Religion Exam Review PDF

​ Omnipotent: All-powerful. ​ Omniscient: All-knowing. ​ Omnibenevolent: All-good. ​ Eternal: having no beginning and no end/outside of time altogether/ for god, every moment in time is present, so your birth and death are happening simultaneously. ​ Transcendent: beyond all human understand...

​ Omnipotent: All-powerful. ​ Omniscient: All-knowing. ​ Omnibenevolent: All-good. ​ Eternal: having no beginning and no end/outside of time altogether/ for god, every moment in time is present, so your birth and death are happening simultaneously. ​ Transcendent: beyond all human understanding/radically different from all else/ we can only understand god in human terms like how dogs can only understand us in K-9 terms. ​ Theism: the belief in God or Gods and that humans should strive to have some connection with the divine. ​ Monotheism: belief in only one god. ​ Polytheism: belief in many gods. ​ Deism: The belief in God or gods but god has nothing more to do with the universe. They expect that there is a god, but he only created the world and nothing more. ​ Atheism: The belief that there is no God or gods. This is a firm denial. ​ Agnosticism is the belief that there is no way to know whether there is a god and thus you should not take a side. From their point of view, both atheism and theism are dumb and irresponsible. ​ Antitheism: is the belief that there is a god but you should oppose God. ​ Salvation: To be saved. Often used as the term for the ultimate goal in religion. For example heaven for Christians, Nirvana for Buddhists, etc… ​ Redemption: the belief that someone or something must assist humans in getting salvation. (i.e. Jesus redeemed humanity) ​ Atonement: The act of making up for one's sins. (i.e. Yom Kippur for Judaism, and confession for Christians.) ​ Re-incarnation: the belief that when one dies they come back as something or someone else. (more common in Eastern religions) This is not a good thing. It's as if you fail and  you must repeat your life. However, they believe that you have to go through a few lives before you reach salvation. ​ Heaven/Hell: Found in many religions but doesn't always refer to the same thing. ​ Purgatory: a uniquely Catholic belief. A temporary state of purification before heaven. ​ Limbo: There is a special place where babies go if they die in infancy because, in the Middle Ages, Christians believed that you could only go to heaven if you were baptized because a lot of babies would die before getting baptized. THIS IS NOT AN OFFICIAL PART OF THE CHURCH. ​ Secular/Secularism: No religion/Non-religious While Pope John the 23rd was in charge in the 60s he made the second Vatican council to respond to some of the changes happening in the 60s. Some of those include: Mas was now read in the league where you live, women had a bigger role in mass, they modernized music, and the church started to have a political influence. Before the 1960s around the world, most religions just kept to themselves and there was a lot of religious discrimination. The church saw this and wanted to address this in their own way. Materialism (1) means that the whole point of life is to be rich. Materialism (2) is the view that everything could be broken down into a scientific explanation they only believe in science. Consumerism is the idea of constantly buying stuff and keeping up to date on the latest trend. We are always unhappy with what we have. We always want more. Individualism means that it is more important to be independent. Humanism believes that because there is no god or religion we should look at everything through a human lens.  Hinduism ​ The Upanishads: Philosophical scripture ​ A Hindu wants to reunite with Brahman ​ Brahman is your true self ​ Hindus believe that our lives are just different roles we play ​ We are like raindrops falling into the sea. ​ We are all Brahman, although we don't know it yet. ​ Hinduism believes that there is just one thing: either everything is Brahman or nothing is ​ Hinduism is polytheistic monism ​ thought you can't see Brahman, it is in everything ​ The universe is one Brahman ​ Hindus believe we are all brahman even the animals and nature ​ Through the worship of different gods, we can see different versions of Brahman ​ The ultimate goal is to reunite and become one with Brahman ​ Your life is a lie. Everyone is brahman ​ This takes many lifetimes ​ In Hinduism, when you do something wrong, you are harming yourself because everyone is Brahman. ​ Brahman is the entire universe, but three layers distract us from Brahman: Illusion, ignorance and Sin. These are called Maya. ​ Atman is your soul, and it stays the same. ​ Bhagavad-Gita: a younger god talking to an older god explaining how Hinduism works. ​ The Brahmanas: Commentaries on the Vedas and the Upanishads ​ The Puranas: Various stories of the gods ​ The Epics ( type of scriptures): Long and detailed narratives focus on heroes, good vs evil, and supernatural beings ​ Long stories to teach important lessons ​ Usually have many key characters ​ Spans over many centuries ​ Mahabharata is a famous Hinduist epic, a vast book like Cousins vs Cousins. ​ The Ramayana: another famous epic with Vishnu and his wife The ultimate goal: Focused on leaving the illusions of “life-denying” Hinduism ​ Moksha: liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth ​ Moksha leads to union with Brahman Lesser goals: Focussed on maintaining the illusion of “life-affirming” (95% of Hindus focus on this) ​ Dharma: moral obligations and duties and last your whole life ​ Eternal Dharma: applies to all ​ Specific Dharma: Based on age, sex, cast and job ​ If you want good Karma, do your Dharma ​ Artha: Pursuing wealth, not personal greed, supports family and society. ​ Kama: Pursuit of pleasure, especially sexual but only in marriage. Kamasutra ​ Both Artha and Kama are only pursued at a particular stage of your life Three other key beliefs ​ Karma: is the moral law of the universe ​ For every moral action, there is an equal and opposite reaction; every moral action creates either good or bad Karma. ​ This Karmic energy will return to you in this life or the next. ​ Karma can’t be erased/ it can't be forgiven ​ It has a direct impact on how you are reborn ​ A good Hindu doesn't judge, but some do discriminate, and it can lead to discrimination. ​ Samsara is the cycle of death and rebirth that applies to all living things, even the gods and the universe. ​ Western society sees time as a liner, while Hindus see time as a circle. ​ Motsha is when you are set free from this. ​ Reincarnation is a bad thing. It's like trying again and again. ​ Caste system: https://classroom.google.com/c/NzA1MTA3NDk2MTkz/m/NzEzODU5MjczNDQ5/details ​ Snakes and Ladders were made in India to teach children how to be good moral people and the difference between good and evil. Four stages of life ​ Traditional approach ​ Only the three upper castes ​ Only for men ​ Most Hindus only do the first three stages Student ​ Religious training ​ Focus on the Vedas ​ Mastering religious rituals and duties ​ Marked by the red thread ceremony (coming of age ceremony) Householder (Girhasta) ​ Marriage and family life ​ Men have children ​ Gets a job ​ Establishes household with his worship ​ Father runs the domestic religious rituals ​ In this stage, one pursues Artha and Kama ​ If you are the firstborn son, your parents must live with you after you retire. Retirement ​ It begins around the time their first grandchild is born ​ Move away from Kama and Artha ​ Focus on earning karma points ​ Greater focus on religion ​ Spend a lot of their day working Samskara ​ Marks a milestone in your life ​ Like sacraments Rejecting Life ( Sannyasin/Sadhu) ​ A radical lifestyle choice ​ Attempt to achieve moksha ​ This is a huge step ​ They cant work ​ they can't have money ​ They can't have a family ​ Burn the Vedas ​ Spiritual homelessness ​ Live on streets ​ Get free from cast ​ You might not achieve moksha ​ When people die, they are just set free in the river ​ DON’T SWIM IN INDIAN RIVERS DEAD BODIES FLOAT AROUND Milestones Naming a child ​ Naming a child after a priest ​ Decide name before born A Child First Outing ​ Parents parade their children around the neighborhood. First Solid Food ​ 7 to 8 months after birth ​ Parents say a prayer ​ Baby is fed rice and honey First Haircut ​ At six months, the barber shaves the boy's head. Thread Ceremony ​ Initiation into the religion usually happens at eight months old. Yoga ​ It comes from the yoke, which is the bar cows carry when carrying something. ​ There are four personality types of yoga: Jnana (the path of knowledge), Karma (The Path of Action), Bhakti (The path of devotion) and Raja (the path of mystics) ​ Jnana Yoga is the one with stretching, and the exercises are made to warm up your brain. ​ Karma Yoga is made to futile your Dharma.  ​ Bhakti yoga is the most popular yoga in Hinduism, and it was created to help you worship a god. ​ Raja Yoga is the least popular type and is more culty. You go to a guru, and they assign you a set of exercises based on your characteristics. Boundless Reality Angelic Highest Multiple All Non-physical Buddhism ​ The four noble truths are the dogma of Buddhism ​ Suffering is big in Buddhism ​ The Eightfold Path is what leads you to salvation and the end of suffering ​ Mindfulness is a state of being aware and anticipating what you and others might want so that you are ready to give and are ready to respond to anything ​ You need to avoid going over the top and being a spoiled rotten rich person, but also avoid hurting yourself and making asceticism. Find the middle way balance is key ​ Buddha states people are made up of five parts that changed (skandhas) ​ Sensation, emotion, ideas, consciousness, & physical matter ​ We are not people. We are like the weather, constantly changing. ​ The ultimate goal is to have no suffering and desire THREE CHARACTERISTICS OF EXISTENCE ​ Buddha had three revelations about life ​ Suffering ​ Life is filled with dukkha, Pain, anguish, & imbalance. ​ Even seemingly good things cause suffering as we know they don’t last, and thus, they can’t truly satisfy us. ​ Impermanence ​ Everything is always changing, Known as anicca ​ No-Self ​ We are constantly changing, so there is, in fact, no-self ​ Known as anatta (rejects the Hindu ​ the idea of atman) THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS (Creed) ​ Buddha taught his followers the Four Noble Truths in his Sermon at Deer Park, these are the foundational beliefs of Buddhism ​ First Noble Truth: All life is Suffering ​ we all experience sickness, death, old age, Sannyasin (the four sights), pain, boredom, anxiety, confusion, and worry too  ​ -even good things make us suffer as they are impermanent ​ Second Noble Truth: “The cause of suffering is ​ desire/greed” ​ We suffer because we desire things to be a certain way or we experience what we don’t want. Inanimate objects don’t suffer b/c they have no desires. ​ Attachment to people and things is also a form of desire ​ Third Noble Truth: “To end suffering, we must eliminate ​ desire/greed” ​ Ppl must cease to desire...this is no easy task but is the work of a lifetime. ​ Nirvana is attainable if you no longer desire or have attachments. ​ Fourth Noble Truth: It is called the Eightfold Path ​ It is a guideline to extinguish desires. ​ Buddha stated “if a person follows this [path, their] suffering will diminish” THE EIGHTFOLD PATH (code) 1.​ Have the Right Understanding ​ Learn Buddha’s teachings & understand the Four Noble Truths 2.​ Have the Right Thoughts ​ The free mind of desires, greed, & hatred ​ Be kind & generous in thought 3.​ Have the Right Speech ​ Use kind words, respect others ​ Don’t lie or judge others 4.​ Have the Right Action ​ Behavior is the true demonstration of goodness ​ 5 Things Lay People Should Do ​ Do not kill living things. ​ Do not steal ​ Avoid sexual misconduct ​ Avoid false speech ​ Abstain from alcohol & drugs. 5.​ Engage in the Right Livelihood ​ Avoid jobs that cause harm (Ideas?) 6. Have the Right Effort Focus on good thoughts Be mentally alert Do your best 7. Have the Right Mindfulness Must focus on proper thoughts In meditation and when not 8. Have the Right Concentration Practice meditation frequently so that tranquility and eventually nirvana can be achieved Buddha believed this path would allow ALL to deal with their dharma Path helps people meet the 3 Goals in Life; wisdom (steps 1 & 2), morality (steps 3, 4, & 5), and meditation (steps 6. 7. & 8) Judaism ​ Covenant: Sacred promise/Contract like marriage ​ Judaism is a covenant based religion ​ In the old testament there are a lot of covenants between god and humanity ​ God's loyalty to the covenant is greater than the human loyalty ​ Monotheism is at the core of the Jewish faith ​ Jews were always a small part of the world however they were the first to create one god which now dominates the world ​ Only religion that has an emphasis on a geographical place ​ Only religion that is vague on the afterlife ​ God works through regular people ​ Hebrew origin names have an el at the end/beginning to honor god: Michel, Michael, Elizabeth ​ You could either be religiously Jewish or culturally Jewish ​ You can become a part of the Jewish tradition without being culturally Jewish ​ The terms Israelite, Hebrew, and Jew are all related and all mean the same thing. ​ Abram and Sari were polytheistic and nomadic and were not poor ​ Abram was the patriarch of his trade ​ Abram hears the voice of god telling him to move and he is very confused but god tells him to put his trust in him and he will give him the things he wants Children and land if he trusts this god and does a few things for him so he does. ​ Canaan = Israel. (those canaan days) ​ A lot of bad things happen on the way to Canaan but they eventually get there and they continue to believe in god thus they changed their names bc they joined a covenant ​ so Abram and Sari to Abraham and Sarah ​ as long as you are breathing god is in you so in hebrew the word for breath has and in it so they added h’s to show this ​ Bro has a son with a slave and he starts treating her nicely bc she is pregnant ​ Sarah is