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: Chapter 1: Introduction to Control and Instrumentation Fill-in-the-Blanks 1. _________ is the nervous system of industrial complexes and power generation systems. (Answer: Instrumentation and control) 2. Quality, quantity, and efficiency are directly related to _________ and...

: Chapter 1: Introduction to Control and Instrumentation Fill-in-the-Blanks 1. _________ is the nervous system of industrial complexes and power generation systems. (Answer: Instrumentation and control) 2. Quality, quantity, and efficiency are directly related to _________ and instrumentation systems. (Answer: control) 3. _________ control is the best way to improve system functionality and profitability. (Answer: Process) 4. An example of environmental control is the reduction of _________ in emissions. (Answer: pollutants) Identification 1. Question: What area combines sensors, controllers, and final control elements to optimize processes? Answer: Control and instrumentation 2. Question: What helps manage waste and reduce pollutants in industrial systems? Answer: Environmental controls Enumeration 1. Enumerate the components of a control loop discussed in the introduction. ○ Set point ○ Controllers ○ Sensors and transducers ○ Final control elements Chapter 2: Control Loop Description, Elements, and Types Fill-in-the-Blanks 1. An _________ loop performs actions without feedback. (Answer: open) 2. A _________ loop adjusts its output based on feedback from sensors. (Answer: closed) 3. The _________ is the desired value for a system’s output. (Answer: set point) 4. The difference between the measured value and the set point is called the _________. (Answer: error) Identification 1. Question: What type of loop relies on feedback to make adjustments? Answer: Closed-loop control 2. Question: What is a fixed value used as a reference for system adjustments? Answer: Set point Enumeration 1. Enumerate the differences between open and closed loops. ○ Open-loop: No feedback, manual adjustments. ○ Closed-loop: Feedback-based, automatic adjustments. 2. Enumerate the components of a control loop: ○ Process ○ Sensor ○ Transducer ○ Set point ○ Controller ○ Amplifier ○ Actuator ○ Final control element Chapter 3: Primary Sensors Fill-in-the-Blanks 1. A _________ detects physical properties and converts them into measurable signals. (Answer: sensor) 2. The role of a _________ is to convert a sensor signal into an electric signal. (Answer: transducer) 3. Common sensor variables include pressure, temperature, _________, and flow. (Answer: level) Identification 1. Question: What device detects and measures process variables like temperature and pressure? Answer: Sensor 2. Question: What is the purpose of a transducer? Answer: To convert physical signals into electrical signals Chapter 4: Pressure Fill-in-the-Blanks 1. The mathematical formula for pressure is P = F/A, where 2. F 3. F stands for _________ and 4. A 5. A for area. (Answer: force) 6. _________ pressure refers to the true pressure measured against a vacuum. (Answer: Absolute) 7. _________ pressure is calculated by subtracting atmospheric pressure from absolute pressure. (Answer: Gauge) 8. The _________ instrument uses a flexible tube to measure pressure changes. (Answer: Bourdon-tube) Identification  1. Question: What is the instrument used to measure blood pressure using liquid columns? Answer: Manometer 2. Question: What is the term for pressure measured relative to atmospheric pressure? Answer: Gauge pressure Enumeration 1. Enumerate types of pressure: ○ Gauge pressure ○ Absolute pressure ○ Differential pressure 2. Enumerate pressure instruments: ○ Manometer ○ Bourdon-tube ○ Bellows ○ Pressure switches Chapter 5: Temperature Fill-in-the-Blanks 1. The _________ point of water is the temperature where water exists as solid, liquid, and gas. (Answer: triple) 2. A _________ sensor measures temperature by detecting resistance changes in a material. (Answer: Resistance Temperature Detector or RTD) 3. _________ sensors detect temperature by measuring infrared radiation. (Answer: Infrared) Identification 1. Question: Which device measures temperature using electrical resistance? Answer: RTD 2. Question: What is the primary mechanism behind thermocouples? Answer: Thermoelectric effect Enumeration 1. Enumerate types of temperature sensors: ○ Bimetallic sensors ○ Thermocouples ○ RTDs ○ Infrared sensors 2. Enumerate types of temperature scales: ○ Celsius ○ Fahrenheit ○ Kelvin Chapter 6: Level Fill-in-the-Blanks 1. _________ sensors measure liquid levels using buoyancy principles. (Answer: Float) 2. _________ sensors measure levels by detecting material conductivity. (Answer: Conductivity probes) 3. _________ sensors use ultrasonic waves to measure levels without physical contact. (Answer: Ultrasonic) Identification 1. Question: Which type of level sensor is ideal for hazardous materials? Answer: Pneumatic sensor 2. Question: What level sensor uses electromagnetic properties to detect material levels? Answer: Capacitive sensor Enumeration 1. Enumerate types of level sensors: ○ Float sensors ○ Pneumatic sensors ○ Conductivity probes ○ Vibrating sensors  ○ Ultrasonic sensors ○ Radar sensors Chapter 7: Flow Fill-in-the-Blanks 1. _________ flow meters use pressure differences to calculate flow rate. (Answer: Differential pressure) 2. _________ flow meters calculate total flow using chambers and rotating elements. (Answer: Positive displacement) Identification 1. Question: Which flow meter uses a tapered tube and float to measure flow? Answer: Rotameter 2. Question: What is the name of the device that measures flow by constricting fluid with a Venturi tube? Answer: Venturi flow meter Enumeration 1. Enumerate flow measurement methods: ○ Differential pressure (orifice plate, Venturi tube) ○ Rotameter ○ Positive displacement ○ Ultrasonic Chapter 8: Motor Controls Fill-in-the-Blanks  1. _________ is the most widely used motion actuator in industry. (Answer: Electric motor) 2. A motor control system must include protection against _________, which