review of anatomy (respiratory).docx

**[THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM]** Consists of organs that exchange gases between the atmosphere and the blood. Those organs are the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and the lungs. **RESPIRATION** - Overall exchange of gases between the atmosphere, the blood and the cells - The air is d...

**[THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM]** Consists of organs that exchange gases between the atmosphere and the blood. Those organs are the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and the lungs. **RESPIRATION** - Overall exchange of gases between the atmosphere, the blood and the cells - The air is drawn into the body via nose or mouth. The advantages to breathing through your **nose**: - - - - ***Basic Processes of Respiration*** 1. - - - Inhalation - **Inspiration** - **To move air into the lungs** - Exhalation - - **2. External Respiration** - Second process - **Exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood** **3. Internal respiration** - - - \\ **ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS** **[NOSE]** - Has an external and internal part that is inside the skull. - *Externally*; formed by a framework of cartilage and bone covered with skin and lined *internally* with mucous membrane - *Anteriorly*, the internal nose merges with the external nose - *Posteriorly*, it connects with the pharynx or throat via the two openings called the **internal nares**. ***Nasal bone*** - Formed the bridge of the nose which support the external nose and hold it in fixed position ***Nostril*** - *Also called **external nares*** - Placed undersurface of the external noses - Two openings ***Nasolacrimal ducts*** - This empties into the nose from the lacrimal or tear sacs ***Four Paranasal sinuses:*** - Sphenoidal - Frontal - Ethmoidal - Maxillary ***Nasal cavities*** - Divided into left and right nasal cavities by a vertical partition called **NASAL SEPTUM** which is made primarily of cartilage. ***Nasal Septum*** - (top is formed by the **ethmoid bone** and lowermost portion is formed by the **vomer bone**.) ***Vestibule*** - anterior portion of the nasal cavities just inside the nostril. - Lined with coarse hair, it filters out large dust particles - this is the ***body's first defense*** to prevent foreign objects from entering the respiratory system **[PHARYNX]** - tube approximately **5 inches (13cm) long** that begins at the internal nares and extends part way down the neck. - serves as a **passageway for both air and food** - commonly called the **throat** - partitioned into 3 adjoining regions : nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx - - - Has only **1 opening , FAUCES** which connects to the mouth - Common passage for food and air. - Palatine and lingual tonsils are found\\ - Lowermost portion - Connects with the esophagus posteriorly and with the larynx anteriorly **[LARYNX]** - - - - - - - ***Folds of the Mucous Membrane of the Larynx*** - - **[TRACHEA]** - Also referred to as **windpipe; t**ubular passageway for air - Approximately **4.5 in in length** and about **1 cm** in diameter - Found **anterior to the esophagus** and extends from the **cricoid cartilage of the larynx to the fifth thoracic vertebrae** where it divides into the right and left primary bronchi **[BRONCHI]** - Contain the incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage and are lined with the same pseudostratified, ciliated columnar epithelium. 1. **Primary Bronchi** - - - Goes to the left lung 2. **Secondary or [lobar] bronchi** - *Branch of the primary bronchi* upon the lungs - Smaller bronchi; One for each lobe of the lung 3. **Tertiary or [segmental] bronchi** - *Branch of the secondary bronchi* forming an even smaller bronchi - Branch into the segment of each lobe of the lungs ***Bronchioles*** - **Smaller branch of a tertiary or segmental bronchi** ***Terminal bronchiole*** - **Smaller branch of a bronchioles** ***Bronchial Tree*** - Continuous branching of the trachea resembling a tree trunk with branches. **[LUNGS]** - Paired, cone-shaped organs located in and filling the pleural divisions of the thoracic cavity. 1. ***Right lung*** - - Shorter because diaphragm muscles is higher on the right side and it must make a room for liver found below it. 2. ***Left lung*** - ***Pleural Membrane (Serous Membrane)*** - Enclose and protect each lung ***1. Parietal pleura (outer)*** attaches the lungs to the wall of the thoracic cavity ***2. Visceral layer (inner)*** covers the lungs ***Pleural Cavity*** - - - **[The Respiration Process]** The purpose of respiration is to supply the trillions of cells of the body with oxygen and to remove the carbon dioxide produces by cellular activities. *Terminologies:* - Tidal Volume -- is the amount you breathe in and out in one normal breath - Respiratory rate -- is how many breaths you take per minute - Minute Volume - is the volume of air you breathe in one minute - Vital Capacity - is the maximum volume of air you can breathe out after breathing in as much as you can - Residual Volume - is the a mount of air left in your lungs after you have breathed out as hard as you can - mariacarolinelamirasantos,rn,man