Related Issue 2 PDF

Related Issue 2 National Interest and Foreign Policy National Interest: To what extent should countries pursue policies that benefit them at the expense of others? (Opposite of globalization) Domestic Policy: Policies dealing within a country. Foreign Policy: Agreements with other countr...

Related Issue 2 National Interest and Foreign Policy National Interest: To what extent should countries pursue policies that benefit them at the expense of others? (Opposite of globalization) Domestic Policy: Policies dealing within a country. Foreign Policy: Agreements with other countries. Canadian Arctic Sovereignty Stephen Harper: Prime minister addressing Arctic sovereignty. Related Issue 2: National Interest Categorization **Categories: ** Economic Prosperity Security and Safety Beliefs and Values Examples: Taxes, International Trade agreements, war. Arctic Claims and Climate Change Canada extends into the Arctic, claiming rights over the Arctic Ocean. UN Law of the Sea: Countries can claim territory 22.2 km past coastline and 370 km beneath seabed. Competing Countries: Canada, U.S., Russia, Norway, Denmark. Challenges: Overlapping Claims Climate Impact: Melting ice caps could facilitate the NorthWest Passage, increasing strategic importance due to valuable resources like oil and natural gas. Canada’s Military Response (2007) Russia's Claim: Drew criticism for insufficient protection of Canada’s North. Harper's Initiatives: Creation of a deep-water port for naval ships. Formation of Canadian Arctic Rangers to protect the Northern border. Public concern: Some Canadians feel more action is necessary. Long-Term Causes of WWI Timeframe: Started in July 1914. Thematic Outline: Pursuit of national interest led to negative consequences. Identified causes as 4 M.A.I.N. 1. Militarism: Countries aiming for military superiority, believing they would win any conflict painlessly (slogan "Home by Christmas"). 2. Alliances:  Major Alliances: Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) and Triple Entente (Britain, Russia, France). 3. Imperialism: European nations competing to expand empires. 4. Nationalism: Extreme pride resulting in a belief of superiority over other nations. Additional Note: There needed to be a spark leading to the immediate conflict, which occurred in the Balkans. Spark of WWI Self-Determination: Concept of nations determining their own statehood. Event: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo in June 1914 by Gavrilo Princip. Consequences of Tensions in the Balkans: Ethnic minorities in Austria-Hungary denied independence. Austria-Hungary’s anger leading to ultimatum for Serbia, leading to a declaration of war. Warfare and the Western Front Stalemate and Attrition: Focus on trench warfare characterized WWI. Schlieffen Plan: Germany’s strategy aimed for a quick victory over France through Belgium, leading to Britain's involvement due to treaty violations. Battle of Verdun (1916): High casualties (750,000 total). Innovations: Introduction of chemical warfare at Battle of Ypres. Significant Canadian Contributions in WWI Major Battles: Vimy Ridge (first time Canadian troops fought as a united force). Halifax Explosion (1917): Massive wartime tragedy due to an accidental detonation. Technological Advances: New military technologies introduced, including fighter planes. Propaganda and World War Financing Rationing and Propaganda: Encouraging enlistment and voluntary financial support through bonds. War Measures Act (1914): Allowed for internment of individuals deemed security risks, targeting Ukrainian Canadians. Post-War Treaties and Consequences** Treaty of Versailles (1919): Key points include Germany accepting responsibility for the war and harsh reparations. Global Reactions: General discontent among various nations regarding the fairness of the treaty. Isolationism in the U.S.: Rejection of League of Nations due to fears of entanglement in foreign affairs. Interwar Years and the Rise of Dictatorships**  Fascism in Italy: Mussolini's rise amid post-war chaos, rejection of democracy. Stalin's USSR: Driven by fear, repression of political dissent, and forced economic policies leading to tragedies like the Holodomor. Germany: Hitler's ascent fueled by the Treaty of Versailles' humiliation, economic turmoil, and propaganda. WWII Overview** Global Conflict Dynamics: Axis vs Allies, major events leading to shifts in power (e.g., North Africa, Western Front). D-Day (June 6, 1944): Opening of the second front signifies turning of the tides in favor of the Allies. Japan’s Surrender: After two atomic bombings leading to unconditional surrender demand from the U.S. Self-Determination and Independence Movements** Post-WWII Independence: Growth of national identity and emergence of successor states, with reference to case studies like India and Pakistan. Ongoing Conflicts: Persisting tensions, such as Kashmir's status, following the transition from colonization. Canadian Immigration Policy** Need for Immigration: Addressing low birth rates, with a policy based on a point system for skilled labor. Separate Refugee Policy: Addressing humanitarian needs distinct from economic immigration.