Renal Function and Acid-Base Balance PDF

Filtration of toxins (urea, uric acid, creatinine) Fluid regulation (...

Filtration of toxins (urea, uric acid, creatinine) Fluid regulation (excess water eliminated) Renal Function **Essential for Homeostasis** Electrolyte balance (Na⁺, K⁺, HCO₃⁻) **Respiratory Acidosis**: Caused by Treatment: Increase **ventilation**. **hypoventilation** (increased CO₂). Blood pressure regulation (via RAAS) Respiratory Rate and Compensation **Respiratory Alkalosis**: Caused by Hormone production (EPO, renin, calcitriol) Treatment: **Hypoventilation** to retain CO₂. **hyperventilation** (decreased CO₂). Removal of metabolic waste products (urea, uric **Metabolic Acidosis**: Compensated by acid) **hyperventilation** to expel CO₂. 1. **Filtration of Toxins:** **Metabolic Alkalosis**: Compensated by Occurs in the **glomerulus** (filtration of blood). **hypoventilation** to retain CO₂. Metabolic and Respiratory Adjustment of urine volume (concentrated or 2. **Fluid Regulation:** **Respiratory Acidosis**: Renal compensation by Compensation dilute). increasing **HCO₃⁻** and **H⁺ excretion**. Excretion or reabsorption of electrolytes (Na⁺, 3. **Electrolyte Balance:** **Respiratory Alkalosis**: Renal compensation by K⁺, Ca²⁺). decreasing **HCO₃⁻ reabsorption**. Kidney Functions Via **RAAS** (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system). 4. **Blood Pressure Regulation:** **Metabolic Acidosis**: Decreased HCO₃⁻, Renin release when blood pressure is low. causing **lactic acidosis**, **ketoacidosis**. **Erythropoietin (EPO)**: Stimulates red blood **Metabolic Alkalosis**: Increased HCO₃⁻, causing cell production. **vomiting**, **diuretic therapy**. Acid-Base Imbalance Classification 5. **Hormone Production:** **Renin**: Regulates blood pressure. **Respiratory Acidosis**: Increased CO₂ due to hypoventilation (COPD, asthma). **Calcitriol**: Active form of vitamin D for calcium balance. **Respiratory Alkalosis**: Decreased CO₂ due to hyperventilation. **Pre-renal**: Reduced blood supply (hypovolemia, shock). [H⁺], Base excess, PCO₂, PO₂, [HCO₃⁻], O₂ saturation. **Arterial blood samples**: Checking the Acid-Base Balance **Renal**: Kidney damage (toxins, infection, Renal Insufficiency **Types:** nephritis). **Neuromuscular irritability**: Risk of **Post-renal**: Obstruction of urinary tract arrhythmias, heart failure, loss of consciousness. (stones, tumors). **Acidosis (Increased H⁺)**: **Coma** and potentially **death**. Symptoms of Acidosis and Alkalosis **Hypovolemia**, **shock**, **hypotension**. **Muscle spasms** and **pain** due to low **Alkalosis (Decreased H⁺)**: **Pre-renal**: potassium. **Reduced perfusion** to kidneys. **Toxins** (drugs, heavy metals). 1. **Carbon dioxide**: Exhaled by the lungs. Causes of Renal Insufficiency **Renal**: **Infections** (nephritis). 2. **Lactic acid**: From anaerobic glycolysis, converted in the liver. Renal Function and **Ischemia** (lack of blood flow). 3. **Ketone bodies**: From fatty acid oxidation, metabolized in tissues. Elimination of Acids Acid-Base Balance **Post-renal**: **Obstructions** (kidney stones, tumors). 4. **Sulfuric acid**: From amino acid metabolism, Mind Map excreted by kidneys. Rapid onset (hours to days). 5. **Phosphoric acid**: From phosphate- **Acute Kidney Disease**: **Reversible** if treated. containing compounds, excreted by kidneys. Causes: **Bacterial infections**, **toxin ingestion**. Expels **CO₂** through the lungs, influencing Acute vs Chronic Renal Disease 1. **Respiratory Function**: Gradual development (months to years). blood pH. **Excretes H⁺** (acid). **Irreversible** but manageable with diet and Mechanisms of Acid-Base Balance **Chronic Kidney Disease**: 2. **Renal Function**: medication. **Reabsorbs HCO₃⁻** (base) to balance pH. Maintenance Often in older animals (e.g., polycystic kidney **Bicarbonate buffer**: H₂CO₃ ↔ H⁺ + HCO₃⁻. disease). **Phosphate buffer**: H₂PO₄⁻ ↔ H⁺ + HPO₄²⁻. 3. **Buffer Systems**: Accumulation of waste products (urea, **Protein buffers**: Help stabilize pH through creatinine). amino acid residues. **Impaired Filtration:** Loss of **protein reabsorption** (glucose, proteins). leads to symptoms like neuromuscular irritability 1. **Acidosis**: Excess acid or base deficiency. pH Loss of **albumin** in urine leads to edema, and coma. < 7.35. Consequences of Kidney Failure **Proteinuria**: muscle weakness, and immune dysfunction. Acid-Base Imbalance 2. **Alkalosis**: Excess base or acid deficiency. can cause muscle spasms **Hypertension** (Na⁺ retention). pH > 7.45. **Electrolyte Imbalance:** **Acidosis** (H⁺ retention, low HCO₃⁻). **Critical for pH Homeostasis**: Maintenance of **Hyperkalemia** (high K⁺ levels). blood pH between **7.35 and 7.45**. **Respiratory function**: Controls CO₂ levels Acid-Base Balance (carbonic acid). **Increased Na⁺**: Leads to **hypertension**. **Key Regulators**: **Renal function**: Excretes H⁺, reabsorbs HCO₃⁻. **Increased H⁺**: Causes **acidosis**. Alteration of Serum Biochemical **Decreased HCO₃⁻**: Contributes to **acidosis**. Parameters Limit **amino acids** (lysine, arginine, **Increased Urea and Creatinine**: Waste buildup methionine). due to reduced filtration. Encourage **high-carb foods** to avoid ketone production. **Hypertension**: Due to sodium retention. **Potassium-rich foods**: Monitor intake. **Dietary Management**: Advised Treatment **Severe Anemia**: Decreased erythropoietin production. **Control diabetes** to reduce acidosis risks. **Edema**: Fluid retention due to impaired **Salt restriction**: To manage fluid retention.  filtration. Symptoms of Kidney Failure **Muscle Weakness**: Due to protein breakdown and electrolyte imbalance. **Glycosuria/Proteinuria**: Sugar and proteins in the urine. **Nausea and Vomiting**: Due to waste accumulation.