COR013 Review Notes - Introduction to Culture, Society, and Politics - PDF

REVIEW NOTES FOR COR013 MODULE 1 Introduction to Culture, Society and Politics  Culture: Behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols accepted by a group, passed through communication and imitation.  Society: A group of people sharing a culture and territory, interacting to f...

REVIEW NOTES FOR COR013 MODULE 1 Introduction to Culture, Society and Politics  Culture: Behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols accepted by a group, passed through communication and imitation.  Society: A group of people sharing a culture and territory, interacting to form a common culture.  Politics: The science of government, focusing on regulation, safety, and rights preservation. Importance of Understanding  Understanding these concepts helps improve societal functions and individual roles.  Politics influences daily life and requires informed citizenship to navigate complexities.  Culture shapes social interactions and influences political actions. Components of Culture  Values: Principles or standards of behavior that are important in life.  Beliefs: Acceptance of statements as true or existence of concepts.  Material Culture: Physical objects and resources defining a culture. Cultural Practices  Religion: Worship of superhuman powers, influencing societal norms.  Language: Structured communication method, essential for cultural transmission.  Attitudes: Settled ways of thinking that reflect in behavior. Characteristics of Society  Society consists of individuals sharing cultural elements and interacting within a territory.  Cultural bonds can be based on ethnicity, gender, or shared beliefs.  Societal interactions shape collective identity and norms. Impact of COVID-19 on Society  Pandemic altered traditional cultural practices, e.g., greeting customs.  Communities adapted by providing mutual support, such as relief goods.  Government actions, like the Bayanihan Act, aimed to assist citizens. Political Structures and Functions Branches of Government  Executive: Implements laws and actions; e.g., the President of the Philippines.  Legislative: Responsible for law-making; includes Congress and Senate.  Judicial: Interprets laws and ensures justice through courts. Role of Politics in Society  Politics regulates societal order and addresses citizens' needs.  Ethical governance is crucial for maintaining peace and prosperity.  Informed citizens can better navigate political landscapes and advocate for rights. MODULE 2 Sharing of Social and Cultural Backgrounds and Observing Social, Political and Cultural Behavior and Phenomena Culture: Behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols accepted by a group. Society: A group of people sharing a culture and territory. Politics: Ethics related to the governance of a nation or state. Cultural Background Defined by ethnic, religious, racial, gender, and socioeconomic factors. Shapes individual upbringing and identity. Example: The brethren of ANG DATING DAAN and their distinct dress code. Human Cultural Variation Refers to differences in social behaviors across cultures. Etiquette varies significantly between cultures. Types of Cultural Variation  Ethnicity: Shared cultural heritage among large groups.  Nationality: Citizenship of a particular nation.  Race: Associated with biological traits.  Religion: Relation to the sacred or divine. Phenomena in Culture, Society, and Politics Social Phenomena External influences on people, including behavioral and historical influences. Example: Filipinos' optimistic fatalism in the face of adversity. Cultural Phenomena Known as the bandwagon effect, where individuals follow trends. Example: Viral memes like 'CHALLENGE ACCEPTED'. Political Phenomena Influences on governance and political behavior. Example: Rodrigo Duterte's leadership style in Davao City. MODULE 3 Analyzing Social, Political, and Cultural change Defining Anthropology, Political Science, and Sociology  Social Change: Transformation of culture and social institutions over time.  Political Change: Normal function of internal and external politics, involving the replacement of rulers and subsequent changes in governance. Types of Political Change  Internal Political Change: Initiated by citizens through regular events such as elections, or irregular events like coups.  External Political Change: Initiated by other countries, often through military action or economic pressure. Mechanisms of Political Change Political change can occur both internally and externally, often simultaneously, leading to mixed political change.  Internal Change Examples: Elections, rulers voluntarily handing over power, coups.  External Change Examples: Military intervention, embargoes, and foreign aid manipulation. Disciplines Related to Social Change Anthropology  Definition: The study of human societies, cultures, and their development.   