Physiology Unit 1 PDF

UNIT 1. Neurobiology 1. ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 2. CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 2.1. Neurons 2.2. Glial cells  Physiology 101 Physiology is the study of the biological processes occurring in the body. Anatomy Physiology...

UNIT 1. Neurobiology 1. ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 2. CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 2.1. Neurons 2.2. Glial cells  Physiology 101 Physiology is the study of the biological processes occurring in the body. Anatomy Physiology Study of the size, shape and Study of functions within the location of the different bodily body and how they work structures  Why should psychologists be interested in physiology? Cognitive processes, emotions and behaviors are supported by the physiological functioning of the body… and the brain By understanding the physiological basis, we gain a more comprehensive view of all these processes.  Why should psychologists be interested in physiology? Identifying physiological components of mental Ritalin ADHD. MoA health disorders. reuptake inhibitor Biofeedback and neurofeedback techniques. DA & NE Understanding the mechanism of action of psychiatric and recreative drugs. Incorporating neuroscience findings into evidence-based practice. Multidisciplinar research And much more  Foundations: homeostasis & Stress Homeostasis is the body’s attempt to maintain a constant environment, which requires constant monitoring and adjustments as the conditions change. Homeostatic regulation always requires a receptor, a control/integration centre and an effector. Foundations: homeostasis & Stress Homeostasis is the body’s attempt to Temperature 36,5 – 37,5 ºC maintain a constant environment, which pH 7,35 – 7,45 requires constant monitoring and adjustments as the conditions change. Glucose 82 - 110 mg/dl Bicarbonate 21 -27 mmol/L Homeostatic regulation always requires a Cl- 97 - 107 mmol/L receptor, a control/integration centre K+ 3,5 – 5,3 mmol/L and an effector. Na+ 136 - 145 mmol/L pO2 75 - 100 mmHg Stressor is an Homeostasis disruptor. pCO2 35 -45 mmHg Blue solid line represents the baseline, orange line represents dynamic equilibrium, and blue dot line represents the boundary of dynamic equilibrium. Unit 1 -Neurobiology Homeostasis & Stress Unit 1 -Neurobiology HOMEOSTASIS Receptors inside and outside the body are constantly monitoring conditions and watching for changes. When a body system leaves a set point and falls outside its normal range, signals are sent through the nervous system which trigger responses to bring the system back into the normal range of functioning. This is the process of homeostasis. ”maintaining the status quo in a changing world” Unit 1 -Neurobiology HOMEOSTASIS Of all the body systems, the nervous system is the major control system of homeostasis. Together with the Endocrine system, provides monitoring, response, and regulation of all systems in the human body (and other organisms). It functions from the level of individual cells to the whole body. Unit 1 -Neurobiology 1.Organization of the NS Functions of the nervous system Main responsible for homeostatic control and regulation of the organism via 3 (basic) functional components: Sensory Integrative Effector  HOMEOSTASIS 3 different types of de homeostasis: 1. Reactive Homeostasis > Feedback closed loops, counter-regulatory 2. Anticipatory Homeostasis Feedforward, anticipatory 3. Predictive Homeostasis Internal use  WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE PHYSIOLOGY? Homeostasis Subcellular Systemic (whole organism) 12 Internal use  HOMEOSTASIS 3 different types of de homeostasis: 1. Reactive Homeostasis > Feedback closed loops, counter-regulatory 2. Anticipatory Homeostasis Feedforward, anticipatory 3. Predictive Homeostasis Energy homeostasis: The pancreas reacts to ingested glucose by releasing insulin. The brain prepares the body for ingestion through anticipatory salivation based on food-associated cues. Internal use  HOMEOSTASIS 3 different types of de homeostasis: 1. Reactive Homeostasis > Feedback closed loops, counter-regulatory 2. Anticipatory Homeostasis Feedforward open loops, anticipatory 3. Predictive Homeostasis Energy homeostasis: The pancreas reacts to ingested glucose by releasing insulin. Innate. The brain prepares the body for ingestion through anticipatory salivation based on food-associated cues. Associative-learning. Internal use  HOMEOSTASIS Predictive Homeostasis It refers to the circadian system. This system makes all the functions of the organisms oscillate and synchronise with environmental signals. Seasonal variations in serum Testosterone (males) Internal use UNIT 1.1. Organization of the nervous system Foundations: homeostasis Homeostasis generally operates bidirectionally: it can respond to deviations in physiological parameters in both directions—when they rise or fall, ensuring that they are maintained relatively constant. Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.1. Organization of the nervous system Foundations: Allostasis (Homeostasis 2.0) Ideal homeostatic set point in the body varies dramatically depending on the circumstances Blue solid line represents the baseline, orange line represents dynamic equilibrium, Physiology and blue dot line represents the boundary of dynamic equilibrium. Unit 1. UNIT 1.1. Organization of the nervous system Foundations: Allostasis (Homeostasis 2.0) Ideal homeostatic set point in the body varies dramatically depending on the circumstances Stressor is an Homeostasis disruptor. Metabolic Adverse Childhood Events (ACE) Social rejection Physiology Unit 1. Epigenetics Transgenerational transfer of epigenetic changes Dutch Hunger Man-made famine (1944-1945, Netherlands) The population was forced to live on rations of 400-800 calories per day It was imposed on a previously well-nourished population. Males and females exposed at any stage in utero put them at higher risk for type 2 diabetes and heart disease (F1). Life span ≈ 10 years shorter Children whose mothers were in utero during the famine were heavier at birth, while those whose fathers were exposed in utero were heavier in adult life – suggesting different epigenetic influences according to the sex of the parent (F2) Fetal, and prepubertal childhood exposure to famine is linked to transgenerational effects on health span and longevity in offspring. Epigenetics Transgenerational transfer of epigenetic changes Experiment 6. Dutch Hunger Or in other words, why metabolic stress in parents is posing a higher risk of developing metabolic-related disorders in the offspring?? Fetal, and pre-pubertal childhood exposure to famine is linked to transgenerational effects on health span and longevity in offspring. Epigenetics Transgenerational transfer of epigenetic changes Or in other words, why metabolic stress in parents is posing a higher risk of developing metabolic-related disorders in the offspring?? Metabolism is 1 of 3 essential requirements for living organisms (to be alive)…. So it is important !!! The metabolic status of the parents “recalibrates” the offspring’s optimal metabolic “ranges”. ALLOSTASIS The new metabolic settings in the offspring result in maladaptive because the environment is the opposite (food surplus) Fetal, and pre-pubertal childhood exposure to famine is linked to transgenerational effects on health span and longevity in offspring. Epigenetics Transgenerational transfer of epigenetic changes Or in other words, why metabolic stress in parents is posing a higher risk of developing metabolic-related disorders in the offspring?? The thrifty phenotype hypothesis is a theory that explains how poor nutrition during critical periods of fetal development leads to long-term changes in the body’s metabolism, predisposing individuals to chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular conditions later in life. when a fetus experiences malnutrition, it undergoes physiological and metabolic adaptations to maximize survival in an environment of limited nutrients. These adaptations are thought to "program" the fetus for a nutrient-scarce postnatal environment (Reduced metabolism). The mismatch between the programmed "scarcity mode" and the "abundance mode“ later on, produces the maladaptive response (metabolic disorders). UNIT 1.1. Organization of the nervous system Foundations: Allostasis (Homeostasis 2.0) Physiology Unit 1. Foundations: Allostasis (Homeostasis 2.0) Physiology Unit 1. Foundations The nervous and endocrine systems are the main responsible for regulating and maintaining homeostasis. UNIT 1.1. Organization of the nervous system Organization according to A) Anatomical division Brain Central nervous system (CNS) Spinal cord Nerves Peripheral nervous system (CNS) Ganglia Nerve endings Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.1. Organization of the nervous system Organization according to A) Anatomical division B) Functional division: The PNS neurons can be divided according to the direction of the information CNS Efferent / Motor Afferent / Sensory Motor neuron Peripheral sensory neuron Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.1. Organization of the nervous system Organization according to A) Anatomical division B) Functional division: according to the direction of the information Sensory or afferent neurons  information input to the CNS Receptors Motor or efferent neuron: information output from the CNS Effector cell Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.1. Organization of the nervous system Organization according to A) Anatomical division B) Functional division: according to the direction of the information Afferent / sensory neurons Efferent neurons  Somatic: Neurons that connect the brain and spinal cord to skeletal muscle. In charge of voluntary movement and reflexes of the skeletal muscle. Autonomic: Neurons that connect the brain and spinal cord to involuntary effectors: glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle Two branches: - Sympathetic: emergency/alert state (fight or flight) - Parasympathetic: relaxation/ recovery state (rest and digest) - Enteric system: targets the digestive tract. Physiology https://doi.org/10.1515/nf-2019-0027 Unit 1. UNIT 1.1. Organization of the nervous system Coordination of nervous system responses Sensory division = afferent division Motor* división = efferent division * Remember that even if it is called motor division, not all effectors connected to it are muscles; glands are also included. Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.1. Organization of the nervous system Sensory division = afferent division Human sensory receptors are specialised cells that detect various types of stimuli, allowing us to perceive and respond to our environment. These receptors can be classified based on the type of stimulus they detect: 1.Mechanoreceptors: Detect mechanical forces such as pressure, vibration, and stretch. They are involved in sensations like touch, hearing, and balance. 