Research Reviewer PDF

RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE 1 REVIEWER (D3) Definition: Research is a systematic process of discovering new ideas or validating existing knowledge, aiming to improve quality of life. The term originates from "re-" (again) and "search" (to look for). Aims of Research: ​ Verification of Exis...

RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE 1 REVIEWER (D3) Definition: Research is a systematic process of discovering new ideas or validating existing knowledge, aiming to improve quality of life. The term originates from "re-" (again) and "search" (to look for). Aims of Research: ​ Verification of Existing Knowledge Confirm or validate known concepts. ​ Acquisition of New Knowledge Generate novel insights or discoveries. ​ Application of New Knowledge Use findings to address real-world problems. ​ Advancement of Researcher’s Expertise Improve the researcher’s skills and understanding. Functions of Research: ​ Exploration Investigate unknown areas or issues. ​ Description Document and describe phenomena. ​ Explanation Analyse causes, relationships, and underlying principles. Characteristics of Research:  ​ Realistic Research must be grounded in actual observations, interviews, documents, and evidence-based findings. ​ Logical It follows structured principles and frameworks to ensure valid results. ​ Cyclical Research is a continuous process, evolving as new problems arise from findings. ​ Analytical Data must be critically examined to derive meaningful conclusions. ​ Objective Research should be unbiased, with results based on data, not personal opinions. ​ Critical Requires precision in judgement, ensuring high confidence in the findings and their interpretation. ​ Replicable Other researchers should be able to repeat the study to verify or challenge the findings. Types of Research ​ Basic or Pure Research ​ Purpose: To generate new knowledge or enhance the existing body of knowledge. ​ Characteristics: This type of research focuses on understanding fundamental principles without immediate practical application.  ​ Applied Research ​ Purpose: To utilise theories or findings to develop practical applications or create products. ​ Characteristics: This research aims to solve specific problems or improve processes by applying existing knowledge. Definitions of Research: ​ Systematic Investigation: Follows a structured, step-by-step process to answer questions or solve problems (Beck & Polit, 2004). ​ Tertiary Education Importance: Research solves issues and drives progress in higher education (Palispis, 2004). ​ Continuous Discovery: It reveals unknown facts and new ideas, aiming to discover new truths (Sanchez, 2002). ​ Ordered Investigation: Follows a sequence of steps leading to the discovery of new concepts (Sanchez, 1999). ​ Contribution to Knowledge: Research carefully investigates to add new knowledge (Bassey, cited in Coleman & Briggs, 2002). ​ Validated Thinking: Uses tested methods and tools to find solutions to problems (Crawford, cited in Alcantara & Espina, 1995). Characteristics of Research: ​ Systematic: Research follows a structured system (macro/micro) in organising its chapters and elements. ​ Objective: It requires an unbiased approach, avoiding personal biases in design, methods, and analysis.  ​ Feasible: Research should be realistic, considering time, resources, and the scope of the topic. ​ Empirical: Findings must be based on evidence, with proper citations and validation of sources. ​ Clear: Variables and language used in research must be explained and free from errors. Ideas should be well-structured. ​ Reliable: The research process should be repeatable, yielding the same results upon repetition. ​ Valid: Results should be true, not manipulated, and applicable to real-world situations. ​ Accurate: Research must use validated tools that ensure correctness and eliminate errors. ​ Generalizable: Findings should be applicable to larger populations beyond the study's sample. ​ Controlled: Insignificant variables should be managed to maintain accuracy, especially in experimental research (Kumar, 2011). Research Paradigm: A research paradigm serves as a guiding framework for conducting research. It includes: ​ Research Foundations: ​ Research problem: Identifying real-life issues. ​ Purpose: Addressing knowledge gaps. ​ Questions: Quantitative (how much, to what extent) or qualitative (what, why, how).  ​ Hypotheses: Potential answers to research questions, later confirmed or rejected. ​ Frameworks: ​ Theoretical framework: Underlying theory of the research. ​ Conceptual framework: Specific concepts and variables to explore. ​ Research Methodology: ​ Review of Literature: Analyses existing knowledge and identifies gaps. ​ Research Approach and Design: Defines how to collect and analyze data. ​ Data Collection: Details participants, variables, and methods for gathering data. ​ Data Analysis: Interprets the data to answer research questions. ​ Conclusion: Summarises key findings, addresses hypotheses, and provides new insights into the research problem. Roles of the Researcher (Nieswiadomy, 2005): ​ Principal Investigator: Leads the study, overseeing all aspects. ​ Member of a Research Team: Collaborates with others in the research process. ​ Identifier of Researchable Problems: Detects relevant issues that can be explored.  ​ Evaluator of Research Findings: Analyses and interprets research results. ​ User of Research Findings: Applies research outcomes in practical contexts. ​ Patient/Client Advocate: Ensures participants' rights and welfare during the study. ​ Subject/Respondent/Participant: Acts as a research participant in certain cases. Importance of Research: ​ Scientific Basis for Practices: Provides a foundation for methodologies in any discipline, ensuring informed and safe applications, like drug testing in medicine. ​ Continuous Development: Drives productivity and improvement by advancing knowledge, replacing outdated systems with better ones. ​ Development of Assessment Tools: Creates reliable tools for evaluating effectiveness in areas like psychological and IQ tests. ​ Problem-Solving: Offers solutions for everyday issues in various fields, from employee tardiness to environmental programs. ​ Informed Decision-Making: Ensures decisions are based on solid evidence, improving outcomes in fields like education or management. ​ Evaluation of Educational Approaches: Helps refine teaching methods and practices, ensuring the most effective educational techniques, such as comparing lectures vs. experiments in science teaching. ​ Personal and Professional Development: Research enhances critical thinking, objectivity, and systematic work, helping individuals reach career goals such as promotions and prestige, particularly in academia where research is essential for advancement. Goals for Conducting Research: ​ Produce Evidence-Based Practice: Ensures that the best, most effective practices in any field (e.g., nursing, education) are based on proven research. Research findings should be shared through publications, seminars, and trainings to improve industry standards. ​ Establish Professional Credibility: The knowledge and theories in a profession gain credibility when validated through research. Continuous research strengthens the body of knowledge, making it more trustworthy. ​ Observe Professional Accountability: Research provides rationales for professional practices, ensuring that actions are justified and efficient, whether in healthcare, education, management, or business. ​ Promote Cost-Effectiveness: Research results save time and resources by offering proven solutions that others can adopt, avoiding the need to replicate the same studies. Sharing findings with relevant communities maximises their value. General Forms of Research: ​ Scientific Research: Focuses on explaining naturally occurring phenomena through hypotheses, testing, and generating theories using rational and statistical evidence. ​ Research in the Humanities: Explores human existence, relying on historical facts and human experiences that can't be measured solely by data or statistics. ​ Artistic Research: Uses practical methods to challenge established concepts, creating new processes and interpretations, often involving artistic or creative approaches. Research Design: Research design helps structure a study to effectively address a research problem. It guides data collection, measurement, and analysis, ensuring that the research systematically achieves its objectives. A good research design helps with:  ​ Identifying and justifying the research problem ​ Reviewing literature and synthesising prior studies ​ Formulating hypotheses ​ Determining the data needed and explaining how to collect it ​ Outlining data analysis methods Examples of Research Designs: ​ Action Research: A cyclical process aimed at solving immediate problems. The researcher identifies a problem, implements an action plan, collects data on its effectiveness, and refines the approach. Common in schools, hospitals, and communities. ​ Causal Design: Investigates cause-and-effect relationships between variables. Hypotheses are used to determine if one variable causes another. ​ Descriptive Design: Answers questions like who, what, when, where, and how. It aims to understand a phenomenon by gathering detailed information about the present situation. ​ Experimental Design: The researcher manipulates one or more variables to determine their effects on a situation, typically controlling for other factors. ​ Explanatory Design: Focuses on problems where little prior research exists. It gathers information to provide insights that will be useful in future research on the same topic. ​ Cohort Design: Studies a group of people with shared characteristics over time. The researcher tracks how these individuals are influenced by certain factors, allowing insights into cause-and-effect relationships or the progression of changes relevant to the research.  ​ Cross-Sectional Design: Examines a diverse group of individuals at a specific point in time. The researcher seeks to identify how a specific variable or event affects this large, varied group. This design is often used to gather data quickly and compare different population segments. ​ Longitudinal Design: Follows the same group of individuals over an extended period, tracking changes to see how long-term factors affect the group. It can help establish the causality and duration of impacts. ​ Sequential Design: Conducts research in stages, often using different groups of people in each phase. It can be combined with cohort or cross-sectional designs to gather data incrementally, refining the focus after each stage if necessary. ​ Mixed-Method Design: Combines both qualitative and quantitative methods, providing a more comprehensive view of the research problem. This design allows for the collection of diverse data to thoroughly explore and validate hypotheses from multiple perspectives. Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs: Research designs fall into two broad categories: ​ Qualitative Research: Focuses on understanding concepts, experiences, and underlying reasons. It involves non-numerical data like interviews, observations, and case studies. This approach is used to explore deeper meanings, behaviours, or phenomena in their natural contexts. ​ Quantitative Research: Involves numerical data to quantify variables and draw statistical conclusions. It aims to measure the extent of a phenomenon, often testing hypotheses and providing measurable evidence through experiments, surveys, and structured observations. Research Methods: While research design outlines the overall structure, research methods refer to the specific steps the researcher takes to investigate the problem, such as how data is collected (surveys, interviews, experiments) and how it's analysed (statistical analysis, coding of qualitative data). This enables the researcher to systematically explore the research question and offers transparency for readers to assess the study's reliability and validity. Quantitative Research Beck and Polit (2004) define quantitative research as a "traditional positivist scientific method" that refers to a structured, disciplined process for acquiring information. It uses deductive reasoning, which moves from general ideas to specific conclusions, guiding researchers to test predictions in real-world scenarios. This systematic approach ensures logical progression through preplanned steps. Quantitative research gathers empirical evidence, focusing on measurable data. Its statistical nature allows for the analysis of large amounts of data to provide quantifiable insights. The goal is to generalise findings to a broader population beyond the study participants. Key advantages of quantitative research include its ability to offer clear, measurable conclusions and its structured format, which aids in replicating studies. However, quantitative research has limitations when dealing with human complexity. It often oversimplifies the rich, dynamic aspects of human behavior by controlling or excluding variables that are difficult to measure. As a result, it can overlook the intricate and subjective elements of human experience, presenting a narrow or restricted view. Qualitative Research In contrast, qualitative research focuses on the "naturalistic method of inquiry," emphasising human complexity by exploring it in-depth (Beck and Polit, 2008). It recognizes that individuals create their own experiences and seeks to understand those experiences holistically, considering dynamic and personal aspects. This approach prioritises the perspective of the individual and values subjective, narrative-driven insights. Rather than relying on statistical analysis or hypothesis testing, qualitative research uncovers themes and patterns within data collected from methods such as interviews, participant observation, and case studies. The researcher is more flexible, allowing for new ideas and perspectives to emerge naturally from the data, without the constraints of rigid frameworks or pre-existing theories. While qualitative research is less concerned with numerical data, it offers rich insights into human behaviour, motivations, and experiences. It enables a deeper understanding of the subjective aspects of life, making it particularly useful for exploring areas where quantitative data might fall short in capturing the full complexity of human existence. Comparison of Quantitative and Qualitative Research ​ Quantitative: Focuses on measurable, empirical data; uses deductive reasoning; statistical analysis; seeks generalizable conclusions; limits human complexity for control. ​ Qualitative: Focuses on subjective, narrative data; uses inductive reasoning; explores human complexity; no hypothesis testing; flexible, open to new ideas. Both methods provide valuable insights, and in some cases, a combination of the two (mixed-methods approach) can offer a more comprehensive view of a research problem. Common Types of Qualitative Research ​ Phenomenological Study Focuses on understanding individual experiences of a particular phenomenon, capturing personal perceptions and emotions. ​ Example: What are the common experiences of someone with a spouse in rehabilitation? ​ Ethnographic Study Involves immersing in a community to understand cultural practices and interactions. ​ Example: How do indigenous children learn and use different speech varieties in social contexts? ​ Historical Study Analyses past events using documents, artifacts, and oral reports to understand their relevance today. ​ Example: What were the roles of women in the Katipunan? ​ Case Study Provides an in-depth examination of an individual, group, or institution to offer insights into broader issues.  ​ Example: How do cancer survivors perceive life? ​ Grounded Theory Study Develops theories by comparing data to identify relationships between categories. ​ Example: How is professional identity formed among school counsellors? ​ Narrative Analysis Analyses personal life stories to extract patterns and themes, focusing on chronology and meaning. ​ Example: What themes emerge in the life stories of trauma survivors? RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE 1 REVIEWER (D3) Definition: Research is a systematic process of discovering new ideas or validating existing knowledge, aiming to improve quality of life. The term originates from "re-" (again) and "search" (to look for). Aims of Research: ​ Verification of Existing Knowledge Confirm or validate known concepts. ​ Acquisition of New Knowledge Generate novel insights or discoveries. ​ Application of New Knowledge Use findings to address real-world problems. ​ Advancement of Researcher’s Expertise Improve the researcher’s skills and understanding. Functions of Research: ​ Exploration Investigate unknown areas or issues. ​ Description Document and describe phenomena. ​ Explanation Analyse causes, relationships, and underlying principles. Characteristics of Research: ​ Realistic Research must be grounded in actual observations, interviews, documents, and evidence-based findings. ​ Logical It follows structured principles and frameworks to ensure valid results. ​ Cyclical Research is a continuous process, evolving as new problems arise from findings. ​ Analytical Data must be critically examined to derive meaningful conclusions. ​ Objective Research should be unbiased, with results based on data, not personal opinions. ​ Critical Requires precision in judgement, ensuring high confidence in the findings and their interpretation. ​ Replicable Other researchers should be able to repeat the study to verify or challenge the findings.  Types of Research ​ Basic or Pure Research ​ Purpose: To generate new knowledge or enhance the existing body of knowledge. ​ Characteristics: This type of research focuses on understanding fundamental principles without immediate practical application. ​ Applied Research ​ Purpose: To utilise theories or findings to develop practical applications or create products. ​ Characteristics: This research aims to solve specific problems or improve processes by applying existing knowledge. Definitions of Research: ​ Systematic Investigation: Follows a structured, step-by-step process to answer questions or solve problems (Beck & Polit, 2004). ​ Tertiary Education Importance: Research solves issues and drives progress in higher education (Palispis, 2004). ​ Continuous Discovery: It reveals unknown facts and new ideas, aiming to discover new truths (Sanchez, 2002). ​ Ordered Investigation: Follows a sequence of steps leading to the discovery of new concepts (Sanchez, 1999). ​ Contribution to Knowledge: Research carefully investigates to add new knowledge (Bassey, cited in Coleman & Briggs, 2002).  ​ Validated Thinking: Uses tested methods and tools to find solutions to problems (Crawford, cited in Alcantara & Espina, 1995). Characteristics of Research: ​ Systematic: Research follows a structured system (macro/micro) in organising its chapters and elements. ​ Objective: It requires an unbiased approach, avoiding personal biases in design, methods, and analysis. ​ Feasible: Research should be realistic, considering time, resources, and the scope of the topic. ​ Empirical: Findings must be based on evidence, with proper citations and validation of sources. ​ Clear: Variables and language used in research must be explained and free from errors. Ideas should be well-structured. ​ Reliable: The research process should be repeatable, yielding the same results upon repetition. ​ Valid: Results should be true, not manipulated, and applicable to real-world situations. ​ Accurate: Research must use validated tools that ensure correctness and eliminate errors. ​ Generalizable: Findings should be applicable to larger populations beyond the study's sample. ​ Controlled: Insignificant variables should be managed to maintain accuracy, especially in experimental research (Kumar, 2011). Research Paradigm: A research paradigm serves as a guiding framework for conducting research. It includes:  ​ Research Foundations: ​ Research problem: Identifying real-life issues. ​ Purpose: Addressing knowledge gaps. ​ Questions: Quantitative (how much, to what extent) or qualitative (what, why, how). ​ Hypotheses: Potential answers to research questions, later confirmed or rejected. ​ Frameworks: ​ Theoretical framework: Underlying theory of the research. ​ Conceptual framework: Specific concepts and variables to explore. ​ Research Methodology: ​ Review of Literature: Analyses existing knowledge and identifies gaps. ​ Research Approach and Design: Defines how to collect and analyze data. ​ Data Collection: Details participants, variables, and methods for gathering data. ​ Data Analysis: Interprets the data to answer research questions. ​ Conclusion: Summarises key findings, addresses hypotheses, and provides new insights into the research problem. Roles of the Researcher (Nieswiadomy, 2005):  ​ Principal Investigator: Leads the study, overseeing all aspects. ​ Member of a Research Team: Collaborates with others in the research process. ​ Identifier of Researchable Problems: Detects relevant issues that can be explored. ​ Evaluator of Research Findings: Analyses and interprets research results. ​ User of Research Findings: Applies research outcomes in practical contexts. ​ Patient/Client