very mad abt this and sends Hagar to the desert to die and kill her baby ​ God saves Hager and the baby ​ Abraham and Sarah are shitting in there pans bc they think that god is angry but he is like “it ok im god” ​ Ismael leads to the arabs and muslims ​ Jewish people follow Isaac because he is the legitimate son ​ Arbs follow Ishmael bc he was the first born ​ To show you are a member of the covenant you must be circumcised ​ Issac had a wife called Rebecca and he is the guy who inherits the covenant of God ​ Issac is pretty boring ​ Jacob and Esau are twins and they would always fight each other ​ Esau came out first and Jacob resented him for it and they split the family into 2 ​ Esau was Isaac's favorite and Jacob was Rebecca favorite ​ Esau was more man whereas Jacob was more preppy farmer core ​ When Issac was dying and he wanted to pass on the blessing to Esau but Rebecca decided to swap out the 2 boys and bc Isaac was blind and he gave the blessing to Jacob instead ​ Jacob had dreams of wrestling with his faith and god ​ Jacob fell in love with a girl named Rachel and he asked her father to marry her but her dad said only if u are my slave for 7 years but after 7 years her dad said u can marry my oldest daughter leah then after another 7 years he also marries Rachel ​ Leah gives birth to 2 kids and jacob starts to pay attention to her and then they keep giving Jacob women to sleep with and then he has 12 babies ​ Rachel gives birth to Joseph son number 11 ​ Joseph is Jacob's favorite son ​ Joseph is an obnoxious kid and he tells him of his dreams ​ So they sell him to slave to potiphar ​ in there sorrow rachel and Jacob get together and and have their 12th son Ben-oni wich then he changes to Benjamin ​ the brothers are like dont kill benjamin bc like jacob would not survive without benjamin ​ Egypt starts to feel threatened by all the jewish people in Egypt and they turn all of them to slaves ​ Moses was never gonna be the next pharaoh and he knew he was jewish but he didn’t really care ​ One day Moses sees a gard killing a slave and steps in and kills the guard and has to run away ​ moses doesn't believe in God until he hears his voice next to a bush ​ god tells him to go and save his people and moses resets at first but eventually agree ​ Moses tells Pharaoh that if he doesn't obey him bad things will happen ​ Pharaoh is very stubborn and doesn't give up until his son dies and gives in ​ During the last plague god said that he will kill all the first borns and tells the hebrews to draw a X on their doors with lambs blood and death passes over them thus passover ​ Moses goes to god and God tells him to build a new nation with laws and then gives him the ten commandments ​ But moses smashes them by trying to destroy a golden cow that half the people worshiped and they got punished ​ Saul was depressed and a bit paranoid like he kills a lot of people lol ​ David played music to calm saul ​ Philistines has a soldier named Goloith and he challenges Saul but he says no. ​ David goes and kills Goloith and Saul gets mad and David runs away ​ Start of David came from Davids monorcy ​ David could dance, sing, and he had culture ​ David really wanted his best friends wife so he kills his friend and he takes his wife ​ Simon throughs a play for david and it reacts what happened with David and his Best friend and David realizes that he made a mistake and bro prays ​ Solomon was really smart and wise ​ Solomon has to take people to build the temple ​ People HATE Solomon by the time of his death ​ Also bro had an affair with queen of ethiopian and there are a bunch of black jews in ethiopia ​ Abraham's covenant then Moses covenant and then David's covenant ​ Israel is invaded by the assyrians in 722 b.c and by the babylonians in 586 ​ To keep their culture alive jewish people create schools called synagogues and teaches called rabies to teach young children hebrew and their traditions ​ persians did not like babylon but they got along with the hebrews ​ Cyrus pays to relocate all the jews to Israel ​ Both the rabbi form and the temple form of worship are put in place ​ Jews and greeks don't get along bc the greeks were polytheistic and they had a lot of statues of god/gods two things that are nonos in Jewish religions ​ greeks make philosophy and jewish people are like ok  ​ Judaism and christianity split during roman rule Holidays Holiday When it’s celebrated Why it’s celebrated How it’s celebrated Passover between March 26 and Passover, in Judaism, is a Passover is often celebrated April 25 holiday commemorating the with great pomp and ceremony, Hebrews' liberation from especially on the first night, slavery in Egypt and the when a special family meal “passing over” of the forces called the seder is held. At the of destruction, or the seder, foods of symbolic sparing of the firstborn of significance commemorating the Israelites, when the Lord the Hebrews' liberation are “smote the land of Egypt” on eaten, and prayers and the eve of the Exodus. traditional recitations are performed. Chanuka Evening of Wed, Dec 25, In Hebrew, Hanukkah It is celebrated with a nightly 2024 – Thu, Jan 2, 2025 means “dedication,” and the menorah lighting as well as holiday marks the playing dreidel, singing songs rededication of the Temple and preparing delicious food. It in Jerusalem in the 2nd is a fun time for children, as century BC, after a small they will receive gifts and group of Jewish fighters Hanukkah money called gelt. liberated it from occupying Some families give each other a foreign forces. small present on each of the eight nights of Hanukkah. Yom Evening of Fri, Oct 11, The purpose of Yom Kippur Jews fast on Yom Kippur, Kippur 2024 – Sat, Oct 12, is to effect individual and refraining from both food and 2024 collective purification by the drink for the entire 25 hours of practice of forgiveness of the holiday. It is also traditional the sins of others and by to refrain from other earthly sincere repentance for one's pleasures, such as bathing and own sins against God wearing leather shoes, something seen as a luxury in ancient times. Rosh Evening of Mon, Sep 22, Rosh Hashanah is a often celebrated with prayer, hashanah 2025 – Wed, Sep 24, celebration of the creation symbolic foods, and the 2025 of the world and marks blowing of a traditional horn making a fresh start. It is a called a shofar holy day on which Jewish people are not expected to work. Instead it is a time for them to reflect on the past year and to ask for forgiveness for anything wrong they feel they have done. Purim Evening of Thu, Mar 13, To commemorate the The Purim holiday is celebrated 2025 – Fri, Mar 14, 2025 deliverance of the Jewish with parades and costume people from a plot to parties exterminate them in the ancient Persian empire 2,500 years ago, as recorded in the Biblical Book of Esther. ​ Jews started getting harassed in Rome and it lasted till 1945 ​ Some christians were anti-semetic to fit in with the romans Islam -​ There is one god -​ Muhhamad is the last prophet for god and he is his messengers -​ Muhhamad was born in 570 ad -​ Muhhamad was from