Respiratory System PDF

Respiratory system Dr Sara Sulaiman [email protected] Learning outcomes (cardiovascular system) By the end of this lecture, you should be able to: 1. Identify the general functions of the respiratory system. 2. Name and describe the locations of the organs of the respiratory system. 3. Describe...

Respiratory system Dr Sara Sulaiman [email protected] Learning outcomes (cardiovascular system) By the end of this lecture, you should be able to: 1. Identify the general functions of the respiratory system. 2. Name and describe the locations of the organs of the respiratory system. 3. Describe the functions of each organ of the respiratory system. 4. List the anatomical divisions of the pharynx, the openings into and between its divisions, and its functions. 5. List the anatomical divisions, cartilages, and muscles of the larynx Recommended reading Marieb, E. (2012). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed., USA: Pearson’s Education. Shier, D., Butler, J. and Lewis, R. (2014). Hole's Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 12th ed., USA: McGraw-Hill Education. Netter, Frank H. (Frank Henry). Atlas of Human Anatomy. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.; London: Saunders, 2010. Print. Abrahams, Peter H. et al. McMinn & Abrahams’ Clinical Atlas of Human Anatomy. Seventh edition. Maryland Heights, Missouri: Elsevier Mosby, 2013. Print Patton, K.T., Thibodeau, G.A. and Hutton, A., 2019. Anatomy and Physiology. Elsevier Health Sciences. Introduction The respiratory system consists of passages that filter incoming air and transport it to the lungs. Respiration includes several events: Ventilation: movement of air in and out of the lungs External Respiration: Gas exchange between blood and lungs Transport of gases from the lungs to the body cells by blood Internal Respiration: Gas exchange between the blood and body cells Cellular Respiration: oxygen use and production of carbon dioxide by body cells Organs of the respiratory system Upper respiratory system Nose Nasal cavity Sinuses Pharynx Lower respiratory system Larynx Trachea Bronchial tree Lungs Nose Covered with skin Supported internally by cartilage and bone Two nostrils Has hair-why? Nasal cavity Space behind the nose Medially: nasal septum Laterally: conchae and meatuses They divide the cavity into passageways, increase the surface area & support the mucous membrane Superior: cribriform plate (ethmoid bone) Inferior: hard plate Mucous membrane Composed of ciliated epithelium Cilia – filter air Goblet cells produce mucus to moisten air & trap particles Rich network of blood vessels - warms incoming air Paranasal sinuses Air filled spaces Open into the nasal cavity Reduce the weight of the skull Serve as a resonant chamber to affect the quality of the voice Pharynx Passage for air and food Posterior to the nasal and oral cavity Divisions: Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Case A-35-year-old man is rushed to the emergency department with difficulty breathing. Just for fun! Larynx An enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea Prevents particles from entering the trachea Houses the vocal cords Composed of a framework of muscles and cartilage bound by elastic tissue  Inside the larynx, two horizontal folds: Upper: false vocal folds Do not produce sound Close the airway during swallowing Lower: true vocal folds Vibrate to produce sound Contraction: controls the pitch Force of air through them controls the intensity (loudness) Trachea Flexible cylindrical tube Anterior to the oesophagus Splits into right and left bronchi Lined with ciliated mucous membrane with goblet cells Twenty C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage Tracheostomy A blocked trachea can cause asphyxiation Tracheostomy is a life-saving procedure where an external opening is made in the trachea Bronchial tree Consists of branched tubes leading from trachea to alveoli: Right and left main (primary) bronchi Lobar (secondary) bronchi Segmental (tertiary) bronchi Intralobular bronchioles Terminal bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli Right vs left main bronchi Right main bronchus is a short, wide air passageway into the right lung. Left main bronchus is a narrow, long passageway into the left lung.  Blood flow Terminal Bronchioles Bronchiole Smooth muscle fibers Respiratory bronchioles Pulmonary Alveolar artery Ducts Pulmonary vein Alveolar Sacs Alveoli  Blood flow Terminal Bronchioles Bronchiole Smooth muscle fibers Respiratory bronchioles Alveolus Pulmonary Alveolar artery Ducts Pulmonary vein Terminal bronchiole Alveolar Respiratory bronchiole Sacs Alveolar sac Alveoli  Blood flow Terminal Bronchioles Bronchiole Smooth muscle fibers Respiratory bronchioles Alveolus Pulmonary Alveolar artery Ducts Pulmonary vein Terminal bronchiole Alveolar Alveolar Sacs Respiratory duct bronchiole Alveoli Alveolar sac Alveoli  Blood flow Blood flow Pulmonary venule Bronchiole Pulmonary arteriole Smooth muscle fibers Blood flow Alveolus Pulmonary artery Capillary network on Pulmonary surface of alveolus vein Terminal bronchiole Alveolar duct Alveoli Alveolar sac Lungs Located in the thorax Cone-shaped, spongy Separated by the mediastinum Vessels and bronchi enter the hilum Covered by: Visceral pleura Parietal pleura Space between the two layers: pleural cavity  Right lung is larger than left Fissures divide the lungs into lobes Each lobe is supplied by a major branch of the bronchial tree, blood vessels, nerves & lymph vessels Lobar pneumonia Lobar pneumonia has classically been described as a process which spreads contiguously throughout part of, or an entire lobe of the lung Surface anatomy Thank you