Tourism and Tourist Attractions PDF

*mirar diapos Topic 1. Tourism and tourist attractions 1.1. Tourism as a system: the attractions ‘role Tourism as a kind of leisure activity Tourism ≠ travelling Travelling: Leisure motives (fun and entertainme...

*mirar diapos Topic 1. Tourism and tourist attractions 1.1. Tourism as a system: the attractions ‘role Tourism as a kind of leisure activity Tourism ≠ travelling Travelling: Leisure motives (fun and entertainment, rest/relax, sport recreation, leisure education) Non-leisure motives (duties and responsibilities, business travel, prof education, med treatment) Specificity: - complex activity and research object (Darbellay & Stock, 2012) - it is not an industry in the conventional sense → multidimensional phenomenon (Williams and Lew, 2014) WTO (1995) + “Set of activities that people carry out during their travels and stays in different places than their usual environment, for a consecutive period of less than one year, for leisure, business and other purposes”. Hunzinker and Krap (1942) +”Set of relationships and phenomena that occur as a result of the movement and temporary stay of people out of their place of residence, provided that it is not motivated by lucrative reasons”. Implications for tourism concept (Darbellay & Stock, 2012) Non habitual / quotidian activity It involves a set of elements, activities, It often involves geographical movement relationships and phenomena An specific and complex activity D&S + Tourism complexity arises through different elements 1. Heterogeneity of actors (often with different interests) Actors → users, local people, local agent, administrators acting at the same time and place 2. Multilocality and translocal relationships Tourists flows create relationships between places → create new/ complex spatial relationships (product of globalisation → strengthening tourism) 3. Globalisation Touristification + enabling tourism to be a producer of globalisation Globalisation + fostering tourism Contradiction → tourism as a positive enabler of economic development + cause of acculturation 4. Extreme diversity of practices (tourism typologies) Depending on every kind of place, intentionality/motivation and practice 5. A recreational turn New vision of tourism → elements of the “everyday” + association with touristic values Tourism + consid. “new way of connecting to the (post)modern world rather than escaping from it”(Williams and Lew) Ex. Visiting / doing touristic activities on a weekend… Tourism can be understood as a system → General System Theory (GST) (Von Bertalanffy, 1968) “A set of two or more interdependent and interacting elements, which form an organized whole, and whose output is greater than the output that the units could have if they were operating independently” - Made up by many elements → relationships → dynamism - Different dimensions: territorial, economic, social - Diversity→ taking many different manifestations and practices *Tourism as a system can be considered/analysed from diff approaches/povs:  *mirar diapos The Tourism System: basic components and its dynamics Our proposal→ The Tourism Systems: basic components economic and marketing perspective) and its dynamism (more comprehensive pov) Market → demand Market purchase a travelling linked to the destination that is affected by marketing Different by complementary issues (not only economic but territorial/geographical) → diversity of complex issues but altogether in a system 1.2. Attractions in the framework of the tourist area Tourism attractions = a key factor For tourism: For tourist areas: Attraction = meaning T always linked to spec geog area (framework for act) Attraction based on spec components (tourist A located in this area(s) = products = supply experiences) A geographical area = framework for any tourist activity → tourist area (dest?) What is the role of tourism attractions in it? A diversity and complexity of components (tourist + non-tourist) A deep integration between them The tourist area can be considered as a system itself Attractions play a major role in the framework of spatial tourism areas/dest Tourism attractions They can come from: - Physical env (natural/man-made) - Socioeconomical base (act, culture, history, ways of life and customs…) They can generate tourism: - Products - A new dynamism that involves diff comp (tourism agents, infrast/equipm/services, management and planning) 1.3. Tourism attraction: definition, classification and assessment  *mirar diapos Tourist attractions = key factor for tourism but not enough attention Not many studies (theoretical / applied) Lacks in: conceptualisation/understating // classification // set and assessment (in specific areas) 1.3.1. Conceptualisation To make possible a proper understanding of the TA concept What are tourism attractions? Reason to visit a tourist area (Kusen, 2010) - Elements linked to a specific area - Elements that are able to generate tourism They have intrinsic value + potential for attracting (specific groups of visitors) - An increasing diversity of elements Basic functional classification of TA: Geographical features // climate // water // flora // fauna // protected nat/cult heritage // culture of life/work // famous persons and historical events // natural spas/sanatoriums // sports and recreation facilities // attractions for attractions (theme-parks) Difference between TA and TResources? No general consensus about terminology There is more consensus about differentiating between: - Real TA (they generate tourism + they provide general visitor accessibility (in diff ways: physical access, signage, info) Only RTA can be placed on the tourism market and promoted - Potential TA (they don’t generate tourism but have potential for it) Largely unknown / unevaluated / unprotected form destruction / damage /unintended use + remain out of serious interest in tourism theory and practice ➔ This can partly be explained as a result of continuing :( attitude towards