mecca -​ Muhhamad was 6 when his parents died and was taken under his uncles wing -​ He developed a deep concern for people who were left -​ Muhhamad was a child of everybody -​ Muhhamad was a storyteller -​ A lot of old arabic culture was oral -​ poetry was the thing that bound the bedelen together -​ There was a lot of warfare in the olden days and Muhhamada was taught how to fight with a bow and arrow -​ Each clan had separate gods and totems to water and life -​ historic Arabs were polytheistic -​ Mecca was seen as a city of peace as that's the only place in the kaaba where people would go to pray and stop fighting -​ There were a lot of different cultures in Mecca like jews, christians, and many arab tribes. -​ Muhhamad was a merchant. -​ Muhhamads wife were a mentor to him as well as a wife -​ muhhamad was very intelligent and very open minded -​ Muhhamad was well known as “the trusted one” -​ Muhhamad would meditate. -​ He had a vision during one meditation. An angel appeared before him as a man and told him to recite the word of god. Muhhamad was like horrified -​ That was the beginning of his career and he would get more and more visions. -​ Muhhamada was to bear the message that “their is only one god” this is interesting bc moses and abraham were also told to spread this message -​ One go ment one people and to the poor and unprotected people this was revolutionary -​ Muhhamad was a social justice warrior -​ Islam was a beautiful way of life because everyone was equal. -​ A lot of people called muhhumad a poet but he was not a poet because he didn't speak from desire but he spoke the work of god -​ his followers called themselves muslims and they wrote the Quran which is a revelation of spiritual teaching written in Arabic -​ The Quran is very poetic it can talk about the most deep things and yet still made it readable -​ The Quran does not mention what god looks like and they constantly shift god's pronouns. -​ Pictures were not favoured in Islam the only accurate representation of god was the Quran -​ There are images of Muhhamad but as a historic figure not as a religious saint -​ people would question muhhamad and say if you are a prophet where's your miracle? but muhhumad would say that the qur'an was the miracle -​ Muhhamad would say that the non-believers would die like judgment day -​ Economie in Mecca went bad as people started fearing for their lives -​ the leaders of mecca wanted to remove Muhhamad and his teachings -​ They tried assassinating Muhhamad and they removed muslims from the town marketplace and killed them -​ In 619 muhammads wife and uncle died. -​ Muhhamad didn't challenge other faiths -​ Islam believes that god had revealed his word to many people multiple times -​ The first mosque was muhhumads house -​ while in madina Muhhumad received a revelation to pray in the direction of mecca as there was the kaba the first place of worship from abraham the first person to believe in God -​ The meccans tried to wipe out Muslems in Media -​ Muhhamadas troops fought with the belief that god was on their side -​ they fought brother fighting brother -​ for three years the muslim army survived beyond all odds -​ other people saw this as god being true and they joined in -​ In 680 ad the muslims seized Mecca -​ when muhhumad came to mecca he didn't kill any of the meccans but in fact he embraced them -​ Muhhumad did however destroy all the idols of the ancestral gods and he broke apart the tribal system and united everyone -​ All the tribes were united under Islam -​ The muslims took over lebanon and syria and egypt and Northern Africa -​ The muslims absorbed the sassanian empire of iran and half of the byzantine empire -​ There empire was from Morocco to the Indus river -​ The conquered people did not feel the presence of the regime -​ The lessons of the Quran were playing out on a global scale -​ The muslims held there friday prayer in st.John the baptist church in Syria while still allowing the christians to go to mass on sundays -​ they then bought the building and built a mosque -​ The Arabs were very transformative for the lands they conquered -​ Agriculture flourished in the conquered lands -​ Islam's first great work of art was the dome of rock built in Jerusalem -​ The dome of the rock is said to be where abraham almost sacrifice Issac -​ It was built to rival the nearby church Holy seiler across from where it was said that jesus died -​ In just 100 years muhhamadas vision had changed The spiritual and political map of the world and his followers had established an empire bigger than rome -​ Only 2 years after the taking if mecca muhhamad died -​ Muhhumadas death set up a crises in medina -​ If you worship muhummad know that he is dead but if you worship God know that he lives forever -​ It was Muhummads message that led the conquest not Muhummad himself -​ 622 CE was year 1 in the islamic calendar -​ 200 years after the death of Muhammad his message and the new arab empire were transforming 3 continents -​ They were driven by religion and they were the largest empire/civilization ever -​ the arabian world for conquest “Fatu” means openings -​ From every corner of the islamic world every person made a trip to mecca at least once a year called the hajj -​ This gave way to traders and new goods coming to mecca -​ Mecca was a natural land bridge connecting china to spain -​ Baghdad was the capital of the islamic empire -​ Scholars made baghdad the jewel of the world -​ The palaces of ancient baghdad rivaled ancient athens and rome -​ The best people came to Baghdad so most of the new inventions and best products came from baghdad -​ this new civilization had a need for science -​ baghdad's house of wisdom was made for the smartest minds from all over and it was like harvard -​ Competition for jobs developed for the elite -​ scholars were dispatched across the empire to as find many ancient texts as possible and translate them -​ unlike christian counterparts muslim people embraced philosophy -​ Muslems did not find philosophy blasfemas like the christians -​ the scholars of the house of wisdom discovered the arabic numeral system, they translated ancient greek texts, the arabian renaissance started in baghdad -​ After immersing the knowledge the muslims started to challenge it -​ They would ask questions and they made algebra, trigonometry, astrology and medicine -​ At a time when europeans were praying to the bones of their dead saints to save them, Muslims created the hospital as they believed that patients should be quarantined before they are treated -​ They also gave the world a lot of anatomy that was used for 600 years -​ They gave the world blueprints of the first camera -​ They perform cataract surgery -​ The muslims created paper -​ paper making was a very widespread industry -​ All of the knowledge getting acquired was made into books and being sold -​ paper enabled for islamic civilization to spread wide and far unlike the christian empire which used parchment -​ There was one place that the christian world could experience the islamic freedoms and that was in spain -​ the spanish