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_________ is the nervous system of industrial complexes and power generation systems.
_________ is the nervous system of industrial complexes and power generation systems.
Instrumentation and control
Quality, quantity, and efficiency are directly related to _________ and instrumentation systems.
Quality, quantity, and efficiency are directly related to _________ and instrumentation systems.
control
_________ control is the best way to improve system functionality and profitability.
_________ control is the best way to improve system functionality and profitability.
Process
An _________ loop performs actions without feedback.
An _________ loop performs actions without feedback.
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A _________ loop adjusts its output based on feedback from sensors.
A _________ loop adjusts its output based on feedback from sensors.
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The _________ is the desired value for a system’s output.
The _________ is the desired value for a system’s output.
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A _________ detects physical properties and converts them into measurable signals.
A _________ detects physical properties and converts them into measurable signals.
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The role of a _________ is to convert a sensor signal into an electric signal.
The role of a _________ is to convert a sensor signal into an electric signal.
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F stands for _________
F stands for _________
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_________ pressure refers to the true pressure measured against a vacuum.
_________ pressure refers to the true pressure measured against a vacuum.
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_________ pressure is calculated by subtracting atmospheric pressure from absolute pressure.
_________ pressure is calculated by subtracting atmospheric pressure from absolute pressure.
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The _________ instrument uses a flexible tube to measure pressure changes.
The _________ instrument uses a flexible tube to measure pressure changes.
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The _________ point of water is the temperature where water exists as solid, liquid, and gas.
The _________ point of water is the temperature where water exists as solid, liquid, and gas.
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A _________ sensor measures temperature by detecting resistance changes in a material.
A _________ sensor measures temperature by detecting resistance changes in a material.
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_________ sensors measure liquid levels using buoyancy principles.
_________ sensors measure liquid levels using buoyancy principles.
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_________ sensors use ultrasonic waves to measure levels without physical contact.
_________ sensors use ultrasonic waves to measure levels without physical contact.
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_________ flow meters use pressure differences to calculate flow rate.
_________ flow meters use pressure differences to calculate flow rate.
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_________ flow meters calculate total flow using chambers and rotating elements.
_________ flow meters calculate total flow using chambers and rotating elements.
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_________ is the most widely used motion actuator in industry.
_________ is the most widely used motion actuator in industry.
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A motor control system must include protection against _________, which can cause overheating.
A motor control system must include protection against _________, which can cause overheating.
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The _________ includes devices for starting, stopping, and reversing motors.
The _________ includes devices for starting, stopping, and reversing motors.
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_________ logic uses relays and physical contacts for motor control programming.
_________ logic uses relays and physical contacts for motor control programming.
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_________ motor controllers rely on PLCs and software-based programming.
_________ motor controllers rely on PLCs and software-based programming.
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What system allows the programming of motor controls using _________ logic?
What system allows the programming of motor controls using _________ logic?
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_________ is the capability of an instrument to provide accurate readings.
_________ is the capability of an instrument to provide accurate readings.
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_________ is the deviation between the true value and the measured value.
_________ is the deviation between the true value and the measured value.
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A system’s _________ is the range where it cannot measure or respond.
A system’s _________ is the range where it cannot measure or respond.
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The _________ of an instrument refers to how quickly it reacts to changes.
The _________ of an instrument refers to how quickly it reacts to changes.
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A _________ tester is used for the calibration of pressure instruments.
A _________ tester is used for the calibration of pressure instruments.
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The pressure applied by a dead weight tester is calculated using the formula _________.
The pressure applied by a dead weight tester is calculated using the formula _________.
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An instrument's ability to produce identical results under identical conditions is referred to as _________.
An instrument's ability to produce identical results under identical conditions is referred to as _________.
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What is the term for the smallest value an instrument can measure? Answer: _________.
What is the term for the smallest value an instrument can measure? Answer: _________.
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_________ sensors detect the material level by measuring dielectric properties.
_________ sensors detect the material level by measuring dielectric properties.
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A _________ is a primary sensor that uses fluid density and column height to measure pressure.
A _________ is a primary sensor that uses fluid density and column height to measure pressure.
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_________ sensors are used for measuring levels in corrosive or hazardous environments.
_________ sensors are used for measuring levels in corrosive or hazardous environments.
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In relay logic, the arrangement of relays and contacts resembles the rungs of a _________.
In relay logic, the arrangement of relays and contacts resembles the rungs of a _________.