Focus Areas: Human biological and physiological characteristics, their evolution, and real-world problem-solving. Political Science  Definition: The study of government processes, principles, and political institutions.  Focus: Systematic analysis of government and politics. Sociology  Definition: The study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society.  Focus: Understanding social behavior and institutions. MODULE 4 Understanding Society as a Group of People Sharing a Culture  Society is an organized group of individuals associated for various purposes (religious, cultural, political, etc.).  It is characterized by a community of individuals living together. Four Major Origins of Society  The four stages are: Hunting and Gathering, Horticultural, Agricultural, and Industrial societies.  Each stage represents a significant evolution in human social organization. Hunting and Gathering Societies  Family is the primary institution, responsible for food sharing and socialization.  Utilized simple technology for survival, primarily stones and wood for tools.  Nomadic lifestyle, moving to new areas when resources were depleted. Horticultural Societies  Developed hand tools for crop cultivation, reducing dependence on gathering.  Societies began to settle in one place, with some mobility based on resource availability.  Included fishing and herding societies, which had more permanent residences. Agricultural Societies   Used advanced technology for large-scale crop cultivation, leading to population growth.  Development of plows, metal tools, and irrigation techniques.  Emergence of trade centers and social hierarchies, including nobility. Industrial Societies  Relied on advanced energy sources for machinery, leading to urbanization.  Innovations in transportation facilitated longer travel distances.  Shift from rural to urban living as factory work became prevalent. MODULE 5 Aspects of Culture  Culture encompasses the material and non-material aspects of human life.  Material culture includes tangible items like tools, art, and buildings.  Non-material culture consists of beliefs, values, and norms shared by a group. Importance of Understanding Culture  Understanding culture helps in recognizing the diversity of human experiences.  It aids in comprehending how cultural practices shape individual behaviors and societal norms. Characteristics of Culture Dynamic Nature of Culture  Culture is constantly evolving to meet the needs of society.  Example: Transition from candles to electricity for lighting. Flexibility and Adaptation  Culture adapts to different circumstances and technological advancements.  Example: Traditional farming methods have evolved with machinery. Shared and Contested Aspects  Culture is learned through social interactions and shared experiences.  Conflicts arise due to differing cultural beliefs and practices. Enculturation and Learning  Enculturation is the process through which individuals learn their culture.  Children learn cultural norms through observation and imitation. Material vs. Non-Material Culture Material Culture  Refers to physical objects created and used by a society.  Examples include homes, clothing, and tools. Non-Material Culture  Encompasses the ideas, beliefs, and values of a culture.  Includes language, morals, and social norms. MODULE 6 Elements of Culture Language, Beliefs, Values, and Norm Importance of Language in Culture  Language is a set of symbols used for communication and is essential for expressing ideas and values.  Without language, culture cannot be transmitted or shared. Language  Language influences perception, behavior, and feelings.  Examples include Filipino and English as primary languages in the Philippines. Beliefs  Beliefs are ideas held by individuals about reality, which can be based on faith or superstition.  Example: The belief in a higher power or superstitions like covering mirrors during funerals. Values  Values are shared ideas about what is desirable and guide behavior.  Example: Respect for elders is a core value in Filipino culture. Norms  Norms are established standards of behavior maintained by society, guiding proper conduct.  They can be categorized into Folkways, Mores, and Laws. Types of Norms Folkways  Folkways are customary norms without strong moral significance.  Example: Covering mirrors during funerals to prevent the soul from getting trapped. Mores  Mores are norms that embody moral views and principles.  Example: Public decency laws, such as the requirement to wear clothing in public. Laws  Laws are formal norms enacted by authorities with specific sanctions.  Example: Laws against domestic violence that protect individuals and families. Cultural Practices and Activities Superstitious Beliefs in the Philippines  Examples include: 1. Staircases should not have steps divisible by three. 