city of corduba was the most sophisticated city during the dark ages -​ it had street lights, running water, big houses and a mosque which is now a cathedral -​ many people came to view the wonders nd it haad very gothic architecture -​ Most of europe at the time was poor yet corduba was seen as the “ornamint of the world” and a lot of people were impressed -​ The alhambra is the most famous example of islamic architecture to most westerns and is the best example of what a medieval islamic palace would look like -​ It is like a symphony of many elements brought together -​ How far muhhumads followers had come from the life of desert nomads -​ Chistians europe were struggling in the dark ages and islam was in the renaissance -​ However, in 1009 The egyptian ruler destroyed a church in jerusalem which she shivers of terror and anxiety over christians -​ The fact that the successor rebuilt the church that didn't change anything -​ In europe anti-muslem sentiments simmered and in 1095 the pope demanded to remove all muslims from europe -​ The pope made a call to crusade and to rescue the holy places in the south the holy land -​ when the crusaders stuck in jerusalem the muslim world was in a fragmatic state -​ The crusaders were a very unexpected enemy from the north -​ The muslims didn't know who they were and that there aim was to take jerusalem -​ July 15 1099 the crusaders entered jerusalem and massachered it -​ “if you want to know what was done to our enemies in the city our brethren rode in blood up to her knees” -​ Even Christians were not spared in this massacre -​ the sosins dragged out bodies and made massive piles of them -​ “we have mingled blood with flowing tears and we have no time for pity” -​ The job of occupying jerusalem fell to the 20000 crusaders and they did this by building castles -​ Inside the castles there was constant fear of attack it was a terrifying place -​ the crusaders made treaties and broke them and learned by a luxurious lifestyle not seen in europe and bright backa lot of stuff to europe like souvenirs -​ The crusaders were not that big of a deal to islam it was still flourishing -​ mosques are on every horizon and hosed schools and hospitals -​ Music and art was spreading islamic culture around the world -​ Faith had launched an empire and culture was enlightening it but trade was what united it -​ Trade like science was an innovation -​ and they created writing checks that could be written in spain and cashed out in india -​ it made it easier to be a merchant -​ muslim blacksmiths learned how to fold steel to give it more strengths -​ but the most great industry was textiles like silk and cotton -​ it was the mainstay of the economy -​ The fabrics produced in the islamic world were some of the finest produced -​ and they were very coveted by everyone even the christians -​ It's not unusual to find paintings of mary wearing a cloth that says in arabic “there is no god but god and muhhumad is the prophet” -​ Saladin was successful were many others were not he was strong and inspirational -​ in 1187 saladin got an army and kicked the crusaders out of jerusalem -​ saladin's men set fire to the christian camp and the people of the trinity were killed by the fire of flames the fire of thirst and the fire of arrows -​ For the first time in over a century the call to prayer was called over jerusalem -​ no harm was set upon the christians which is different from the crusaders  -​ Sladin became the most famous muslim of all time -​ The Crusaders would eventual return to europe changed by their impact of islamic culture -​ The crusaders came back with the taste for spicy food and the found out the delights of using soap -​ after the crusades many europeans were interested in exploring the east and what it had to offer -​ ideas from the great muslim cities would bleed into european culture and lead to the bloom of the european renaissance -​ Islam had unified parts of our glob that had not been done before -​ but this golden age was not to last and the great cities would come to be destroyed by the mongols -​ In the 13th century the mongols would take over persia -​ Terror was the mongols tactic -​ They would kill off entire towns as examples of their wrath and they would build towers of skulls -​ on feb 10 1258 the mongols took baghdad and lit it on fire and killed 10,000 people -​ the collective knowledge of centuries were all set ablaze and islamic civilization was poised for destruction -​ The mongols opened the world tremendously -​ The mongols actually converted to islam which s wild -​ Within a decade the mongols had god from building towers of human heads to building mosques to show the glory of god -​ the mongols through open a door for the great ottoman empire -​ Islam was now set on a a new course of expansion to the east and west to the beat of turkish drums Should we wear hijabs or burqas? -​ The quran call men and women to be dressed modestly -​ Some require women to be fully covered others have less specific requirements -​ Many women choose to wear head scarfs or other traditional garments, many women dress however they wish -​ The choice is left to the women For -​ Many muslim women believe that wearing the headscarf is honoring their faith and choice -​ It is seen as a symbol of commitment to the teachings of Islam -​ Many women who chose to wear the hijab is a form of self expression -​ The ability to wear the hijab is a way to challenge western notions of beauty and gender -​ Allowing covering is an essential part of respecting diversity and promoting religious freedom -​ Secularism should protect people's rights to religious freedom rather than restrict it -​ Reject the argument that these garments pose security risks -​ Resit idea of stereotyping muslim women based on their attire -​ People should be free to maintain their cultural religious identities in a multicultural society -​ Important part of identity -​ Banning such garments may alienate people from the larger society -​ Attempts to ban it is Rooted in islamofobia -​ Women are unfairly stereotyped Against -​ People think that women are forced to wear headscarfs due to social and familial pressure rather than personal choice -​ View coverings as symbols of patriarchal control -​ They restrict women's rights and freedoms -​ Woman's worth tied to physical appearance -​ Undermines the principle of secularism  -​ Public spaces should be neutral and free -​ Create sense of us VS them -​ Linked to fear of terrorism -​ Can hinder id and pose challenge in situations such as public security checks -​ Can create division -​ Prevent individuals from fully participating in social or natural life -​ Refusal to assimilate -​ Foster separation rather than inclusion -​ Wearing oe used as a way to highlight the differences -​ Perpetuate stereotypes Extremist groups -​ Studying these groups is crucible because They influence the geo-political stability -​ They can distort religious teaching for justifying violence and violent acts -​ Extremism: Holding radical views/beliefs for drastic often violent measures to achieve a goal -​ Often