Sadat and Begin in March 1979, led to a complete Israeli withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula and ended the state of war between Egypt and Israel. intifada,or uprising, in the territories occupied by Israel since the 1967 Arab-Israeli warm Intifada is the name Palestinian Arabs give to their uprisings in Israeli-occupied territories Islamic radicalism- Removing all Western influences in Muslim countries Kwame Nkrumah- leader dreamed of a union that would join all African nations in a broader community AIDS- disease is caused by the HIV virus Tutsis- intended victims of genocide in Rwanda in 1994 Golda Meir- under his leadership did Egypt launch the Yom Kippur War against Israel Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini- new leader moved to restore Islamic law Taliban- ethnic group in northern Iraq did Saddam Hussein attack because they wanted their own state Osama bin Laden- formed al-Qaeda CHAPTER 19  Asia and the Pacific Chiang Kai-shek, based in southern and central China, was supported by the United States. The Communist government, led by Mao Zedong, had its base in northern China. CIVIL WAR AND ITS AFTERMATH People’s Liberation Army- had defeated the Nationalists. Chiang Kai-shek and two million followers fled to the island of Taiwan 1957, China had approximately 657 million people. radical program- known as the Great Leap Forward, in 1958 communism—the classless society—before the end of the twentieth century. THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION permanent revolution, an atmosphere of constant revolutionary fervor In 1966 Mao launched the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. Little Red Book- A collection of Mao’s thoughts Red Guards - Communist youth groups under Mao Zedong These were revolutionary groups composed largely of young people eliminate the “Four Olds”— ○ old ideas ○ old culture ○ old customs ○ old habits CHINA AFTER MAO September 1976, Mao Zedong died at the age of 82. Deng Xiaoping called for Four Modernizations: 1. new policies in industry 2. Agriculture 3. technology, and 4. national defense Per capita (per person) income, including farm income MOVEMENT FOR DEMOCRACY Deng Xiaoping’s program had not achieved a fifth modernization—democracy. May 1989, student protesters called for an end to the corruption and demanded the resignation of China’s aging Communist Party leader- Tiananmen Square in Beijing CHINESE SOCIETY one-child policy (1979) - Incentives such as education benefits, child care, and housing were offered to couples who limited their families to one child. THE COLD WAR IN ASIA The Korean War August 1945, the Soviet Union and the United States agreed to divide Korea into two zones at the 38th parallel (boundary line between North Korea and South Korea) 2 separate separate governments emerged in Korea North Korea- Communist South Korea- anti-Communist one With the approval of Joseph Stalin, North Korean troops invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950. President Harry Truman, with the support of the United Nations, sent U.S. troops to repel the invaders THE SHIFTING POWER BALANCE Richard Nixon became the first U.S. president to visit Communist China. China joined the World Trade Organization in 2001 and normalized trade relations with the United States in 2002. INDIA DIVIDED Jawaharlal Nehru — led the Congress Party, formerly the Indian National Congress. guided India’s foreign policy through the principle of nonalignment. After Nehru’s death, the Congress Party selected his daughter, Indira Gandhi In the slums of Kolkata, Mother Teresa, a Catholic nun, helped the poor, sick, and dying. caste, or social classes Sikhs, followers of a religion based on both Hindu and Muslim ideas. Many lived in Punjab Rajiv Gandhi- Indira Gandhi’s son, became prime minister and was assassinated in 1991 PAKISTAN West Pakistan is a dry and mountainous area, East Pakistan has marshy land densely populated with rice farmers. In 1971 East Pakistan declared its independence. After a brief civil war, it became the new nation of Bangladesh. INDONESIA AND MYANMAR Today, Burma is the independent nation called Myanmar VIETNAM AND THE VIETNAM WAR Ho Chi Minh was elected president of a new republic in Hanoi. stale-mate —neither side had made significant gains. PHILIPPINES AND THE INDONESIA 1986 a public uprising forced Ferdinand Marcos to flee the country on charges of corruption and involvement in the killing of a popular opposition leader, Benigno Aquino. Corazon Aquino, wife of the murdered leader, became president in 1986. Gloria Arroyo, promised greater integrity in government. She faced an economy weakened by a global economic crisis. Terrorism remains a challenge for the Philippines. INDONESIA 1998 forced General Suharto, a long-term authoritarian, to step down. JAPAN Japan was an occupied country—its lands were held and controlled by Allied military forces. An Allied administration under the command of U.S. general Douglas MacArthur governed Japan Japan’s economic system has been described as state capitalism zaibatsu- dismantle the large business conglomerations South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong became economic powerhouses “ASIAN TIGERS” SOUTH KOREA In 1953 the People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) was under the rule of the Communist leader Kim Il Sung. The Republic of Korea (South Korea), was under the dictatorial president Syngman Rhee. Both Australia and New Zealand have identified themselves culturally and politically with Europe rather than with their