long-term development planning in TS TA and TR? → There can be a sort of confusion Indistinct use of both terms could be correct Nevertheless some authors distinguish between them: Kusen, 2010: all TA are TR, but all TR are not TA - TR (can become a synonym for PTA) - TA (is used to referring to RTA) What does it involve the adj territorial applied to TA? All TA are linked to an specific area + instrisic value Type of linkage to the area varies→ depends on the relationship w the geog env: - Attractions directly supported on the geog env → - Attractions not directly supported on the geog env → Territorial TA Non-territorial TA Unavoidable linkage Ex. Football match, concert, fairs Physical manifestations on lands Ex. Castles, cultural buildings/…, ski places 1.3.2. Classification Increasing diversity of attractions in spite of not many studies on the topic / no universal classification → proposals (+diff crit) - Main purpose is to grab the customer attention Purpose built attractions (have been built to attract tourists into that area; fun/enjoyable/designed for diff reasons) Ex. Theme parks, historic properties, wildlife attractions Natural attractions (has been created by nature, many have a status of protection and provide facilities to enjoy the sites, usually provide activity based attractions such as climbing, mountain biking…) Ex. Lake District, Rivington Pike Events as attractions (often bring a lot of tourist into de area and area are staged to increase the appeal of att) Ex. Blackpool illuminations, Glastonbury Festival, Olympics Heritage attractions (are old and have been in place for many years, they serve for people to gain appreciation for the past) Ex. Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester, The East Lancashire Railway - Types of tourists attractions Natural attractions (naturally occurring) Man-made attractions (purpose built, created by the man: tourism purposes and other purposes but also tourism) Special events (markets, festivals, exhibitions…) - Swarbrooke´s classification of visitor attractions Natural attractions (coast, moorland, mountains) Events (festivals, sport events, fairs…) → non territorial attractions Manufactures attractions (theme parks, art galleries, museums) → may be considered as products themselves Unintentional manufactured attractions (churches, castles, county houses)  *mirar diapos Main criteria for classification - Support on geographical environment → Territorial vs Non-Territorial - Origin → natural vs Cultural (Man-made / Manufactured) + Dual vs Mixed (mines, reservoirs, crop fields) - Importance (intrinsic value) → Heritage value (declaration / protection) vs non-heritage value - Tourist use → real vs potential More detailed classifications Depending on the specific characteristics of the attractions → wide range variety - Basic functional classification of tourism attractions: Territorial attractions: geological features / climate / water / flora / fauna / protected nat/cult heritage/ natural spas / sport and recreation facilities / tourism paths/trails/roads / attraction for attractions - Motivations and expectations → attractions selection → tourism experiences (products) → tourism typologies 1.3.3. Set and assessment All the tourism attractions are linked to an specific area (in a way or another) Identifying / knowing / assessing attractions of a given area? - Essential for planning the activity and its development - Need of an appropriate functional classification of available TA and a methodology for their knowledge/assessment - No universal methodology Kusen, 2010 + “It is desirable that all the (…) tourism destinations are categorized according to their tourism potential (especially taking into consideration their potential tourism attractions). An underdeveloped tourism area that has significant potential tourism attractions can be considered as a potential tourism destination whose attraction base should be evaluated, protected and prepared for tourism”. Knowledge and assessment of (every) TA in a territory → different proposals (not so many) - *Kusen (2010) 16 basic types 1º: each of the types can be divided into subtypes (identification/registration of A) 2º: determining each attraction´s properties (number of key data) A comprehensive methodology Nature of the data + sources for its collection are diff Distinction between: Simple / descriptive features (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) Assessment features (7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. 15, 16) Comp overview of tourism attractions (real and potential) → it can work as a TAInventory It can be applied for tourism development planning in specific areas: It can enable a s strategic and creative management of tourism areas It can facilitate an optimal design of a dest.´s TP based on a complete understanding of the area attraction base - Priskin (2001) + specifically applied to natural attractions) Developing of a specific technique to identify and assess quantity/quality of natural attractions (reg scale) Mainly for potential attractions (resources) The aim is to present the results to government authorities + incorporate them into the planning process Two main components for method/framework for assessment Identification and field checks Interviews (with government authorities and local people) Systematic collection of data in the field (by the use of a Field work (all potential resources sites should be visited) survey form)  *mirar diapos Survey constructed in 2 parts 2º collecting info about the resources recreation suitability 1º collecting info about the built attributes of the natural resource site Resource assessment Goes beyond inventory + allows a systematic resource assessment by compilating a matrix+ ev 4 categories: **Attraction diversity / accessibility / supporting infrast. / level of env degradation (each comprising a set of indicators) The scoring of each indicator would enable resource classification and