PSYCH 1003 Final Test Review PDF

PSYCH 1003 Final Test Review Chapter 4&5 The final test will be next week in computer lab 1L22 during our regular class day/ time THIS IS NOT OPEN BOOK SO YOU WILL NEED TO STUDY The test will be a m...

PSYCH 1003 Final Test Review Chapter 4&5 The final test will be next week in computer lab 1L22 during our regular class day/ time THIS IS NOT OPEN BOOK SO YOU WILL NEED TO STUDY The test will be a mix of multiple choice/True and False – with some requiring an explanation and short answer questions All phones will be placed in your bag and bags are left at the front of class upon entry Once we start you will not be able to leave for any reason Get a good night sleep, eat a breakfast and remember to review the study techniques I included in week 9/10 – slide 3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Chapter 4 – Consciousness and Sleep 1. Understand what Consciousness is and why it is important Consciousness is our awareness of ourselves and our surroundings/environment (external/internal) at any given moment Includes thoughts, perceptions, emotions and the ability to experience the world Consciousness is still one of the biggest mysteries in the neuroscience and philosophy Consciousness is important because it helps us plan, learn and adapt to new situations It allows for self-reflection and understanding of our identity It plays a role in moral and ethical decision-making 2. Be able to name the levels of consciousness – Be able to define 2 with examples High-level consciousness: Full awareness and control (e.g. problem solving, decision making) Low-level consciousness: Automatic process requiring little attention (e.g., driving on autopilot) 3. Understand Consciousness as awareness; know the difference types unconscious sensory stimulation – selective and direct inner awareness PSYCH 1003 Final Test Review Chapter 4&5 Consciousness as awareness involves different levels of awareness, allowing us to experience and interpret the world Sensory: refers to our ability to perceive and process external stimuli from our surroundings Selective: refers to the ability to focus on certain stimuli while ignoring others Direct: refers to the ability to be aware of internal experiences like thoughts, emotions, and memories – without using our senses 4. Be able to explain the problem with consciousness Can we prove consciousness? While it is possible to theorize the laws of consciousness, a true scientific theory of consciouness is not possible because consciousness defies observation You can’t see into someone's brain and see their thoughts, feelings and memories Sleep 5. There are 4 functions of sleep; be able to explain 2 well – this will be a short answer question and worth 2-3 marks so be able to give a 2-3 answer question (always helps to know examples) 1. Physical health: repairs and restores tissues and muscles, strengthens the immune system, regulates hormones (stress, hunger and growth) 2. Brain Function & Memory 3. Emotional Well-Being: Regulates of mood and lowers stress, lack of sleep increases, anxiety, irritability, and depression risk 4. Survival & Energy Conservation 6. Review Circadian Rhythms (CR) – there are 9 facts about CR; know 3 1. Your body wants to be awake during the day and sleep at night. CR helps ensure you feel sleepy at night and alert during the day PSYCH 1003 Final Test Review Chapter 4&5 2. Disruptions to CR, like jet lag or shift work can affect sleep, mood and performance 3. Light exposure especially in the morning, helps reset the CR to align with the day-night cycle 7. Understand the importance of CR The importance of Circadian Rhythms helps your body to regulate sleep timing, quality and energy levels, body temp, heart rate, hormone secretion and other bodily and cognitive functions. 8. Be able to under the stages of sleep – DO NOT NEED TO KNOW THE ANY SLEEP WAVES listed on pg. 101 5 stages of sleep – First 4 stages of sleep are “Non-Rapid Eye Movement 3&4: deep sleep Stage 5: REM (rapid eye movement) 9. Def understand the importance of sleep and what happens when we are deprived of sleep – affects many parts of a person The importance of sleep is essential for both the body and brain. It helps with physical health, brain function, memory, emotional well-being, survival and energy conservation. Sleep is like a nightly resets button for your body and mind without it, everything starts to break down. 10. Understand dreams and their importance/function – be able to apply to this knowledge as in if it’s a true or false question, be able to explain your answer. Dreams are series of images, thoughts and emotions that occur mostly during REM sleep (most active) Dreams can be vivid, surreal and sometimes confusing and often reflect things going on in your life, your emotions and memories 11. There are several theories of dreaming; know 2 DO NOT NEED TO ACITVTION SYNTHESIS MODEL (pg. 105 of txt) PSYCH 1003 Final Test Review Chapter 4&5 1. Memory Consolidation: Dreams help organize and store memories, processing emotions and events from the day 2. Emotional Regulation: Dreams may help us process emotions, especially difficult or stressful ones 3. Random Brain Activity 4. Cognitive Simulation 12. Know the difference between Sleep Disturbances and Disorders and identify components of each – this is an applied learning question Sleep Disturbance is temporary and caused by things like stress, noise, or changes in routine, it does not last long and usually goes away once the root cause is gone Ex: trouble sleeping during a stressful week, excited for Christmas Sleep talking, terrors, walking, CR disorder Sleep Disorder is long term and happens regularly, it can seriously affect your health and daily life needing treatment Ex: insomnia or sleep apnea, where sleep problems happen regularly Insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome Altering Consciousness: 13. Be able to identify various altered states of consciousness – DO NOT NEED TO KNOW SOCIOCOGNITVE ROLE (pg 109-110) Altered states of consciousness, sometimes called non-ordinary states, include various mental states in which the mind can be aware but is not in its usual wakeful condition, such as during hypnosis, meditation, hallucination, trance, and the dream stage. 