Reproductive Infectious Diseases 2024 PDF

Reproductive Infectious Diseases C.Ryan, DVM, PhD, DACVIM-LA For the organisms covered: describe the type of organism, transmission route, age/characteristics of animals affected, clinical signs, disease control/prevention measures, diagnostics available and samples of choic...

Reproductive Infectious Diseases C.Ryan, DVM, PhD, DACVIM-LA For the organisms covered: describe the type of organism, transmission route, age/characteristics of animals affected, clinical signs, disease control/prevention measures, diagnostics available and samples of choice  September 3 Veterinary Ireland Journal I Volume 10 Number 7 369 3, 20XX Chlamydia Family: Chlamydiaceae Two genera: Chlamydia and Chlamydophila The species affecting most of our patients are in the chlamydiophila genus (exception: C trachomatis is in the Chlamydia genus) C abortus, C avium, C psittaci, C felis, C suis, C buteonis, C caviae, C gallinacea, C muridarum, C pecorum, C pneumoniae, C poikilotherma, C serpentis, and September 4 https://doi.org/ 3, 20XX Chlamydia: Obligate intracellular organism Don’t have the metabolic capabilities required for independent survival/replication. Considered Gram-negative (but Gram stain poorly) September 3, 20XX 5 Chlamydia: Life Cycle Elementary Body (EB) and Reticulate Body (RB) stages EB (infectious form) enters host cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis Fusion of phagolysosome is prevented Differentiates into RB in endosome RB transforms back into EB after 2-3 days and are released by cell lysis. September Clinical Veterinary Microbiology, editor Markey, 2nd ed., 6 p 409 3, 20XX Chlamydia Asymptomatic carriers are common Unable to live independently Live on mucosal/serosal surfaces of Resp, Repro tracts, joints September 7 DOI: 3, 20XX Chlamydia: Transmission Aerosolization Ingestion Direct contact Secretions (even when dried), feces Can persist in soil & feces for long periods (as EB) Chlamydia: Reproductive Clinical Signs  Females: endometritis, metritis, abortion, stillbirth  Males: orchitis, epididymitis, urethritis  Can lead to infertility or poor reproductive performance. September 9 https://doi.org/10.1177/0300985822112 3, 20XX C. abortus Most common cause of abortion in small ruminants: Ovine Enzootic Abortion Chlamydia affects many species Humans, food-producing animals, companion animals (esp. cats), mammalian wildlife, avian, reptile, amphibian, and aquatic species Chlamydia: Zoonotic potential Humans: Fever Headache Pneumonia C psittaci: splenic enlargement C abortus: Abortion in women! September 3, 20XX 12 DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85877-3_53-1 Take Precautions Most commonly, spread to people via contact with shedding caged pet birds Veterinary professionals: Critically important to use PPE when investigating abortions (esp ruminant) September 1 3, 20XX 3 Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Lab: PCR Bovine Abortion / Reproductive PCR Panel Caprine Abortion Panel https://doi.org/10.1177/0300985822112 September 1 3, 20XX 6 Campylobacter genus Species: C. fetus venerealis (ONLY in repro tract) C. fetus fetus (in GI, sometimes repro tact) C. jejuni (in GI, sometimes repro tact) “Curved bacteria”: C- or S- shaped Gram Negative Microaerophillic (special lab conditions) Polar flagellae: Wet/spreading colonies on culture Foodborne Illness: can affect many species including F. Connerton, et al. Foodborne Diseases (Third Campylobacter fetus venerealis Bulls: Inapparent infections of penis and prepuce Cows: Clinical signs are in naïve cows (immunity protective, local IgA) Can have prolonged shedding Can have co-infection with Trichomonas foetus  Bovine Genital Campylobacteriosis Mucopurulent endometriosis: Infertility Early embryonic death Abortion Diagnostic challenge: low numbers and difficult to culture Culture fetal stomach contents Vaginal mucous agglutination test (test ≥1o% of herd) If diagnosed in herd: Vaccinate Prevention: Artificial Insemination? Ovine Cases (AUS) https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638721103 3293 Taylorella equigenitalis Gram negative, rod or cocci Cause of Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM) Largely eradicated from U.S. through testing/ quarantine. Carried in external genitalia (urethra, urethral fossa, penile sheath of stallions and clitoral fossa of mares). Diagnosis: culture and serology by federally approved laboratories Leptospirosis Abortion in multiple species Leptospira interrogans Kennewecki: skunks Gryppotyphosa: racoons Hardjo: cattle Equine Arteritis Virus Arteriviridae Horses, camelids Clinical signs: Acute upper respiratory infection Fever (greater than 105F) Conjunctivitis Nasal discharge Leukopenia Dependent edema Abortions Urticaria EVA Transmission: Venereal, frozen semen: horizontal/lateral spread Saddlebreds and Standardbreds Carrier stallions Diagnosis: virus isolation or RT-PCR on blood/tissues Treatment: Most animals recover without tx Antibiotics to prevent secondary infections Vaccine: Attenuated and inactivated vaccines Vaccinate colts 6-8 months of age Vaccinate mares prior to breeding  EHV-3 α- herpesvirus Reproductive tract: Superficial external genitalia of stallions and mares Skin- to- skin contact No treatment https://codes.hblb.org.uk/index.php/page/155 and Merck Veterinary Manual