can cause overheating. (Answer: overcurrent) 3. The _________ includes devices for starting, stopping, and reversing motors. (Answer: Motor controller) 4. _________ logic uses relays and physical contacts for motor control programming. (Answer: Relay) 5. _________ motor controllers rely on PLCs and software-based programming. (Answer: Automatic) Identification 1. Question: What element in a motor control system protects the motor from excessive heat? Answer: Overload relay 2. Question: What type of motor control is performed manually with toggle switches? Answer: Manual control 3. Question: Which device adjusts motor speed by manipulating power waveforms? Answer: AC drive 4. Question: What system allows the programming of motor controls using software logic? Answer: PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) 5. Question: What modular unit houses multiple motor controllers in industrial setups? Answer: Motor Control Center (MCC) Enumeration 1. Enumerate the functions of a motor controller: ○ Starting ○ Stopping ○ Accelerating ○ Reversing ○ Protecting 2. Enumerate basic motor control elements: ○ Starter ○ Overload relay ○ Control station ○ Relays and contactors  ○ Remote actuators 3. Enumerate the types of motor starters: ○ Manual starter ○ Automatic starter 4. Enumerate components of a Motor Control Center (MCC): ○ Mains bucket ○ AC drive bucket ○ Starter bucket ○ PLC bucket ○ Wireway Chapter 9: Instrument Characteristics Fill-in-the-Blanks 1. _________ is the capability of an instrument to provide accurate readings. (Answer: Accuracy) 2. _________ is the deviation between the true value and the measured value. (Answer: Static error) 3. _________ refers to an instrument’s ability to produce identical results under identical conditions. (Answer: Reproducibility) 4. A system’s _________ is the range where it cannot measure or respond. (Answer: Dead zone) 5. The _________ of an instrument refers to how quickly it reacts to changes. (Answer: Responsiveness) Identification 1. Question: What is the term for an instrument’s ability to record a change in a variable correctly? Answer: Fidelity 2. Question: What is the term for the smallest value an instrument can measure? Answer: Sensitivity 3. Question: What is the time delay between a change in a variable and the instrument's response? Answer: Measuring lag  4. Question: What characteristic refers to an instrument's inability to measure within a specific range? Answer: Dead zone 5. Question: What characteristic involves an instrument's ability to track changes in a variable? Answer: Responsiveness Enumeration 1. Enumerate the general characteristics of instruments: ○ Accuracy ○ Static error ○ Fidelity ○ Reproducibility ○ Responsiveness ○ Sensitivity 2. Enumerate the two types of errors in control systems: ○ Static error ○ Dynamic error Chapter 10: Instrument Calibration Fill-in-the-Blanks 1. A _________ tester is used for the calibration of pressure instruments. (Answer: Dead weight) 2. The pressure applied by a dead weight tester is calculated using the formula _________. (Answer: P=F/A) 3. The _________ piston is loaded with calibrated weights during the calibration process. (Answer: Measuring) Identification 1. Question: What process ensures an instrument provides accurate and consistent readings? Answer: Calibration  2. Question: What tool uses calibrated weights and pistons for pressure calibration? Answer: Dead weight tester Enumeration 1. Enumerate the steps in calibrating a pressure instrument: ○ Load the measuring piston with calibrated weights. ○ Adjust the load until the piston floats. ○ Calculate the pressure using P=F/A. ○ Verify the instrument readings. Additional Summary Topics Fill-in-the-Blanks 1. _________ sensors detect the material level by measuring dielectric properties. (Answer: Capacitive) 2. A _________ is a primary sensor that uses fluid density and column height to measure pressure. (Answer: Manometer) 3. _________ sensors are used for measuring levels in corrosive or hazardous environments. (Answer: Ultrasonic) 4. In relay logic, the arrangement of relays and contacts resembles the rungs of a _________. (Answer: Ladder) 5. _________ flow meters use ultrasonic waves to measure flow by comparing the speed of waves traveling with and against the flow. (Answer: Ultrasonic) Identification 1. Question: What is the type of flow meter that measures by comparing ultrasonic wave speeds? Answer: Ultrasonic flow meter 2. Question: What component of the MCC houses the PLC and its accessories? Answer: PLC bucket 3. Question: Which level sensor type works by vibrating until contacted by the material? Answer: Vibrating level sensor True/False Questions 1. True or False: A closed-loop control system does not use feedback for adjustments. (Answer: False) 2. True or False: Instrumentation can detect physical variables such as motion, light, and acidity. (Answer: True) 3. True or False: Gauge pressure is measured relative to absolute zero pressure. (Answer: False) 4. True or False: Thermocouples measure temperature by detecting changes in electrical resistance. (Answer: False) 5. True or False: A control algorithm determines the actuation signal for a process. (Answer: True) 6. True or False: A float sensor is a non-contact type of level sensor. (Answer: False) 7. True or False: Ultrasonic level sensors are ideal for corrosive substances. (Answer: True) 8. True or False: An MCC typically includes components such as PLCs, AC drives, and starters. (Answer: True) 9. True or False: Static error is the deviation caused by dynamic system changes. (Answer: False) 10. True or False: The dead weight tester is used for temperature calibration. (Answer: False) Additional Matching Type (Advanced) Column A Column B 1. Dead zone A. Device translating sensor signals to electrical signals 2. Transducer B. Device to measure absolute pressure 3. Bourdon-tube C. Pressure sensor using a flexible tube 4. Set point D. Range where the system cannot measure or respond 5. Absolute pressure E. Reference value for system adjustments Answers: 1→D 2→A 3→C 4→E 5→B