Respiratory Tract Anatomy PDF
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Uploaded by SalutarySunstone4065
East Los Angeles College
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Summary
These notes cover the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory tract, including the upper and lower respiratory tracts, respiratory passageways, the conducting zone, respiratory zone, pulmonary ventilation, external and internal respiration. Detailing the parts and function of components like lungs, bronchi, and alveoli, which are crucial for gas exchange. The document also describes the nose, pharynx, and larynx, and other components of the respiratory system.
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I. Upper respritory tract a. Nose b. Pharynx II. Lower respiratory tract a. Larynx b. Trachea c. Bronchi d. Bronchioles e. Lungs III. Conducting zone a. Nasal passages to terminal bronchioles, movement of air only IV. Respiratory zone a. Respirat...
I. Upper respritory tract a. Nose b. Pharynx II. Lower respiratory tract a. Larynx b. Trachea c. Bronchi d. Bronchioles e. Lungs III. Conducting zone a. Nasal passages to terminal bronchioles, movement of air only IV. Respiratory zone a. Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli, where gas exchange between alveoli & blood begins V. Respiratory passage way 1.Nose 2. Nasal cavity 3. Nasopharynx 4. Oropharynx 5. Larynx 6. Trachea 7. Bronchi 8. Bronchioles 9. Terminal bronchioles 10. Respiratory bronchioles 11. Alveoli (site of gas exchange by diffusion) CO2 and O2 is swapped } respiratory membrane of alveoli VI. Function a. Pulmonary ventilation (breathing): the movement of air into and out of the lungs b. External respiration: breathing out: c. Transport of respiratory gases (O2 & CO2) d. Internal respiration: the primary muscle at the rest is = diaphragm VII. Respiratory tree - functional anatomy a. Nose i. Functions (5): 1. Filters inhaled air to cleanse of foreign particles 2. moistens inhaled air 3. Helps warm the air #1-3 are associated with pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium w/ goblet cell 500cc of mucus every 24H 4. Serves as a resonating chamber for speech 5. Houses olfactory receptors ii. Nasal Cavity 1. Vestibule a. Lined w/ skin contains sebaceous & sweat glands 2. Two mucous membranes i. Olfactory mucosa — houses receptors for smell ii. Respiratory mucosa 1. secretes mucus, lysozyme, & digestive enzymes 3. Nasal conchae “Turbinates” - superior, Middle > receive secretions from maxillary & frontal sinus - Inferior > receives tears from lacrimal glands draining into lacrimal glands VII. Pharynx “throat” - a fibrous tube a. Extend from base of the skull to C6 vertebrae i.Nasopharynx 1. Pharyngeal tonsils - enlarged called “adenoids” 2. Auditory tube a. draining middle ear b. Tubal tonsil: function: provide middle ear with some protection ii.Oropharynx 1. Tonsils a. Palatine b. Lingual iii. Laryngopharynx - (stratified squamous epethilia) VII. Larynx (beginning of lower respiratory tract) “voice box” Description - projects outward as “Adam’s apple” a. Larger in males b. Smaller in females Functions: 1. Producing vocalizations 2. Producing an open airway 3. Routes air and food into the proper channels Cartilages (9) 1. Thyroid - signal a. adam’s apple 2. cricoid - signal 3. Arytenoid - paired a. Anchor vocal cords 4. Corniculate - paired 5. Cuneiform - paired 6. Epiglottis (flap of tissue) - signal a. Elastic cartilage b. Covers glottis during swallowing Paired vocal ligaments 1. Vocal fold - folds of tissue that help create sound 2. Vestibular fold (false vocal cords) VIII. Trachea (anterior to esophagus) “wind pipe” a. Approximately 4-5in long, connects the larynx with the bronchi b. Basic structure: 1. Anterior ; mucosa * pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium 2. 16-20 c rings of Helmand cartilage > trachial rings 3. Posterior - Trachea lies muscle - constricts the trachea 4. Carina a. Last trachial ring b. Marks the point where the trachea bifurcates into the two primary bronchi IX. Bronchi (23 orders of branching tubes in the lungs) i. Same structure as trachea 1. Changes occurring as the tubes become smaller a. C-rings become plates in the bronchi b. Epithelium changes from pseudostratified columnar ciliated to simple columnar to cuboidal in the smallest bronchioles ii. Right and left primary bronchi (Rt. Is largest and straighter) iii. Secondary (lobar) 1. Lobes of lungs; a. 3 on right and 2 on left 2. Tertiary (segmental) a. Divide repeatedly into smaller bronchi iv. Bronchioles v. terminal bronchioles (no longer any more cartilage for support) a. Where asthma attacks vi. Respiratory bronchioles (branches off into alveolar ducts) a. First structures of respiratory zone vii. Alveolar sacs viii. Alveoli (structural & functional unit of lung) a. Site (respiratory membrane) where the exchanged of gases takes place 1. Type 1 cells - allow rapid diffusion of respiratory gases a. Single layer of simple squamous epithelium 2. Type 2 cells a. Secrete surfactant (lipoprotein) reduce surface tension within alveoli ( prevents the aveoli from sticking)