2. Turn your plate when someone leaves during a meal. Cultural Elements Exercise  Identify examples of language, beliefs, values, and norms in Filipino culture:  o Language: Mandarin, Spanish, French o Beliefs: Christianity, Reincarnation, Festivals MODULE 8 Differentiate and Describe Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism as Orientation in Viewing other Cultures Understanding Ethnocentrism Definition and Characteristics  Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own culture is superior to others.  It leads individuals to view their culture as the center of cultural norms and values.  This perspective often results in viewing other cultures as deviations from the norm. Cultural Aspects Promoting Ethnocentrism  Various cultural elements such as myths, legends, and rituals can promote ethnocentrism.  These elements instill a sense of superiority from a young age, especially during childhood and teenage years.  Ethnocentrism can manifest in everyday expressions and media, reinforcing cultural biases. Examples of Ethnocentrism  The song "Nueva Ecija Kay Ganda" promotes the beauty of Nueva Ecija, reflecting a sense of local pride that can border on ethnocentrism.  Ethnocentric views can lead to derogatory perceptions of other cultures, labeling them as 'disgusting' or inferior. Exploring Cultural Relativism Definition and Principles  Cultural relativism posits that beliefs and practices should be understood based on their own cultural context.  It emphasizes that no culture is superior to another, promoting tolerance and understanding.  Cultural relativism encourages viewing behaviors from the perspective of the culture in question. Importance of Cultural Relativism  It fosters an appreciation for cultural diversity and uniqueness.  Cultural relativists avoid imposing judgments on other cultures, recognizing their validity.  This perspective helps in understanding practices that may seem foreign or unusual from a different cultural viewpoint. Examples of Cultural Relativism  The practice of wearing a Burqa in Islamic communities illustrates cultural relativism; it should not be judged by Western standards of femininity.  Cultural relativism allows for a deeper understanding of why individuals may embrace practices that differ from one's own MODULE 9 Exploring Biological and Cultural Evolution Cultural and Sociological Evolution Discovering Cultural and Sociological Evolution  Evolution: Gradual process of change into more complex forms.  Natural Selection: Survival of organisms better adapted to their environment, as proposed by Charles Darwin. Biological Evolution Mechanisms of Biological Evolution  Genetic variation and reproduction are key to biological evolution.  Genes are transferred from one generation to the next. Examples of Biological Adaptation  Inuit populations have broader hips and short extremities for heat conservation.  Australian aborigines have increased skin pigmentation for better adaptation to warmer climates. Cultural Evolution Mechanisms of Cultural Evolution  Cultural evolution occurs through customs and languages.  Information is transmitted within or across generations. Concept of Memes  A meme is a unit of cultural information transmitted verbally or through repeated actions.  Cultural evolution includes the transition from nomadic lifestyles to settled agricultural practices. Comparison of Biological and Cultural Evolution Key Differences Biological evolution traits are inherited from parents, while cultural traits can be learned from many sources.  Biological traits are transmitted across generations; cultural traits can be transmitted within or across generations.  Genetic traits are not chosen, whereas cultural traits can be accepted or rejected. Summary Table Biological Evolution Cultural Evolution Traits inherited from parents Traits learned from various sources Transmission across generations Transmission within or across generations Genetic encoding (DNA) Written or spoken language Overview of Sociocultural Evolution  Sociocultural evolution refers to the theories explaining how cultures and societies change over time.  It encompasses both cultural and social evolution, highlighting the interconnectedness of these processes. Key Theorist: Gerhard Lenski  Gerhard Lenski is a prominent American sociologist known for his work in sociology of religion and social inequality.  He emphasizes technological progress as a fundamental factor in societal evolution. Technological Evolution  Technological evolution involves changes in technology that enhance human control over the environment.  It plays a crucial role in the development and evolution of societies. Examples of Technological Evolution  Transition from stone tools to metal tools.  Development of industrial technologies like steam and electric power.  Advancements in communication technologies, including the internet and space travel. Cultural and Sociological Evolution Distinction Between Cultural and Biological Evolution  Cultural evolution is conscious and can be goal-directed, unlike biological evolution, which is unconscious and opportunistic.  