Asian neighbors. Australia and New Zealand identify culturally with Europe, but immigration and trade pull them toward Asia. When the Allied forces held and controlled its lands, Japan was an occupied country. Under Mao Zedong’s Great Leap Forward, collective farms were combined into vast communes India’s 1950 constitution forbade discrimination , or prejudicial treatment, based on gender. Japan’s economic system is called state capitalism because the government plays an active role in setting prices and wage policies and in subsidizing industries. chapter 20 Changing Global Patterns COMMUNICATION, TRANSPORTATION, AND SPACE 1970s, jumbo jet airlines have moved millions of people around the world each year The World Wide Web, developed in the 1990s, has made the Internet even more accessible to people everywhere. Communication and transportation systems have made the world a truly global village. British mathematician Alan Turing designed the first electronic computer to crack enemy codes. United States made the first computer with stored memory in 1948. IBM 1401, marketed in 1959, was the first computer used in large numbers in business and industry in 1971, the microprocessor was invented and paved the way for the personal computer Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the moon in 1969, 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), a large astronomical observatory, orbits about 375 miles above Earth’s surface. enables the HST to avoid the distorting effects of the Earth’s atmosphere and to provide incredibly clear views of our own solar system and distant galaxies National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) sent two rovers, called Spirit and Opportunity, to the planet Mars. WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION Biowarfare- the use of disease and poison against civilians and soldiers in wartime bioterrorism, the use of biological and chemical weapons in terrorist attacks. bioethics. This deals with moral choices in medical research overuse of antibiotics has already created “supergerms” The Green Revolution refers to the development of new strains of rice, corn, and other grains that have greater yields. ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS Silent Spring, published in 1962, Rachel Carson, an American scientist, argued that the buildup of pesticides—chemicals sprayed on crops to kill insects—was having unforeseen results. Insects were dying, but so too were birds, fish, and other wild animals. Also, the pesticide residue on food harmed humans. ecology, – he study of the relationship between living things and their environment. Deforestation is the clearing of forests to provide more farmland and timber. Desertification is the formation of degraded soil, turning semi-arid lands into nonproductive deserts chlorofluorocarbons—gases used in aerosol cans, refrigerators, and air conditioners—destroys the ozone layer. conference on global warming was held in Kyoto, Japan. To reduce emissions, more than 150 nations signed the Kyoto Protocol. The European Union and Japan ratified the treaty in 2002. The United States did not. Economic development that does not limit the ability of future generations to meet their basic needs is known as sustainable development. December 10, 1948, the UN’s General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. An antiterrorist bill known as the Patriot Act was passed in October 2001. The Patriot Act allowed secret searches to avoid tipping off terrorism suspects. UN was founded in 1945 at the end of World War II. U.S. president Franklin Delano Roosevelt was especially eager to create an organization to work for peace. UN has also provided peacekeeping forces— military forces from neutral member states that settle conflicts and supervise truces in “hot spots” around the globe. nuclear proliferation—the spread of nuclear weapons production technology and knowledge to nations without that capability. Supervised by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) “graying”—a larger percentage of the population is reaching retirement. Globalization is the process by which people and nations have become more interdependent. United States and other nations set up the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The World Bank is actually a group of five international organizations, largely controlled by developed countries. It provides grants, loans, and advice for economic development in developing countries. The World Bank’s stated goal is “a world free of poverty. IMF, founded in 1945, is now an “organization of 184 countries.” Its goal is to oversee the global financial system General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT). In 1995, the nations that had signed the GATT treaties agreed to create the World Trade Organization (WTO). Made up of more than 140 member nations, the WTO arranges trade agreements and settles trade disputes. grassroots level—that is, in their own community favorite slogan of grassroots groups is “Think globally, act locally” nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). NGOs are often represented at the United Nations. They include professional, business, and cooperative organizations, as well as foundations. Elise Boulding promotes NGOs. She believes they can educate people to consider problems globally. She says that all NGOs are expected “to define problems in global terms, to take account of human interests and needs as they are found in all parts of the planet.” two main bodies of the United Nations 1. Security council 2. General assembly