Research Design-1.pptx

RESEARCH DESIGN  Need for Research?  Normality  Research Process  Contamination  Research Types  PSYCHOLOGY FACTS! 1 in 5 people in France have experienced depression making it the most depressed country in the world. Psychologists examined Internet trolls and found that...

RESEARCH DESIGN  Need for Research?  Normality  Research Process  Contamination  Research Types  PSYCHOLOGY FACTS! 1 in 5 people in France have experienced depression making it the most depressed country in the world. Psychologists examined Internet trolls and found that they are "narcissistic, psychopathic and sadistic". Your Mind Wanders 30% of the day. Cats have almost 2X the number of neurons in their cortex than dogs.  NEED FOR RESEARCH? Are intuition and common sense enough to bring forth answers about human nature? Examples:  Opposites attract.  We use 10% of our brains.  Crimes and abnormal behavior. increase during a full moon.  NEED FOR RESEARCH? Ouija Board:  Subconscious need for an answer.  Ideomotor Effect – Movement without conscious recognition. You = Want the answer to be yes. Partner = Knows you want that answer. Together = Directed movement without conscious awareness.  NEED FOR RESEARCH? “Many times our anecdotal experiences are quite different than reality.” _______________________ Average professional football game (3hr 12min). Actual action (11min).  1. Presented as scientific but PSEUDOSCIEN is not. CE 2. Produces no advances in knowledge. 3. Disregards established facts. 4. No challenge to its own assumptions. 5. Vague or incomplete explanations. 6. Unsound logic.  NORMALITY Types:  Statistical – Most often.  Cultural – Established norms.  Subjective – Perceptions.  Idealistic – Perfect world.  Clinical – Healthy or unhealthy  NORMALITY Crazy or Eccentric? Swine Flu Alert! Hans Rosling – News/Death Ratio Gapminder - Video  RESEARCH PROCESS 1. Describe Elements of the behavior? 2. Explain Why was the behavior produced? 3. Predict When/how it can happen again? 4. Control Can the behavior be changed? 5. Improve Can this knowledge make life better? Natural Science Life Science Social Science Things Plants & Animals People  RESEARCH PROCESS Basic Applied Animal Model Seeking knowledge Seeking knowledge that Rats - Similar immune has practical application. system. for its own sake. Mice - Similar metabolism. Research – Paralyzed Rats Monkeys - Similar cognition. Research – Rats on Drugs Cats - Useful for sleep studies.  RESEARCH PROCESS Theory Experiment Empirical Explains how a Manipulate a Can be physically number of separate situation in order to tested. facts are related. prove/disprove a hypothesis. Testable model  RESEARCH PROCESS Hawthorne Placebo Confederate Effect Participant assumes Experimenter Subjects improve an treatment is present. assumes the role of aspect of their a participant. behavior in Naloxone – response to being Counters Heroin and studied. the Placebo Effect.  RESEARCH PROCESS 1. Hypothesis Even complicated 2. Design Experiment experiments go through this process. 3. Perform Experiment 4. Make Observations 5. Conclusion  RESEARCH PROCESS Null Alternative Standardizati Hypothesis Hypothesis on Statement that there is Specific predictions of what Consistency and no relationship will happen in specific objectivity of how tests between variables. situations. are administered. Easy to test this. Conditions must include: Find one case where this is not so.  Same conditions  Same scoring  Same presenters  RESEARCH PROCESS “TOO MANY COOKIES MAKE PENGUINS GO CRAZY.” Click Click icon icon to to add add picture picture Click Click icon icon to to add add picture picture Operational Variable Control Condition Definition Anything that changes or can be No manipulation applied. How the phenomena is to manipulated. be observed and measured. Independent – Manipulated Dependent – Result Confounding – Unwanted variables.  RESEARCH PROCESS “TOO MANY COOKIES MAKE PENGUINS GO CRAZY.” What is the Independent Variable? What is the Dependent Variable? What would the Control Condition be? What words need to be Operationally Defined? What would be the Null Hypothesis? What is the Alternative Hypothesis? How would you Standardize it?  RESEARCH PROCESS “TOO MANY COOKIES MAKE PENGUINS GO CRAZY.” Click Click icon icon to to add add picture picture Click Click icon icon to to add add picture picture Principal of Statistical Falsifiability Significance Occam’s Razor Hypotheses could be disproved 1. Results are probably 1. Conflicting solutions if contradictory evidence were true. to a problem. introduced. 2. Not due to chance. 2. Shortest and least complex one often correct. (But not always)  PSYCHOLOGY FACTS! Posting a calorie chart in fast food restaurants leads people to choose less healthy foods. Though the genome started out the same identical twins are not perfectly identical. Over 50% of the U.S. population believes in psychic phenomena. Alcohol is involved in 90% of cases of sexual assault on college campuses.  CONTAMINATION Experimenter Selection Bias Placebo Effect Bias Differences between Subject changes behavior Experimenter influences groups at beginning. based on expectations. the subjects behavior. Solution: Solution: Solution: Random Assignment- Blind Study- Subjects are Double-Blind Study- Assign the subjects to not informed of the Experimenter and groups based on chance. purpose of the subjects are blind to the experiment. anticipated results of the study.  CONTAMINATION Volunteer Bias Subjects that care enough to participate are different from the norm. Solution: None  RESEARCH TYPES Central Reliable Valid Tendency Can the results be Does the test measure Single value that attempts replicated? what it should? to describe a set of data.  Mean - Average  Median – Middle value  Mode – Seen most often  PSYCHOLOGY FACTS! Alfred Binet, inventor of the first intelligence test, was trained as a lawyer. Getting paid for doing something you like can make you less creative. Negative reinforcement works much better than punishment as a disciplinary measure. Hermann Rorschach’s nickname as a kid was ‘Klecks’ which means ‘Inkblot’.  RESEARCH TYPES Naturalistic Observation Case Study Survey Observing behavior in a natural Evaluate a single case for a Questionnaires asking environment. long time. subjects directly. Advantage: Advantage: Advantage: High quality High quantity and qualit. High quantity / Cost effective Disadvantage: Disadvantage: Disadvantage: Observer changes behavior No generalization. Lying / Misunderstanding Observers produce different results No confounding variables  RESEARCH TYPES Correlational Negative: Positive: Does a relationship exists, how strong is it and what is its direction? Advantage: Measures the strength of a relationship. Disadvantage: No cause and effect / No third variable.  RESEARCH TYPES Objective Projective Points to Tests Tests Consider: Asking questions directly Unconscious feelings in in which subjects are which subjects are unaware. 1. Easier to get information aware. from tests than interview. Rorschach 2. Tests are more consistent Draw-a-Person than interviews. Best with feelings, Play Therapy 3. Harder to get away with attitudes, and beliefs. lying on a test than an Sentence Completion interview. QUESTIONS?