Report-survey-Field-report PDF

WRITING THE REPORT SURVEY/FIELD REPORT/LABORATORY/SCIENTIFIC /TECHNICAL REPORT REPORT REPORT is a specific form of writing that is organized around concisely identifying and examining issues, events, or findings that have happened in a physical sense, such as events that have occurred...

WRITING THE REPORT SURVEY/FIELD REPORT/LABORATORY/SCIENTIFIC /TECHNICAL REPORT REPORT REPORT is a specific form of writing that is organized around concisely identifying and examining issues, events, or findings that have happened in a physical sense, such as events that have occurred within an organization, or findings from a research investigation. Different reports have different formats as the intentions and aims vary. IMPORTANCE OF WRITING A REPORT 3 - Ensures that the writing is clear, concise and direct to the point - Projects the overall quality of a research paper KEY FEATURE One key feature of report is that it is formally structured in sections. Therefore, the use of sections makes it easy for the reader to jump straight to the information they need. Unlike an essay which is written in a single narrative style from start to finish, each section of a report has its own purpose and will need to be written in an appropriate style to suit- for. MOST COMMON TYPES OF REPORTS Presentation title 5 1. TECHNICAL AND BUSINESS REPORTS –These reports deal with science, engineering, information technology, commerce, accounting, and finance. This stimulates the process of report writing in industry in a form of a problem or a case study. Main Purpose: - To provide material that explains a process or make a complex concept easier to understand for a particular audience. - To instruct, persuade but never to entertain - To solve a problem MOST COMMON TYPES OF REPORTS Presentation title 6 Main Purpose: - To provide material that explains a process or make a complex concept easier to understand for a particular audience. - To instruct, persuade but never to entertain CONTENT 7 - Factual and straightforward - Formal, standard or academic language - Uses a specialized vocabulary and follows a set of rules and conventions - Organized in a sequential or systematic pattern - Detail-oriented and requires advance knowledge in the specific field FIELD REPORTS Presentation title 8 These are common reports in disciplines such as Law, Industrial Relations, Psychology, Nursing, History and Education. These types of reports require the student to analyze his or her observations of phenomena or events in the real world in light of theories studied in the course. LABORATORY/ SCIENTIFIC Presentation title 9 REPORTS These are common reports in sciences which is commonly called as lab reports written in formal and organized manner. PURPOSE: 10 -To describe the observation of people, places, and/or events - To analyse that observation data in order to identify and categorize common themes in relation to the research problem underpinning the study PURPOSE: 11 CONTENT: Represents the researcher’s interpretation of meaning found in data that has been gathered during one or more observational events. WHEN WRITING A FIELD REPORT YOU NEED TO: 12 a. Systematically observe and accurately record the varying aspects of a situation. b. Continuously analyse your observations. Always look for the meaning underlying the actions you observe. c. Keep the report’s aims in mind while you are observing. d. Consciously observe, record, and analyse what you hear and see in the context of a theoretical framework. SURVEY REPORTS 13 These are documents with important metrics gathered from feedback. The goal is to present the data in full and objective manner. This presents a summary of all responses that were collected in a simple and visually appealing manner. It is of the most common important components in the survey research cycle TIPS IN CONDUCTING A 14 SUCCESSFUL SURVEY REPORTS ▪ Speak in your respondent’s language ▪ Ask direct questions ▪ Use report scales whenever possible TYPES OF REPORTS 15 Face to Face Structured Interview - a personal approach survey method that the interview is set personally, and the people involved face each other Telephone Survey - the survey is done using telephones Mail Survey - the survey is done through mails SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 16 These are another kind of report. They are common in all the Sciences and Social Sciences. These reports use a standard scientific report format describing methods, results and conclusions to report upon an empirical investigation. PURPOSE: 17 - To clearly communicate key messages about why scientific findings are meaningful. - explain why you are testing a hypothesis - what methodology you used, what you found and why your findings are meaningful. PARTS OF SCIENTIFIC REPORT 18 1. Title Page 2. Table of Contents 3. Summary 4. Introduction 5. Research Problem/Statement of the Problem 6. Discussion 7. Reference PARTS OF SCIENTIFIC REPORT 19 2. Table of Contents Provide a table of contents if your scientific report is more than six pages. This is the page containing information about the topics covered and the exact pages where the headings are found. PARTS OF SCIENTIFIC REPORT 20 3. Summary/Abstract Defined as a stand alone summary, the abstract provides a comprehensive synopsis of the scientific report because it is self-contained. It is often regarded