2.Thermoreceptors: Respond to temperature changes, allowing us to sense heat and cold. 3.Photoreceptors: Detect light stimuli and are essential for vision. They are located in the retina of the eyes. 4.Chemoreceptors: Sense changes in chemical composition, playing a role in taste and smell. They also monitor internal chemical changes, such as blood pH. 5.Nociceptors: Detect pain by responding to potentially damaging stimuli,signallingg possible harm to the body. Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.1. Organization of the nervous system Sensory division = afferent division Human sensory receptors: 1.Mechanoreceptors 2.Thermoreceptors 3.Photoreceptors. Of these 5 types of receptors, which ones do you think 4.Chemoreceptors can be also found INSIDE the body??? 5.Nociceptors Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.1. Organization of the nervous system Sensory division = afferent division Human sensory receptors: 1.Mechanoreceptors: Beyond their role in external touch and balance, mechanoreceptors are present internally. For example, baroreceptors in blood vessels monitor blood pressure, and stretch receptors in muscles and tendons (proprioceptors) provide information about body position and movement. 2.Thermoreceptors: While commonly associated with sensing external temperature changes, thermoreceptors are also found internally, such as in the hypothalamus, where they monitor the body's core temperature. 3.Chemoreceptors: These receptors are abundant inside the body. Peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies detect changes in blood O2 levels, while central chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata respond to changes in blood pH and CO2. 4.Nociceptors: Pain receptors are located throughout internal tissues, including muscles, joints, and organs, alerting the body to potential internal damage or inflammation. Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.1. Organization of the nervous system Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system Convergence Pollock (1952) Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system Neurons Cells that process and transmit information Receives and generates electrical and chemical signals Impulse Neurotransmitters Neuroglia / glial cells Cells that provide support to neurons Physical support (scaffolding) Supply of nutrients Regulate neuronal communication (synapse) Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system A. NEURONS Polar nervous cells: each side of the cell is different and has a specific function. Polarity ensures the transmission of the electric impulse in one single direction Postsynaptic neuron Cell Polarity = Asymmetry Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system www.youtube.com/watch?v=6qS83wD29PY Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system A. NEURONS: Cellular structure Dendrites: branched expansion of the cytoplasm. Area that contains the postsynapse and receives the neurotransmitters from pre-synaptic neurons. HEARING (afferent) Soma: Body of the neurons, containing the nucleus Impulse and most of the cytoplasm. INTEGRATING Axon: Main projection from the soma, with variable length (from mm to m). Transmits the impulse. Ends in one or several presynaptic terminals. TALKING (efferent) 🚀 2-minute neuroscience: neuron https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6qS83wD29PY Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system A. NEURONS: Classification according to: Unipolar (not in humans) Pseudounipolar Morphology Bipolar Multipolar Sensory Function Motoneuron Interneurons Glutamatergic (Excitatory) GABAergic (inhibitory neurons) Neurotransmitter Dopaminergic Serotoninergic (and some more….) Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system A. NEURONS: Classification according to morphology, based in the number of neurites Multipolar: Projection of one axon and multiple dendrites from the soma Most abundant in the brain Pyramidal cells. Multipolar neuron typical of the cortex Purkinje Cells. Multipolar neuron typical of the cerebellum Bipolar: Two projections emerge from the soma in opposite directions: one axon and one dendrite. Retinal cells. Unipolar/pseudo: Only one projection emerges from the soma. If it divides in two branches, the cell is called pseudounipolar. Primary sensory neurons Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system A. NEURONS: Multipolar neurons / Interneurons Pyramidal cells. Purkinje Cells. Multipolar neuron typical of the cerebral cortex Multipolar neuron typical of the cerebellum Cerebellar Purkinje cells expressing tdTomato. MOUSE Ai14 tdTomato reporter with somatostatin-ires-cre. Confocal microscope image. File:All that glitters in the brain.jpg Pyramidal neurons in layer 5 of the motor cortex, MOUSE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64665-2 Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system A. NEURONS: Multipolar neurons / Interneurons Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system A. NEURONS: Classification according to function Sensory neurons / Afferent neurons Neurons with sensory receptors (i.e. temperature) in their dendrites. Usually are pseudounipolar, with the soma located in the peripheral ganglia Transmit information (impulse) from the PNS to the CNS Interneurons: Neurons from the CNS that receive information from sensory neurons (at the dendrites) and connect with other interneuron or with a motonueron. Usually multipolar neurons Integrates and relay information Motoneurons / Efferent nuerons Neurons that conduct information away from the CNS toward the periphery. Usually are multipolar Transmit information (impulse) from the CNS toward the target organ. Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system A. NEURONS: Tracing of axonal projection from 1 single interneuron Zeng H and Sanes JR. Nature Review Neuroscience. 2017 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2017.85 http://mouselight.janelia.org/ Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system B. GLIAL CELLS Astrocytes CNS Oligodendrocytes Ependymal cells Microglia Schwann cells PNS Satellite cells Physical support of neurons (glia: glue in Greek) Metabolic support Modulation of neuronal communication Myelinization of axons Tissue repairing Defense Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system B. GLIAL CELLS: Astrocytes Astrocytes maintain, in a variety of ways, an appropriate chemical environment for neuronal signaling.  Neuronal survival and tissue repairing: Astrocytes release substances (trophic factors, cytokines) for tissue maintenance and repair. “find me” signals BDNF controls neuron development, maturation and plasticity (TKR). Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system B.1 CNS GLIAL CELLS: Astrocytes Nutrition role: Provide neurons with glucose, lactate and other metabolites Remove waste metabolites or cell debris from the area Synapse modulation: Astrocytes participate in the communication between neurons Release of gliotransmitters (E.g., ATP) Re-uptake of neurotransmitter (E.g., glutamate) Regulation of extracellular levels of Ca2+ and K+ (critical for the synapsis and the transmission of the electrical impulse) Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system B.1 CNS GLIAL CELLS: Astrocytes Protective role: Provides physical support to neurons Surrounds the capillaries and blood vessels, creating the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) Regulates the diffusion of certain molecules, drugs and nutrients from the blood to the extracellular space. Modulates vessel diameter and blood flow. Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system B.1 CNS GLIAL CELLS: Astrocytes and the BBB Astrocytes induce the formation of tight junctions between endothelial cells, preventing the passing of substances, especially toxins and microorganisms. BBB dysfunction  compromise permeability  pathologies Leakage of non-specific molecules Infections Ischemia/reperfusion (Hypoxia / hypoglycemia) Osmotic shock Inflammatory processes Diseases: multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system B.1 CNS GLIAL CELLS: Astrocytes and the BBB L-DOPA treatment for Parkinson’s disease In Parkinson’s disease, dopaminergic neurons are lost  dopamine concentration in certain brain areas is too low  Inability to inhibit spontaneous movements Treatment with dopamine  Dopamine DOES NOT cross the BBB L-DOPA, a dopamine precursor, crosses the BBB through an aminoacidic transporter, and is uptaken by neurons compensating the dopamine deficiency Catecholamine biosynthesis Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system B.2 CNS GLIAL CELLS: Oligodendrocytes Glial cells that creates the myelin sheath around several neuronal axons in the CNS Myelin sheath Lipidic cover that support and insulate the axon Node of Ranvier Axon areas without myelin sheath. Accelerates impulse travelling through the axon Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system B.2 CNS GLIAL CELLS: Oligodendrocytes Myelin sheath What is the point for “insulating an axon”??? Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system B.2 CNS GLIAL CELLS: Oligodendrocytes Multiple sclerosis Demyelination caused by autoimmune attack or oligodendrocyte failure Loss of myelin sheath impairs correct impulse transmission Symptoms: fatigue, muscle spams, vision problems, numbness, balance problems, pain, depression, … Unknown causes (genetics, infectious agents). Course with recurrent episodes, there is no cure but some treatments Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system B.2 CNS GLIAL CELLS: Microglia Resident immune cells in the CNS Response to pathogens and damages https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/a rticles/PMC5538418/ Several phenotypes/states: Table 1. Activated: support neurons (cytokines) and maintain the microenvironment (phagocytosis) Sentinel: scan the microenvironment. High motility Activated by antigen recognition or by cytokines, defense mechanism  cytokines during phagocytosis Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system B.2 CNS GLIAL CELLS: Microglia Mediate neuroinflammatory processes (release of cytokines can produce local inflammation) They participate in the remodelling of the dendritic tree (learning and memory processes) They are activated in response to brain damage (important for neurodegeneration and aging) Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system B.2 CNS GLIAL CELLS: Microglia PRUNING By sensing local neurotransmitter release, microglia are able to discriminate between active and weak synapses, engulfing only those displaying low activity. Microglial engulfment of synapses likely varies in different developmental stages, brain regions and disease states. The timing of synapse pruning varies according to the brain area: in human primary visual cortex pruning is completed between the 4th and 6th years of life, while in areas involved in complex cognitive functions, such as the prefrontal cortex, synaptic pruning often continues until the end of adolescence Physiology doi: 10.3390/cells10030686 Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system B.2 CNS GLIAL CELLS: Ependymal cells Specialized polar cells that from the ventricle walls (choroid plexus) Participate in the formation of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and its circulation Are suggested to be latent Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) with a capacity to acquire neurogenic function The choroid plexus consists of modified ependymal cells surrounding a core of capillaries and loose connective tissue. Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system B.2 CNS GLIAL CELLS: Ependymal cells VENTRICLES Interconnected cavities inside the brain and connected with the spinal cord Filled with CSF  V1 and V2: Lateral ventricles V3 and V4: Descendant ventricles Remember? Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system B.2 CNS GLIAL CELLS: Ependymal cells CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) Saline solution that fills the ventricle system. Ependymal cells are esponsible for the The choroid plexus consists of ependymal cells surrounding a core formation of CSF by pumping of Na+ and of capillaries and loose connective other molecules from the blood into the tissue. ventricles, creating an osmotic gradient that atracts water. Secreted by the choroid plexus and absorbed to the blood again by the arachnoid granulations Mechanical support (cushioning and regulates pressure) Nutrient distribution (oxygen, glucose) and waste recollection Elimination of waste from the SNC The flow rate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through the central nervous system (CNS) is Physiology sufficient to replenish the entire CSF volume approximately three times a day Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system B.2 CNS GLIAL CELLS: Ependymal cells CEREBROSPINAL FLUID Composition: Alterations in its compositions is symptom of pathologies development (CNS infections, demyelization or tumors) Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system B.2 CNS GLIAL CELLS: Ependymal cells Together with the RADIAL GLIA, ependymal cells could behave as stem cells that can produce new neurons. Adult neurogenesis  described in the subventricular zone (SVZ) And the granular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0375-9 Adult neurogenesis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHHaKex51C8 🚀 Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system B.3 PNS GLIAL CELLS: Schwann cells Glia cell that creates ONE myelin sheath (1mm) around a neuron axon Charcot-Marie-Tooh disease: Neurological disorders that affect the myelin sheath of the motoneurons Loss of muscle tissue and touch sensation in limbs Genetic origin, several mutations Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.2. Cells of the nervous system B.3 PNS GLIAL CELLS: Satellite cells (Not the muscle satellite cells…) Glial cells that wrap around nerve cell bodies located in ganglia (peripheral ganglia — sensory, parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia), forming a capsule. Support role, probably regulating the microenvironment, but not fully understood Also can contribute to neuron excitation (E.g., ATP asa neurotransmitter in SC-neuron and SC-SC communication) Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.1. Organization of the nervous system UNIT 1. NEUROBIOLOGY RECAP MAIN TOPICS Anatomical composition of CNS and PNS Functional division of NS Types of efferent nerves (somatic vs visceral) Cell types in the NS Anatomy and function of a neuron Classification of neurons Types of glial cells Main roles of glial cells Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1. NEUROBIOLOGY RECAP MAIN TOPICS Anatomical composition of CNS and PNS Functional division of NS Types of efferent nerves Cell types in the NS Anatomy and function of a neuron Classification of neurons Types of glial cells by anatomic NS Main roles of glial cells Amoeba sisters- The nervous system 🚀 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RNLceVI8jcc Neuroscience fundamentals 🚀 https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLNZqyJnsvdMr r2Zfak7B89soUJo_jzqrH Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.1. Organization of the nervous system 1 2 3 4 5 6 Physiology Unit 1. UNIT 1.1. Organization of the nervous system Physiology Unit 1.  1 2 3 4 5 6 UNIT 1.1. Organization of the nervous system 5 1 3 4 6 2 UNIT 1.1. Organization of the nervous system UNIT 1. NEUROBIOLOGY UNIT 1: Fill in the blanks Nervous system is divided anatomically in ______________composed of brain and spinal cord and __________________. Nervous system is functionally divided in _______ ( ______ information) and _______ (motor information). Nervous system is also functionally divided in _____, ______ and ______ depending on the type of target organ (locomotor system, autonomus system or digestive system) Neurons have a ______ with a nucleus, _______, that receive the impulses and _____ that transmit the impulses from the soma. Glial cells in PNS are ________ and ________. Glial cells in CNS are ____________, ________, _________ and ________. Physiology Unit 1. Thanks for your attention!