Respiratory System 1 U&L Tracts PDF

Anatomy of the Respiratory Tract 1 Upper respiratory tract Niggy Gouldsborough  Functions of the Respiratory System Provides oxygen to all body tissues Removes carbon dioxide Regulates blood pH Defence against pathogens Produces sound Olfaction (sm...

Anatomy of the Respiratory Tract 1 Upper respiratory tract Niggy Gouldsborough  Functions of the Respiratory System Provides oxygen to all body tissues Removes carbon dioxide Regulates blood pH Defence against pathogens Produces sound Olfaction (smell) (Ashton, 2015)  Structural organisation of the respiratory tract Upper respiratory Lower respiratory tract tract – nose – trachea – pharynx – bronchi – paranasal sinuses – bronchioles – larynx – alveoli (Gosling et al, 2018)  Upper Respiratory Tract paranasal sinuses Functions Warms and moistens and filters the air nose Olfaction (smell) Production and pharynx resonation of sound larynx (Moore et al, 2018)  Functional adaptations of the Vibrissae nose Hairs at entrance to nose which trap large dust particles Conchae Projections from lateral wall which produce turbulence Allow more time to warm and moisten the air Mucosa Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells Goblet cells produce mucous to trap particles Cilia waft the trapped particles to pharynx where they can be swallowed. Coronal Section of Head (Gosling et al, 2018) Functional adaptations of the nose Rich capillary network (under mucosa) Blood warms the air Seromucous glands Secretions moisten the air (Moore et al, 2018) Olfactory mucosa Located in upper aspect of nose, above the superior conchae Contains receptors for smell Paranasal sinuses Air filled spaces in bones around the nose Lighten the skull and resonate sound Coronal Section of Head Secretions for the sinuses drain into nasal cavity (Gosling et al, 2018)  Pharynx Fibromuscular tube - forms a communal passageway for respiratory and gastrointestinal systems Divided into three regions Nasopharynx - posterior to nose nasopharynx Oropharynx – posterior to mouth Laryngopharynx – posterior to oropharynx larynx laryngopharynx The close proximity of gastrointestinal and respiratory systems can lead to swallowing difficulties and aspiration of Respiratory Gastrointestin pathway al pathway food and fluid  Larynx Main functions – Maintains an open airway – Prevents food and drink entering the lower respiratory tract – Sound production Also involved in – Coughing – Defaecation Anterior view  Larynx Consists of A cartilaginous skeleton Epiglotti s Hyoid bone A lining made of membranes Vocal cords Muscles which move the vocal cords Thyroid cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Anterior view Posterior view (Ashton, 2015) Vocal cords  Glottis View of the glottis when looking down into the larynx glottis posterior vocal cord The space between the vocal vocal cord cords Usually open to allow air flow Closed during swallowing to epiglottis prevent aspiration anterior Air vibrated over the vocal cords to produce sound (Ashton, 2015)