as a written document that is sufficient by itself. This is where you can briefly discuss your reasons for doing scientific research, the process or methods used, as well as the results. PARTS OF SCIENTIFIC REPORT 21 4. Introduction Is the part that will contextualize the research for your readers, and it is the bait that will draw them to read your report. Should include the following; -the purpose of your research - A description of the problem - Similar researches that had been conducted before - The general design of your method - Your research hypothesis PARTS OF SCIENTIFIC REPORT 22 5. Research Problem Is the part that tackles the how of your scientific research. Here, you need to include the techniques that you used in carrying out the process in precise language to that others wishing to replicate your research could do it with the same success. This is the section where you will explain the results of your scientific research, their implications and may acknowledge errors in the findings and what cased them. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A REPORT AND A RESEARCH 23 PAPER - A research report does something The research paper analyzes a topic and and churns out facts forms an opinion and uses quotes and - Maintains an informational tone authoritative opinions to back up his and do not include any opinions. claims. - Should be concise and to the point Takes 6 weeks to several months to - Shorter than research complete Longer than a report Delve into the topic, organize the A research paper must include a thesis materials found and share what one statement and defend an opinion about have learned in his own words. the topic.  24 The questionnaires standardize data collection. Every respondent is asked the same question. Researchers develop questionnaires based on the survey objectives, which are developed from the understanding of the research problem and the selected pool, or sample, of respondents. Survey questionnaires are series of questions designed to elicit information from respondents QUESTIONNAIRE 25 Purpose 1. To gather data from respondents 2. To make sure that the usage of words, the appearance, and flow of questions will be answered by respondents to answer 3. To translate the research problem into questions that will be answered by respondents DESIGNING A QUESTIONNAIRE 26 Suggested steps on how to develop a questionnaire: 1. Determine the research problem or the target information 2. Choose the type of questions and method of administration: (written, email or web form, telephone interview, personal interview) 3. Determine the general question content needed to obtain the desired information 4. Determine the form of responses 5. Choose the exact question wording 6. Make sure that the sequence of the questions is effective 7. Test the questionnaire and revise if needed TYPE OF QUESTIONS AND ITS USAGE 27 1. Open –Ended Best Used for: When respondent’s own words are important When the responses need to be elaborated by respondents Example : What changes do you recommend for the school to do in order to help students perform better? 2. Closed-ended 28 Best Used for: Collecting rank ordered data Uniformity of responses and easily processd When all response choices are known When quantitative statistical tool results are desired Example: In which of the following do you live? o A house o An apartment o A condo unit 3. Multiple-Response 29 If questions necessitate the respondents to provide more than one answer 4. Contingency Questions These are follow-up questions depending on the answer to a previous question 5. Dichotomous Questions These are questions with two possible answer choices, typically Yes or No, or True or False  Presentation title 30 Other forms of closed-ended questions: a. Likert-scale Example:(1) Strongly disagree; (2) Disagree; (3) Neither agree nor disagree; (4) Agree; (5) Strongly agree. how the students feel about the new rules, etc a. Multiple Choice b. Rating Scales Very Satisfied, Satisfied, Neutral, Dissatisfied, and Very Dissatisfied. a. Ranking Questions  Presentation title 31 TIPS BEFORE YOU FINISH YOUR QUESTIONNAIRES 1. All questionnaires need an introduction. Be sure to have one. 2. It is useful to begin every questionnaire with basic instructions for completing it. 3. The format of a questionnaire is as important as the wording and ordering. 4. Physical aspects such as page layout, font type and size, questions, spacing, and the type of paper should be considered. 5. Do not use misleading questions DATA 32 - It refers to the collection of facts, such as values or measurements, observations or even just descriptions of things QUALITATIVE DATA - considered as soft data, mainly words, images, sounds QUANTITATIVE DATA - considered as hard data, more structured and can be analyzed statistically DATA 33 - It refers to the collection of facts, such as values or measurements, observations or even just descriptions of things TYPES OF DATA Primary Data – an original document/image, first-hand account Secondary Data – something written about or using primary sources Tertiary Data – collection of both primary and secondary data GRAPHS 34 - Show a representation of numerical facts in visual forms so that they can be understood quickly, easily, and clearly. TYPES OF GRAPHS Line Graph Bar Graph Pictograph Pie Graph - The widely used graph to present frequency of data