Both types of evolution involve variation, heredity, and selection, but operate differently. Stages of Sociocultural Evolution  Information is passed through four stages: genetically, individually, through signs, and finally through symbols or language.  Lenski's theory emphasizes the relationship between population and production in these stages. Positive and Negative Impacts of Technology Positive Effects  Encourages innovation and creativity.  Provides easy access to information.  Improves communication and lifestyle.  Increases efficiency and productivity. Negative Effects  Can promote shorter attention spans and distractions.  May lead to feelings of isolation.  Risks stunting imagination in children.  Can cause physical issues like eye and ear problems. MODULE 10 Becoming a member of Society and Organizing Society Enculturation and Socialization  Enculturation: The process through which individuals learn their culture, values, and behaviors from birth to death.  Socialization: A lifelong process of social interaction that helps individuals acquire identities and survival skills.  Enculturation is both a conscious and unconscious process.  It occurs throughout an individual's life, influenced by family, peers, and education. Importance of Enculturation  Essential for learning cultural norms and values.  Helps individuals adapt to their surrounding culture. Examples of Enculturation  Learning language and customs from family.  Adapting behaviors based on peer interactions. Key Theorists  Anthony Giddens describes enculturation as a gradual process from infancy to self-awareness.  Grunlan and Meyers (1988) emphasize the role of enculturation in understanding rights and obligations within a community. Consequences of Enculturation  Individuals become conscious of their rights, obligations, and privileges.  It shapes personal identity and social behavior.  Enculturation influences language acquisition and social norms. Socialization  Socialization is the process through which individuals learn societal expectations and norms.  It is essential for integrating individuals into their culture and society. Consequences of Socialization  Establishes self-concepts and personal identity.  Encourages socially acceptable behavior and role-taking abilities.  Varies based on race, gender, and class, affecting individual experiences. Agents of Socialization Family  The family is the primary agent of socialization, introducing children to societal expectations.  It plays a crucial role in shaping values and behaviors from a young age. School  Schools teach children the values and customs of the larger society.  They help in the development of social skills and cultural understanding. Religion  Religion influences morality, behavior, and cultural practices.  It can shape aspects of life such as dress, speech, and manners. Peer Groups  Peer groups provide a source of identity and social interaction for children.  They influence behaviors and attitudes during formative years. Mass Media and Technology  Mass media shapes attitudes, values, and perceptions of reality.  It plays a significant role in the dissemination of cultural norms. Workplace  The workplace is a major agent of socialization for adults, teaching skills and values.  It influences professional behavior and social interactions. MODULE 11 Conformity and Deviance Understanding Conformity  Conformity involves changing beliefs or behaviors to fit in with a group.  It can be driven by a desire to be liked or to be correct in social roles.  Conformity is often seen as a positive force that maintains social harmony. Social Control Mechanisms  Social control refers to the methods used by society to promote conformity and discourage deviance.  Rewards are given for conforming behaviors, while punishments are imposed for deviant actions.  The balance of rewards and punishments helps maintain societal stability. Understanding Deviance   Deviance is behavior that violates social norms and is disapproved by the majority of society.  It is shaped by societal definitions, which can vary widely across different cultures and contexts.  Deviant behavior is often subject to social sanctions, which can include ostracism or legal penalties. Robert K. Merton’s Deviance Typology  Merton's typology categorizes deviance based on the relationship between societal goals and means.  It includes five modes of individual adaptation: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion.  Each mode reflects different responses to the pressures of societal expectations. Overview of Meton's Deviance Typology Cultural Goals and Means  Meton's typology categorizes individuals based on their acceptance or rejection of cultural goals and means.  The framework consists of two axes: acceptance/rejection of cultural goals and acceptance/rejection of means to achieve those goals. The Five Groups of Deviance  Conformists: Accept both cultural goals and means, adhering to societal norms.  Ritualists: Reject cultural goals but accept means, following societal norms without belief in the goals.  