Control and Instrumentation Chapter 1-3

The nervous system of industrial complexes and power generation systems, crucial for quality, quantity, and efficiency.

The best way to improve industrial system functionality and profitability by adjusting processes.

A control system that uses feedback from sensors to automatically adjust its output.

The desired value for a system's output, a fixed reference for adjustments.

A device that detects physical properties and converts them into measurable signals.

Converts a sensor signal into an electric signal.

Control system without feedback; adjustments are made manually.

Process, sensor, transducer, set point, controller, amplifier, actuator, and final control element are the parts of a control loop.

True pressure measured against a vacuum.

Pressure calculated by subtracting atmospheric pressure from absolute pressure.

A pressure-measuring instrument that uses a flexible tube to measure changes in pressure.

A temperature sensor that measures temperature by detecting resistance changes in a material.

A temperature sensor that detects temperature by measuring infrared radiation.

A liquid level sensor that uses buoyancy principles.

A level sensor that uses air pressure to detect the level of materials. It's often used for hazardous materials as it's safe and doesn't require electrical contact.

A level sensor that uses the change in capacitance due to material level to measure. It works by placing a probe in the material and measuring the change in electrical field.

A level sensor that utilizes a buoyant float to indicate the level of liquids or solids. As the level rises or falls, the float moves up or down, sending a signal.

There are many types of level sensors, including float, pneumatic, conductivity, vibrating, ultrasonic, and radar. Each sensor has its own unique characteristics and applications.

A flow meter that measures the flow rate by detecting the pressure difference across a restriction in the pipe. This pressure difference is proportional to the flow rate.

A flow meter that uses a float inside a tapered tube. The position of the float indicates the flow rate. As flow increases, the float rises higher in the tube.

The most common actuator found in industrial applications. It converts electrical energy into mechanical motion, commonly used to power machines and devices.

A device that manages the starting, stopping, and reversing of a motor. It is often used to control the speed and direction of the motor.

The process of ensuring an instrument provides accurate and consistent readings by comparing its output to a known standard.

A tool used for pressure calibration that utilizes calibrated weights and pistons to create known pressures.

A primary pressure sensor that uses fluid density and column height to measure pressure.

A sensor used for measuring levels in corrosive or hazardous environments by emitting and receiving sound waves.

A flow meter that measures flow by comparing the speed of ultrasonic waves traveling with and against the flow.

A level sensor that works by vibrating until it contacts the material.

The component of a Motor Control Center (MCC) that houses the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and its accessories.

The tasks a motor controller performs to manage a motor's operation: starting, stopping, accelerating, reversing, and protecting the motor.

The fundamental parts of a motor control system: starter, overload relay (protection), control station (interface), relays & contactors (switching), and remote actuators (controls)

There are two main types of motor starters: manual starters, which require human intervention to operate, and automatic starters, which operate autonomously based on programmed settings or feedback signals.

A centralized system housing various motor control components: a mains bucket (power source), an AC drive bucket (speed control), a starter bucket (motor starters), a PLC bucket (logic control), and a wireway (wiring organization).

An instrument's capability of providing readings close to the true value of a measured variable.

The difference between the actual value of a variable and the reading provided by an instrument when the variable is not changing.

The ability of an instrument to produce identical results under the same conditions.

The range of input values where an instrument cannot measure or respond.