willing to use violence, intolerance or coercion -​ Terrorism: Involves the use of violence, threats, or intimidation, often against civilians -​ Terrorists target is to create fear and pressure by killing innocent people -​ Political beliefs: Focus on governance,social justice, or law and groups might advocate for the establishment of n islamic state -​ Religious beliefs: focus on faith,worship, and spiritual aspects of islam don’t sell political power or radical change -​ The distinction between political and religious ideologies often become blurred in extremist groups Christianity -​ The roman empire became christian -​ Monks in egypt sought solidarity and gave up family life seeking god alone -​ The monastic movement is best exemplified by anthony of egypt who tried to communicate with god -​ Monks want to hardcore their religion -​ St.Anthony of egypt had sleep paralysis and witnessed demonic attacks -​ A lot of people liked what St.Anthony was doing and they started doing it -​ They would pray, fast and meditate -​ Monks became some of the most respected people -​ Monks become one of the centers of learning and they taught people how to read and write -​ Simone stayed in a tower for 35 years and he became a saint -​ A lot of monasteries sprung up in egypt, syria and around that area -​ The highest form of Christianity is being a monk -​ Sexuality and the church is separate -​ Augustine was a theology in christianity -​ Augustine was an oversharer and he was very sexualy active -​ The flesh lusts against the spirit and the spirit lusts against the flesh -​ Bro is not only a playboy he is also really smart like he reads a lot of philosophy -​ Then one day augustus finds a letters of paul and the first passage said “no orgies or drunkenness no morality or decency take up the weapons of the lord and stop thinking of yourself” -​ He understood addiction bc he was addicted to sex -​ After reading this he becomes Christians -​ He is the 2nd most read christian theology -​ He wrote the confessions and the city of god -​ He then becomes a monk and he is an apologist for the life of chastity -​ When he dies he is acknowledged as the holiest man in christendom -​ The barbarians attack rome -​ Constantinople becomes the new capital of the east -​ Germanic tribes started to break into the western roman empire -​ The Barbarians reach the gates of rome and they like burn it to the ground and kill everyone -​ The pope stands up against the barbarians -​ 448 ad Pope leo was elected and starts to defend the west of the roman empire -​ The eastern half of the empire spoke greek and the west spoke latin but not all -​ Pope means papa -​ The patriarch of constantinople was like i'm the most important bc i'm in the capitol next to the emperor and Leo was like nuhu remember Saint.Peter -​ This starts a beef between the west and the east -​ Atillia the hun makes camp outside of rome -​ Leo the pope comes to Atilla to stop him and made him see the apostles and threatened him with death -​ Atillia is like hell naw I ain't dying ok i'll dip -​ Leo really liked to save rome -​ Leo protected rome like a lot -​ The roman empire fell around 475 -​ In 410 ad the roman empire begins to crumweble by the barbarians -​ All of roman society was christian -​ From africa to britain the apostles spread their faith -​ The fall of rome was like the end of the world -​ 5th century ireland was not conceited by rome and was not christian -​ Irish warriors fought naked except sandals and a sword -​ Irish warriors take over britain -​ Patrick was from britain he was sold as a slave in the irish hills -​ Patrick was a slave for 6 years before god tells him to run away and he sails across the irish sea back to britain -​ Patrick has a dream to bring the word of god to ireland -​ In 432 he was sent to ireland as a bishop to convert the irish -​ Patrick succeeds in converting the irish  -​ Ptrick uses the irish duric religion to his advantage as in that religion there is an emphasis on 3 and the trinity is the father the son and the holy spirit -​ Patrick used the shamrock to explain the trinity -​ When Patrick dies Ireland is overwhelmingly christian -​ A lot of monks spring up around the country as the descendants of Patrick -​ Irish presets heart private confessions while roman confessions are said out loud -​ Women become powerful leaders of the church like Briget -​ Briget builds a monastery for both nuns and monks -​ Irish monks read and write and they become some of the smartest people in the world -​ In the chaos of the barbarian invasion all the libraries in western europe get burned -​ Irish monks quickly copy down all the books that got burned and they preserve western history and culture -​ How the irish saved civilization The Great Schism 1054 -​ Major split within christianity -​ Led to 2 separate branches -​ Roman catholic and eastern Orthodox -​ Most eastern orthodox are in eastern europe -​ A reason why we are called orthodox is bc we love tradition What led to the split? -​ In the west the pope became more powerful and in the east there still was an empire -​ From 475 to 1054 the marriage between catholic and orthodox was slowly coming apart -​ They divorced in 1054 -​ This division is still relevant today -​ Tension grew bc there were a lot of only west councils and only east councils -​ The most influential person in the west was the pope and in the east was the emperor and the patriarch -​ A split was reached in 1054 when a general council failed to reconcile outstanding issues between the Eastern and Western churches. Each side denounced and excommunicated the other, and went independently on its way. -​ Eastern church lost half of their population due to islam -​ In 1200 the eastern church was dealing with the turks and they asked for help from the west but the west betrayed them and instead of attacking the muslims they attacked the east -​ Cultural causes–Language in the east was greek and in the west latin and it broke down communication between the churches -​ Political causes– In the east it was more secular while in the west it was very religious, the filioque controversy says that the holy spirit came from the father and the sun and they added the latin word filioque and the east said they were not including them and this led to a lot of beef -​ The filioque was the last straw for the eastern church -​ The catholic church excommunicated the east -​ And disagreement over leadership– In the west the pope was in charge while in the east was the emperor What is the main differences -​ Sign of the cross is different -​ Services – Catholics have the mass which is 45 min and has been modernized – Orthodox have the divine liturgy is 2 hours and we repeat and we sing -​ Art – we stick to classical music and the east have more diverse music -​ Icons are supposed to be identical and are consider a window to god -​ architecture - big domes in the east -​ Priests can get married in the east -​ Fasting - the east fast for lent like they go vegan and no meat of christmas eve -​ Emphasis on theology– Catholic theology focuses more on reason, rules, and