14. Know uses of hypnosis Hypnosis works because individuals play the role of a hypnotized person rather than actually entering a distinct, altered state. People conform to social expectations of hypnosis, acting in ways they believe a hypnotized person should behave. PSYCH 1003 Final Test Review Chapter 4&5 They remain in control and are not in a unique state of consciousness but instead respond to social cues and the power of suggestion. 15. Understand the difference between types of meditation – using concepts/terms in meditation be able to answer if you would use this technique why or why not – this is a question where specific terms need to be used, if they are not in your answer, marks will be lost – this is applied learning. Transcendental Meditation (TM): A mantra-based meditation where a specific sound or word is repeated to help transcend thoughts – achieve an altered state of consciousness Practiced for 15-20 mins twice daily whole sitting comfy, with eyes closed It reduces stress, lowers blood pressure and improves focus Mindfulness Meditation: Focused awareness on the present moment without judgment or ruminating about problems. It involves breath awareness, body scans or mindful observation of thoughts/emotions 16. Be able to differentiate between substance use disorders (pg 112 of txt 9 or Week 9 slides 20-22) – DO NOT NEED TO KNOW THEORIES OF SUBSTANCE USE Substance abuse: someone misuses or overuses a substance in a way that causes harm or puts them at risk. Substance Dependence: Someone has a strong need or compulsion to use a substance, even though it’s affecting their health, relationships, or responsibilities. Physiological Dependence: Occurs when the body gets used to a substance over time Tolerance: happens when someone needs to use more of a substance to get the same effect they used to get with a smaller amount. Psychological Dependence: When someone feels like they need a substance to feel good or to cope with life. Even if their body isn’t physically dependent, they can be emotionally or mentally dependent. Withdrawal symptoms: Physical and mental effects a person feels when they stop usinga substance they’ve become dependent on. Seizures, scratching, crash outs, mood changes, illegal acts. PSYCH 1003 Final Test Review Chapter 4&5 17. Know one drug and their effect (pg. 119 – see the table) pay attention to specific terms – ie: if you are describing alcohol but leave out type (depressant, hallucinogenic or stimulant) or a few of its effects, you won’t get full marks – to say it makes you dopey or sleepy is not mark worthy – you should be able to apply this knowledge. Cannabis: A mixed-action drug Can act as a depressant, stimulant, or hallucinogen depending on the dose and strain; impairs/low reaction time and performance, drug induced psychosis, paranoia Medical: mild pain relief, nausea, sleep disturbances Chapter 5 – Learning 18. Understand what learning and type of learning (sources of learning) Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour, capabilities, or knowledge that arises from practice or experience Types of learning: Automatic learning Voluntary Learning Narration/Stories Books Internet 19. Understand how media, social media and or video games influences learning – what would the theme of these be? Media and advertising influence learning by shaping behaviour, attitudes and beliefs through repeated exposure and modeling They reinforce societal norms, capture attention with engaging content, and prime the brain to respond to related ideas While media can enhance learning and critical thinking, excessive exposure may overwhelm focus and hinder information processing Advertising also influences decision-making by linking emotions to products, subtly shaping consumer behaviour PSYCH 1003 Final Test Review Chapter 4&5 20. Is there a drawback to media influences (Week 9 & 10 slides 5-10 or pg 138-140 in the textbook) – be able to express your opinion on this matter – you should be able to provide an opinion using terms from the content) this is applied learning so it’s important to be able to use the specific terms. Yes, there is a drawback to media influences. It shapes behaviours, attitudes, and beliefs through repeated exposure and modeling. Media can reinforce societal norms, capture attention with content individuals engage in. 21. What is classical conditioning and know an experiment that is related to it – I named several in class. Classical Conditioning is learning by association, or respondent conditioning It involves some of the ways in which we learn to associate one event with another, based on continuous pairing a neutral stimulus with a something that triggers a response We aren’t born to know that red means stop, and green means go, we learn the meaning of this symbol because they are associated with other events 22. Be able to identify the components of classical conditioning as in what is needed to change a behaviour In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (US) and unconditioned response (UR) are foundational elements. Unconditioned stimulus naturally triggers a reaction without prior learning, often linked to survival mechanisms. 23. Understand types of reinforcers Primary reinforcers: Unlearned by reinforcers, naturally rewarding and satisfy basic needs ex: food, water Secondary reinforcers: conditioned reinforcers, learned rewards that ain value through association with established reinforcers ex: money, grades, compliments 24. Understand the concept of negative reinforcement and punishment – should be able to differentiate between them and understand whether they are useful or not – again specific terms need to be incorporated into the answer; should be able to provide an example PSYCH 1003 Final Test Review Chapter 4&5 Negative Reinforcement: when removing something unpleasant (stopping a loud noise) Increases the frequency and probability of a repeated response (not punishment) Punishment: Unpleasant stimuli or adverse event that suppresses or decreases the frequency of behaviour it follows, it aims to reduce or stop unwanted behaviour, ex: scolding, criticism or paying a fine. However, it can lead to other undesirable behaviours, escape or avoidant learning Do Not Study: Anything related to Counter Conditioning (extinction, systematic desensitization, spontaneous recovery, generalization or discrimination – we covered this enough in the last test) Operant Conditioning Schedules of Reinforcement – pg 132-134 Shaping (pg 134-137)