Respiratory System PDF

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM RESPIRATORY TRACTUS CONDUCTING PORTION RESPIRATORY PORTION Conducting Portion structures of the respiratory system which bring air to the sites of gas exchange 1. nares 2. nasal cavity 3. nasopharynx 4. larynx...

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM RESPIRATORY TRACTUS CONDUCTING PORTION RESPIRATORY PORTION Conducting Portion structures of the respiratory system which bring air to the sites of gas exchange 1. nares 2. nasal cavity 3. nasopharynx 4. larynx 5. trachea 6. bronchi 7. bronchioles terminal Respiratory Portion Structures of the Respiratory System that function in gas exchange 1. respiratory bronchioles 2. alveolar duct 3. alveolar sac 4. alveoli Concha nasalis (atau turbinate) adalah struktur tulang yang terletak di dalam rongga hidung. Terdapat tiga concha nasalis di setiap sisi rongga hidung, yaitu: 1.Concha Nasalis Superior (atas) 2.Concha Nasalis Media (tengah) 3.Concha Nasalis Inferior (bawah) Fungsi Concha Nasalis: 1.Penyaringan Udara: Concha membantu menyaring partikel asing, debu, dan kotoran dari udara yang dihirup. 2.Pemanasan dan Pelembapan: Concha meningkatkan permukaan area untuk pemanasan dan pelembapan udara sebelum mencapai paru-paru, sehingga udara menjadi lebih nyaman untuk dihirup. 1.Meningkatkan Sensasi Penciuman: Dengan memperlambat aliran udara, concha membantu meningkatkan kontak antara udara dan reseptor penciuman di bagian atas rongga hidung. 1.Mengatur Aliran Udara: Concha membantu mengatur aliran udara di rongga hidung, memastikan distribusi yang merata ke seluruh bagian hidung. 1.Mendukung Drainase Sinus: Concha berperan dalam membantu drainase sinus dengan mengarahkan aliran lendir dari sinus ke rongga hidung.  Trachea Primary Bronchus Secondary Bronchus Superior lobe Tertiary Bronchus PLEURAL MEMBRANES Middle lobe Inferior lobe Inferior lobe Superior lobe  PARANASAL SINUSES FRONTAL SINUS SPHENOID SINUS ETHMOID SINUS MAXILLARY SINUS ACT AS RESONANCE CHAMBERS FOR SPEECH NASAL Nasal cavity l Divided by a hyaline-cartilage nasal septum in the midline. 2 Stratified squamous epithelium (hairy / vibrissae) of the nares changes to 3 A lining nasal mucosa of: Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with mucus-secreting goblet cells, on 4 Venous plexuses, to warm the air, underlie the epithelium. 5 Turbinate bones in the conchae support the mucosa. 6 A small part of the mucosa is olfactory, with a neuroepithelium and Bowman's glands. 7 Paranasal air sinuses open off the main cavity. 8 The folded pharyngeal tonsil, covered by Pseudostratified, columnar ciliated epithelium, lies posteriorly in the pharynx.  Nasal functions (a) air-filtering, material trapped in mucus is swept by the cilia towards the pharynx, (b) air-warming, (c) air-humidifying, (d) olfaction, (e) sensitivity for nasal reflexes such as sneezing, (f) resonating the voice.  PHARYNX OROPHARYNX CONNECTED VIA THE AUDITORY TUBES TO THE MIDDLE EAR NASOPHARYNX CAVITIES WHICH PERMITS EQUILIBRATION OF AIR PRESSURE IN THE MIDDLE EAR WITH THAT OF THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT LARYNGOPHARYNX LARYNX CARTILAGE OF THYREOIDEA CARTILAGE OF CRICOIDEA EPIGLOTTIS CARTILAGE OF ARRYTHENOIDEA CARTILAGE OF CORNICULATA CARTILAGE OF CUNEIFORME EPIGLOTTIS ELASTIC CARTILAGE EPITHELIUM : LINGUAL SURFACE --- STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS LARYNGEAL SURFACE --- PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR CILIATED WITH GOBLET CELL PLICA VOCALE (VOCAL CORDS) TASTE BUD in LINGUAL SURFACE  EPIGLOTTIS PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR CILIATED EPITHELIUM WITH GOBLET CELLS  TRACHEA DIAMETER 2 – 3,5 CM LENGTH 11 CM HYALIN CARTILAGE : C FORM EPITHELIUM THAT COVERS INNER SURFACE IS PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR CILIATED WITH GOBLET CELL ENDED AND FORMED 2 BRANCH PIPE THAT CALLED BRONCHUS  HYALIN CARTILAGE PARS CARTILAGENIA PARS MEMBRANACEA  PULMO CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT COVER THE LUNG IS PLEURA CONSIST OF : PLEURA VISCERALE LINING THE OUTER SURFACE OF THE LUNG PLEURA PARIETALE LINING THE THORACIC WALL SPACE INBETWEEN IS CALLED PLEURA CAVITY Nasal Cavity pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium goblet cells cartilage Nasopharynx pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium goblet cells cartilage Laryngopharynx stratified squamous epithelium cartilage Epiglottis Lingual surface stratified squamous epithelium taste buds Laryngeal surface pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium goblet cells cartilage Trachea pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium goblet cells cartilage Bronchi pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium + layer of smooth muscle less goblet cells cartilage Terminal Bronchioles simple collumnar ciliated to simple cuboidal epithelium less goblet cells Clara cells no cartilage Respiratory Bronchioles simple cuboidal starts transitioning to simple squamous epithelium Clara cells no cartilage Alveolar Ducts simple squamous epithelium of type I and type II pneumocytes Alveoli Sacs simple squamous epithelium of type I and type II pneumocytes Alveoli simple squamous epithelium of type I pneumocytes Dust cells Clara cells