clear definitions– orthodox theology focuses more on mystery, mysticism, and healing -​ Communion – catholics get a wafer of bread no wine – orthodox regular hunds of bread and wine -​ Secraments- both have 7 – Catholics do them spread out – orthodox everything is done when u are born -​ There are 17 different eastern orthodox branches and 24 different catholic branches The Protestant Reformation (1500’s) -​ One of the biggest events in history in the western world -​ Protestant is called that bc people were protesting -​ The protestant reformation wanted to change elements -​ Led to a major split in western christianity between catholicism and protestantism -​ Protestants reject the idea of the pope -​ Protestants don't agree with each other -​ Religion played a bigger role in the protestant reformation then in the great schism -​ Protestant theology is very different -​ Lots of politics behind the reformation -​ This led to a lot of war between catholics and protestant (queen mary, Irish civil war) -​ Canada was very divided between protestant and catholics -​ The KKK in canada discriminated catholics x -​ In the 21rst century christian have learned to get along What led to the reformation? -​ There were many long-term causes which led to the split -​ Political: pope was the king above all other kings, kings and queens wanted more power away from the church, prior to the protestant reformation a lot of rulers followed the pope but eventually some guys were like no, rise of nationalism in the 11th century and more people started to see themselves as german,italian,british,french ect…, This idea of focusing on national identity broke europe, some of them wanted to have their own idea of christianity, there was not a lot of equality in 15th century europe and people turned to new ideas when their lives suck, renewed threat of muslims which led to many catholic leaders to accept the protestants to fight a bigger threat– the muslims  -​ Religious causes: Several questionable practices in the church led to criticisms, selling of indulgences which was a way of you making up for your sins, a lot of people had a fear of death and a fear of hell indulgences were og just like praying but some priests were like omg if you pay me i will make sure you won't go to hell and this was an issue that a lot of christians did not agree with, they did not like simony, simony is buying your way into positions in the church like being a bishop or cardinal, they didn't like superstitious practices like relics, relics are physical objects that have holy significance behind it and the church started to become more like a museum, problem with the ignorance of the clergy, today there is a lot of testing to become a priest, back then a lot of people became priests without knowing anything about what he was teaching, new interpretations developed that challenged old views, new people began new ideas because people were less afraid of the pope -​ Other: The reformation happened right after the renaissance, which was filled with new ideas which led to new debates, The renaissance led to a lot of creativity, the discovery of “the new world” led people to be open to building things from scratch, printing press was invented by gutenberg and it is what made the reformation possible bc it gave people a way to spread information more quickly and farther then quill and ink, within 3 mounts martin luther's idea had spread through most of europe, this made books less expensive, led to greater literacy, people could read the bible for the first time and interpreting it differently than the pope. Who was important? -​ Martin Luther: credited with being the guy who brought about the Reformation, Luther studied law and then became a monk, 1505 Luther went to Rome and focused on the bad parts, “the just shall live by faith,” sola fida (only faith) nothing you can do will get you to heaven and its just by trusting in god/ by your faith alone you will get to heaven, he criticized the selling of indulgences, in response to the indulgences he wrote 95 theses against it and nailed them to the church, in 1521 Luther defended his ideas in front of the pope, this german prince was watching the trial and he “kidnapped” martin Luther and protected him from the church, Luther translated the bible from latin to german and everyone could read it now, he didnt believe the clergy had spiritual powers and he rejected the heirchy of the church, he thought we all should be equal in the church, he starteed calling the pope the anti-christ, Sola scriptura – Scripture alone everything that you do should be from the bible, Lutherns and other protestants ( except anglicans) don’t honner any of the saints and mary, he got rid of fasting during lent, he got rid of monks, he got married, he reduced the number of sacrements from 7 to 2, Lutherns only have baptism and communion, he was torn on the issue of free will, Catholicism teaches that only god is truly free, Eventually the luthern traditions developed their own art and music, Luther created the idea of soprano,Alto,tenor,base and bach wrote a lot of lutheran music, Luther was VERY anti-semetic, a lot of presents were like if luther can get away with revolting against the church we can revolt against  the goverment and luther was like no way buckeroo stay in ur place, Lutherism became popular in germany and the scandinavian countries. -​ John Calvin (1509-1564): Agreed with a lot of luthers views but he went farther with them, belief in double predestination witch is the idea that god knows the future like how god knows who will go to heaven or hell, Calvin thinks that god creates people to go to heaven or hell and there is nothing you can do to change it, rebrobait go to hell, Elect go to heaven, he believes in total depravity of humanity which is the belief that humans are to their core bad and the only way a human dose a good thing is when god posses you and makes you do a good thing not because you actually wanna do it, he believed that we had very little free will, he had a strict moral puritanism he banned a lot of fun things and thats why a lot of american christianity is not fun, he was very pro-democracy and he believes that every individual church has the freedom to do whatever he wants, he was pro-literacy, he thought that art and ritual was a distraction, a calvinist service is like a book club about the bible and for them everything is about the bible, He caught on in france, switzerland, hungary, scotland, the states, the netherlands, and Ireland -​ King Henry VIII (1491-1547): Henry the eighth was all politics, henry was not the oldest son and his brother albert was the heir, Henry was traing to be a priest, Albert died at 17 and he was maried to cathrine of aaragon, but when albert died henry maried Katherine (his brothers widow), she says that she and albert had never had sex but we dont know, Katherine was a very popular queen in england and they loved each other at first, Henry had a lot of misstreces, Henry at first was very catholic and he liked the pope and he gave him a special title “ the defender of the faith”, Katrine