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_________ flow meters use ultrasonic waves to measure flow by comparing the speed of waves traveling with and against the flow.
_________ flow meters use ultrasonic waves to measure flow by comparing the speed of waves traveling with and against the flow.
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A ________ control system does not use feedback for adjustments.
A ________ control system does not use feedback for adjustments.
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Thermocouples measure temperature by detecting changes in __________ resistance.
Thermocouples measure temperature by detecting changes in __________ resistance.
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An MCC typically includes components such as PLCs, AC drives, and _________.
An MCC typically includes components such as PLCs, AC drives, and _________.
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Study Notes
Chapter 1: Introduction to Control and Instrumentation
- Instrumentation is the nervous system of industrial complexes and power generation systems.
- Quality, quantity, and efficiency are related to control systems.
- Process control is the best way to improve system functionality and profitability.
- Environmental control reduces pollutants and emissions.
Chapter 2: Control Loop Description, Elements, and Types
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An open-loop system acts without feedback.
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A closed-loop system adjusts its output based on feedback from sensors.
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The set point is the desired value for a system's output.
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The difference between the measured value and set point is called the error.
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Open-loop systems have no feedback; adjustments are manual.
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Closed-loop systems use feedback; adjustments are automatic.
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Components of a control loop include process, sensor, transducer, set point, controller, amplifier, actuator, and final control element.
Chapter 3: Primary Sensors
- A sensor detects physical properties and converts them into signals.
- A transducer converts sensor signals into electrical signals.
- Common variables include pressure, temperature, flow, and level.
- Sensors measure process variables like temperature and pressure.
- A transducer's purpose is to convert physical signals into electrical signals.
Chapter 4: Pressure
- The pressure formula is P = F/A (pressure = force/area).
- Force is denoted by F and area is denoted by A.
- Absolute pressure refers to true pressure measured against a vacuum.
- Gauge pressure is calculated by subtracting atmospheric pressure from absolute pressure.
- A Bourdon-tube instrument measures pressure changes using a flexible tube.
Chapter 5: Temperature
- The triple point of water is the temperature where water exists as solid, liquid, and gas.
- Resistance Temperature Detectors or RTDs measure temperature by detecting resistance changes.
- Infrared sensors detect temperature by measuring infrared radiation.
Chapter 6: Level
- Float sensors measure liquid levels using buoyancy principles.
- Conductivity probes measure levels by detecting material conductivity.
- Ultrasonic sensors use ultrasonic waves to measure levels without physical contact.
- Pneumatic sensors are ideal for hazardous materials.
- Capacitive sensors use electromagnetic properties to detect material level.
Chapter 7: Flow
- Differential pressure flow meters calculate flow rate using pressure differences.
- Positive displacement flow meters calculate total flow using chambers and rotating elements.
- Rotameters use a tapered tube and float to measure flow.
- Venturi flow meters measure flow by constricting fluid with a Venturi tube.
Chapter 8: Motor Controls
- Electric motors are widely used motion actuators.
- Motors require protection against overcurrent to prevent overheating.
- Motor control systems include devices to start, stop, and reverse motors.
- Logic often employs relays and physical contacts.
- Motor controllers can utilize PLCs for programmable control.
Chapter 9: Instrument Characteristics
- Instrument accuracy is the capability to provide accurate readings.
- Static error is the deviation between the true value and measured value.
- Reproducibility means producing identical results under identical conditions.
- Dead zone is the range where the instrument cannot measure or respond.
- Responsiveness refers to how fast the instrument reacts to changes.
Chapter 10: Instrument Calibration
- A dead-weight tester is used to calibrate pressure instruments.
- The pressure applied by a calibrated weight is calculated using P=F/A (pressure=force/area).
- Calibrated weights are applied to the piston.
- Calibration verifies instrument readings for accuracy and consistency.
Additional Summary Topics
- Sensors detect material levels by measuring dielectric properties (capacitive sensors).
- A manometer uses fluid density and column height to measure pressure.
- Ultrasonic sensors are used in corrosive environments.
- Flow meters use ultrasonic waves to measure flow by comparing the speed of waves traveling with and against the flow.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of control and instrumentation, including types of control loops and the functionality of primary sensors. Explore how open-loop and closed-loop systems operate, the significance of set points, and the role of various components in a control system. Test your knowledge on improving efficiency and managing environmental impacts through effective process control.