Innovators: Accept cultural goals but reject means, often resorting to unconventional methods to achieve success.  Retreatists: Reject both cultural goals and means, opting out of societal expectations altogether.  Rebels: Reject both cultural goals and means, seeking to create new goals and means, often leading to radical behavior. Types of Deviant Behavior Infringement Against Self  Examples include drug abuse, suicide, alcoholism, smoking, illegal gambling, and prostitution.  These behaviors reflect personal struggles and societal pressures. Violation of Life, Property, Liberty, and State  Examples include vandalism, abortion, rebellion, juvenile delinquency, organized crime, and corruption.   These acts often challenge societal laws and norms, leading to legal consequences. Violation of Sexual Codes and Laws  Examples include pornography, sexual harassment, adultery, and homosexuality.  These behaviors often provoke moral and legal debates within society. Effects of Deviance and Conformity Positive Effects of Deviance  Encourages individualism and personal beliefs.  Promotes critical thinking about societal norms and values.  Can lead to social change and reform. Negative Effects of Conformity  May suppress individual beliefs and creativity.  Can lead to blind following of group norms.  Hinders personal expression and self-identity. Understanding Deviance and Conformity Importance of Conformity vs. Deviance  Reflect on personal experiences and societal expectations.  Discuss the balance between adhering to norms and expressing individuality.  Not all crimes are considered deviant; for example, minor infractions may not be viewed as such by society.  Deviance is context-dependent; societal norms dictate what is considered deviant. MODULE 12 Elaborating Human Dignity, Rights and the Common Good  Human dignity is inherent to all individuals, emphasizing equality and respect.  It is a fundamental right that underpins all other rights in international law.  All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights (Article 1 of UDHR).   Dignity must be respected and protected, forming the basis for human rights. Case Study: Post-War Realizations  The aftermath of World War II highlighted the necessity of protecting human dignity.  The Holocaust served as a catalyst for the establishment of universal human rights. Human Rights  Human rights are inherent to all individuals, regardless of nationality, ethnicity, or status.  They are interrelated, interdependent, and indivisible. The Role of Human Rights in Society  Respecting human rights is crucial for promoting the common good.  Protection of human rights directly correlates with the protection of human dignity. List of Basic Human Rights  Right to life and freedom.  Prohibition of slavery and torture.  Equal protection under the law.  Understanding the relationship between human dignity, rights, and the common good is essential.  The protection of human rights is vital for ensuring dignity and equality for all. MODULE 15 Groups within Society: Primary and Secondary Groups Groups within society: In Groups and Out – Group Understanding Social Groups Social Groups  Social groups consist of two or more people who interact and recognize themselves as a distinct unit (Giddens, 1993).  Understanding social groups is crucial for comprehending human behavior; individuals do not exist in isolation.  Social life is sustained through activities undertaken within groups, highlighting the importance of social interaction. Classification of Groups  Charles Horton Cooley classified groups into primary and secondary categories in his work 'Social Organization: A Study of the Larger Mind'.  Primary groups are characterized by close, personal relationships, while secondary groups are more formal and impersonal. Primary and Secondary Groups Primary Groups  Defined as small social groups with personal and lasting relationships.  Members spend significant time together, engaging in various activities and providing emotional support.  Examples include family, close friends, and romantic partners. Secondary Groups  Larger and more impersonal than primary groups, often formed for specific purposes or goals.  Relationships are typically more formal and less emotionally involved than those in primary groups. In-Groups and Out-Groups In-Groups  Groups to which individuals feel they belong and identify with.  Members often share similar values, beliefs, and interests, fostering a sense of community. Out-Groups  Groups that individuals do not identify with, often leading to feelings of opposition or competition.  Can lead to stereotypes and prejudices against those outside the group. Love Relationships  Love relationships are initiated through mutual physical and emotional attraction.  Couples spend significant time together to learn about each other and share experiences. Characteristics of Love Relationships  Involves deep emotional connections and intimacy.  Relationships are often long-term and can evolve over time