gave birth to a girl (bloody mary), Henry really needed a son and he started sleeping around and he slept with mrs.bolyne, mary bolyne, and Anne bolyn was like i wont sleep with youv untill you make me queen, Anne was secretly protestant and see and her fam wanted to bring protestantism to england and this works, Henry decides that he wants a divorce and he yhe pope says that you can’t, and henry says screw you imma make the chruch of england, then he devoirces kathrine and marys anne, the angician traditions didnt really change any catholic traditions, Anne gave birth to elizabeth and she sees that her attempts to push him religiously and politicly are starting to annoy henry, a romer spreads that anne was cheating on him so he killed her, he falls in love with jane seymour and they have a son edward but she dies in childbirth, the parlementt aranges a marriage with a german princes anne of cleves bc he wanted a protestant alliance, when she arrived Henry said she looked like a horse, henry gets married but he quickly devorcies her and he was like im actually gonna pretend your my sister, Catherine Howard marries the king and she is 16 and she has a past but she cant tell henry and he marries her, Catherine howard cheated on henry bc duh and he kills her, Katherine Parr was already engaged but she knew that she could not say no to the king, Kathrine parr was able to get henry to make his knew religion more protestant, Kathrine araged a family reunion and restored power to mary and elizabeth, Henry dies and when he dose people were like what is gonna happen with the church, Edward became king and he was very protestant but he dies younge and he puts lady jane grey (the nine day queen)  into power, and Mary saw this and were like hell no imma revolt and she siezes the throne and kills Jane, mary tries to make england catholic again but she never has an heir and she dies, Elizabeth the first becomes queen and she was a very strong protestant so she returned england to protestanism, She made the anglican church what it is today and from queen elizabeth the first was like ok no more royal family members can be catholic or mary a catholics. Peter -​ Peter was an apostle and he was the first bishop of rome -​ Bc he was the first bishop of rome we was also the first pope of the catholic church -​ He died a martyr and he was crucified upside down bc he felt he didn't deserve a death like jesus -​ Summoned the first first council in Jerusalem -​ Decided to allow catholics to not need to be jewish -​ He wrote some letters St.Augustine -​ He was a very renowned theologian and he wrote what some consider the first biography confessing his many sins of lust -​ He was addicted to sex and when he read a letter from st.paul to the romans that said like thou shalt not lust he did a 180 and got baptized and became a christian -​ His mother was Christian and his father wasn't -​ He was from africa -​ He became a bishop -​ He loved plato and he shaped christian thought -​ He talked about how to control yourself and not have an addiction -​ He was canonized a saint Diocletian -​ Persecuted the christians -​ Was a roman emperor -​ Started one of the worst persecution of the christians in the 300 -​ Split the roman empire in two Paul -​ Saul was jewish and he persecuted christians -​ Then he heard god and tired christian -​ Paul spread christianity to the gentiles (greeks,romans,spaniards…etc) -​ Paul wrote a lot of letters -​ A lot of christian teachings are based on his interpretations of jesus Nero -​ Roman emperor -​ Killed a lot of christians -​ Started killing them bc he burned down something for 10 days and blamed it on the church Constantine -​ Emperor who legalized christianity -​ Told the church to council in nicea -​ Told the church to change the sabbath from saturday to sunday -​ At the battle of the milvian bridge he saw the cross on the sun and heard god's voice Stephen -​ first christian martyr Arius -​ Aryanism comes from arius -​ He taught that jesus wasn't the son of god -​ He thought that jesus was not god he thought he was more than human but not god -​ He refused the trinity St.Ignatius of Antioch -​ He is from Antioch -​ He was one of the men who proposed the hierarchy for the church -​ He believed that a hierarchy was easier for the Romans to join and it was easier for people to go to someone if there was a problem -​ Also wrote some letters Branches Baptist: They focus on personal faith in Jesus They don't baptize babies, and they focus on how Jesus' baptism is a symbol of you already being Christian Methodist: Service to others they help the poor, and they believe that all people are soldiers for God's army, there is not much use for a personal belief if you don't act on it, saved by faith that is alive and active, actions are more important then beliefs Preshipitarian: Intelectual approach to the Christian faith presentations study math and science calm and collective worship if you saved its because of god, freedom of god to do what he wants Calvinists: even more logical approach, and they focus on god alone Congregational: Relatives of Puritans, freedom of the individual church to submit to God, not to a bigger church Luthern: Focus on the gospel the law says to do, and the gospel says done God gives us the gospel in the sacraments and the best music, believe that communion is the body of Christ and there is nothing you can do to earn forgiveness Catholicism has had an impact on the world and improved it. The church founded a lot of art, music, science, and knowledge. The Holy Spirit comes from the Father and the Son, and by looking at what God does, we can understand what God is. The Church has the authority to make philosophical theories. Anglican: takes the best parts of other traditions of the church as beautiful as the catholic church but a priest as passionate as the lutherns church needs to be run like the Catholics try to find a balance it's a choice like you choose your own adventure Orthodox: Tradition, and we showcase the beauty of tradition the apostles started a fire that the church has kept going they show Christian humility in persecution. Jesus is truly human, and Jesus is truly God. God's essence is distinct from what god does you can be transformed from god the holy spirit comes from the Father, then the son Pentecostal: Focuses on the holy spirit, does every aspect of faith doesn't, don't baptize babies they believe that miracles still happen, get the gift of tongues, believe that they are faith healers very high energy mass Counter-reformation: was a movement to respond to the protestants and to fix and renew the church, it ended up being successful. It was called the Council of Trent, clarified church teachings, emphasized certain catholic practices, Mary issues, saints and pilgrimages, art and music, Mozart and Beethoven are big catholic music, and new organizations developed to try to connect, the Catholics were like, let's make schools for girls, Jesuits built universities, and they were very smart Jesuits they are very strict on education, political leaders persecuted protestants​ 14’