Advocate: Ensures participants' rights and welfare during the study. ​ Subject/Respondent/Participant: Acts as a research participant in certain cases. Importance of Research: ​ Scientific Basis for Practices: Provides a foundation for methodologies in any discipline, ensuring informed and safe applications, like drug testing in medicine. ​ Continuous Development: Drives productivity and improvement by advancing knowledge, replacing outdated systems with better ones. ​ Development of Assessment Tools: Creates reliable tools for evaluating effectiveness in areas like psychological and IQ tests. ​ Problem-Solving: Offers solutions for everyday issues in various fields, from employee tardiness to environmental programs. ​ Informed Decision-Making: Ensures decisions are based on solid evidence, improving outcomes in fields like education or management.  ​ Evaluation of Educational Approaches: Helps refine teaching methods and practices, ensuring the most effective educational techniques, such as comparing lectures vs. experiments in science teaching. ​ Personal and Professional Development: Research enhances critical thinking, objectivity, and systematic work, helping individuals reach career goals such as promotions and prestige, particularly in academia where research is essential for advancement. Goals for Conducting Research: ​ Produce Evidence-Based Practice: Ensures that the best, most effective practices in any field (e.g., nursing, education) are based on proven research. Research findings should be shared through publications, seminars, and trainings to improve industry standards. ​ Establish Professional Credibility: The knowledge and theories in a profession gain credibility when validated through research. Continuous research strengthens the body of knowledge, making it more trustworthy. ​ Observe Professional Accountability: Research provides rationales for professional practices, ensuring that actions are justified and efficient, whether in healthcare, education, management, or business. ​ Promote Cost-Effectiveness: Research results save time and resources by offering proven solutions that others can adopt, avoiding the need to replicate the same studies. Sharing findings with relevant communities maximises their value. General Forms of Research: ​ Scientific Research: Focuses on explaining naturally occurring phenomena through hypotheses, testing, and generating theories using rational and statistical evidence. ​ Research in the Humanities: Explores human existence, relying on historical facts and human experiences that can't be measured solely by data or statistics.  ​ Artistic Research: Uses practical methods to challenge established concepts, creating new processes and interpretations, often involving artistic or creative approaches. Research Design: Research design helps structure a study to effectively address a research problem. It guides data collection, measurement, and analysis, ensuring that the research systematically achieves its objectives. A good research design helps with: ​ Identifying and justifying the research problem ​ Reviewing literature and synthesising prior studies ​ Formulating hypotheses ​ Determining the data needed and explaining how to collect it ​ Outlining data analysis methods Examples of Research Designs: ​ Action Research: A cyclical process aimed at solving immediate problems. The researcher identifies a problem, implements an action plan, collects data on its effectiveness, and refines the approach. Common in schools, hospitals, and communities. ​ Causal Design: Investigates cause-and-effect relationships between variables. Hypotheses are used to determine if one variable causes another. ​ Descriptive Design: Answers questions like who, what, when, where, and how. It aims to understand a phenomenon by gathering detailed information about the present situation. ​ Experimental Design: The researcher manipulates one or more variables to determine their effects on a situation, typically controlling for other factors.  ​ Explanatory Design: Focuses on problems where little prior research exists. It gathers information to provide insights that will be useful in future research on the same topic. ​ Cohort Design: Studies a group of people with shared characteristics over time. The researcher tracks how these individuals are influenced by certain factors, allowing insights into cause-and-effect relationships or the progression of changes relevant to the research. ​ Cross-Sectional Design: Examines a diverse group of individuals at a specific point in time. The researcher seeks to identify how a specific variable or event affects this large, varied group. This design is often used to gather data quickly and compare different population segments. ​ Longitudinal Design: Follows the same group of individuals over an extended period, tracking changes to see how long-term factors affect the group. It can help establish the causality and duration of impacts. ​ Sequential Design: Conducts research in stages, often using different groups of people in each phase. It can be combined with cohort or cross-sectional designs to gather data incrementally, refining the focus after each stage if necessary. ​ Mixed-Method Design: Combines both qualitative and quantitative methods, providing a more comprehensive view of the research problem. This design allows for the collection of diverse data to thoroughly explore and validate hypotheses from multiple perspectives. Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs: Research designs fall into two broad categories: ​ Qualitative Research: Focuses on understanding concepts, experiences, and underlying reasons. It involves non-numerical data like interviews, observations, and case studies. This approach is used to explore deeper meanings, behaviours, or phenomena in their natural contexts. ​ Quantitative Research: Involves numerical data to quantify variables and draw statistical conclusions. It aims to measure the extent of a  phenomenon, often testing hypotheses and providing measurable evidence through experiments, surveys, and structured observations. Research Methods: While research design outlines the overall structure, research methods refer to the specific steps the researcher takes to investigate the problem, such as how data is collected (surveys, interviews, experiments) and how it's analysed (statistical analysis, coding of qualitative data). This enables the researcher to systematically explore the research question and offers transparency for readers to assess the study's reliability and validity. Quantitative Research Beck and Polit (2004) define quantitative research as a "traditional positivist scientific method" that refers to a structured, disciplined process for acquiring information. It uses deductive reasoning, which moves from general ideas to specific conclusions, guiding researchers to test predictions in real-world scenarios. This systematic approach ensures logical progression through preplanned steps. Quantitative research gathers empirical evidence, focusing on measurable data. Its statistical nature allows for the analysis of large amounts of data to provide quantifiable insights. The goal is to generalise findings to a broader population beyond the study participants. Key advantages of quantitative research include its ability to offer clear, measurable conclusions and its structured format, which aids in replicating studies. However, quantitative research has limitations when dealing with human complexity. It often oversimplifies the rich, dynamic aspects of human behavior by controlling or excluding variables that are difficult to measure. As a result, it can overlook the intricate and subjective elements of human experience, presenting a narrow or restricted view. Qualitative Research In contrast, qualitative research focuses on the "naturalistic method of inquiry," emphasising human complexity by exploring it in-depth (Beck and Polit, 2008). It recognizes that individuals create their own experiences and seeks to understand those experiences holistically, considering dynamic and personal aspects. This approach prioritises the perspective of the individual and values subjective, narrative-driven insights. Rather than relying on statistical analysis or hypothesis testing, qualitative research uncovers themes and patterns within data collected from methods such as interviews, participant observation, and case studies. The researcher is more flexible, allowing for new ideas and perspectives to emerge naturally from the data, without the constraints of rigid frameworks or pre-existing theories. While qualitative research is less concerned with numerical data, it offers rich insights into human behaviour, motivations, and experiences. It enables a deeper understanding of the subjective aspects of life, making it particularly useful for exploring areas where quantitative data might fall short in capturing the full complexity of human existence. Comparison of Quantitative and Qualitative Research ​ Quantitative: Focuses on measurable, empirical data; uses deductive reasoning; statistical analysis; seeks generalizable conclusions; limits human complexity for control. ​ Qualitative: Focuses on subjective, narrative data; uses inductive reasoning; explores human complexity; no hypothesis testing; flexible, open to new ideas. Both methods provide valuable insights, and in some cases, a combination of the two (mixed-methods approach) can offer a more comprehensive view of a research problem. Common Types of Qualitative Research ​ Phenomenological Study Focuses on understanding individual experiences of a particular phenomenon, capturing personal perceptions and emotions. ​ Example: What are the common experiences of someone with a spouse in rehabilitation? ​ Ethnographic Study Involves immersing in a community to understand cultural practices and interactions. ​ Example: How do indigenous children learn and use different speech varieties in social contexts? ​ Historical Study Analyses past events using documents, artifacts, and oral reports to understand their relevance today. ​ Example: What were the roles of women in the Katipunan? ​ Case Study Provides an in-depth examination of an individual, group, or institution to offer insights into broader issues. ​ Example: How do cancer survivors perceive life? ​ Grounded Theory Study Develops theories by comparing data to identify relationships between categories. ​ Example: How is professional identity formed among school counsellors? ​ Narrative Analysis Analyses personal life stories to extract patterns and themes, focusing on chronology and meaning. ​ Example: What themes emerge in the life stories of trauma survivors?