data integration in a GIS (Geographical Information System) ➔ Results would be presents in a series of maps that would show the spatial distribution of resources together with the attributes of each one **Attraction diversity Resources features value? Defining categories concerning that is difficult because it will always be subjective Priskin + use of indicators as broad and diverse as possible (considering the nature and specificity of resources) 10 indicators are specifically proposed for natural resources (each assigned a value form 0 to 10 dep on importance) 1. Floral div 5. Bay or inland water 8. Good vies 2. Scenic div body 9. Scientifically interesting 3. Recreation div 6. Rocky coastline / bluffs unusual features 4. Adventure div 7. Sandy beach 10. Geologic features Sites + high final score included areas with multiple attractions // sites + low score indicates low levels of attraction Accessibility It relates to the ease w which res/sites can be reached physically + ease w which the r/s can be enjoyed as a TP P + use of indicators for nat res (assigned a value from 0 to 5) 1. Road type 2. Vehicle class Supporting infrastructure Facilities that can enhance visitors ‘enjoyment + are important for the maintenance of env quality P + 7 indicators for nat res (all receive score 0/1, shelter 0 to 4, dep on suitability) 1. Toilet facilities 5. Rubbish bins 2. Picinic tables 6. Access for disabled 3. Seats / benches 7. Shade / shelter 4. Barbecue Level of environmental degradation Wellbeing of an ecosystem/landscape which contains the res/corresponds to it → factors of disruption/degradation? P + 10 indicators for nat res (assigned a value 0 to 10) 1. Litter 5. Erosion 8. Erosion of landforms 2. Weeds 6. Trampling of 9. Tracks 3. Disease vegetation 10. Built structures 4. Impact of fire 7. Destruction of dunes Res + low scores → areas where the disturbance caused by humans was minimal Res + high scores → areas that require rehabilitation and/or visitor management Priskin admits: - Subjectivity of this methodology (like most assessment techniques) - Consistent application of it should enable the getting of interesting and applicable to panning results A (classification of res into low/medium/high diversity of attractors) Ac (classification of res into poor/moderate/good accessibility) SI (classification of res into no facilities/poor facilities/basic facilities LED (classification of res into low/low to moderate/mod/mod to high/high env degradation) - By knowing the condition and amount of resource base, decision-makers are better places in making decisions about res capability, land use compatibility and impacts Another difficulty that Priskin acknowledges → key feature: An inventory fails in defining the importance/significance of sites/res in a geog sense → tourism attract.? at capac? Its determination is essential → to ascertain the relative importance of res in the area itself and also compared to those of other/surrounding areas Defining a method to determine resource ‘significance = difficult Subjective Most existing methods come from the economics (not considered appropriate for many potential res)  *mirar diapos Priskin + classification of res according to their level of importance using 4 criteria 1. Scarcity of the resource relative to the specific area 2. Level of uniqueness on a broader scale (regional, national international) 3. Degree of attraction diversity of the res 4. Distance to the next similar feature (if one exists at all) Each criteria would be assigned a (subj) score from 0 to 10 The sites + highest score = most significant/important attractions Criteria would let the systematic comparison of different sites/res in the area The method could also be applied elsewhere, in separate geog areas Conclusion of the Priskin proposal - It is necessary for decision-makers (planners and managers) to know the quality/quantity of res/att + their spatial distribution + how significant they (decision priorities) - This type of methodology could be easily repeated elsewhere Although the ind chosen by P were derived from features found in the study area, a new set could be chosen ( dep on specificity of the area and res) - Inventories are useful but they also have a finite life They should be regularly updated to maintain a database of accurate info Topic 2. The territorial and heritage basis of the tourism attractions 2.1. Territory and landscape: territorial factors and attractions Key concept for a better understanding Geographical space → territory → factors → landscape → heritage attractions GS → area in Earth surface that doesn’t involve water // global basis or setting for nat/human processes Complexity (conceptualization of GS as a system → nat comp + hm comp = int) (Continuous) evolution Diversity (nat and hum comp vary dep on location / specific parts of GS) Generic concept and reality Space (more “volumetric” concept than territory): combination of interconnected object that are determined by their position, relative to each other (in the geographical context) Territory (obligatory attribute of the state and of each of its parts): it can be determined as a part of th earth surface occupied by particular political phenomena More specific concept and reality Concrete and well-recognisable part of the GS, that can be defined at any (geog) scale How can a territory be distinguished? Not easy and absolute issue → different criteria can be used 1. Similar (nat/cultural) features and well-defined boundaries (geog / legally) 2. Sense of belonging (by the community who lives in the territory and builds it) 3. Generator of a common heritage Each territory + specific components that define it → factors Legal criteria (countries, states…) / cultural (features, way of life) / natural (delimited borders) Tourism + unequivocal and unavoidable territorial dimension / link Always developed on a geog area (territory) it takes shapes on it and impacts on it (physical / functional + interaction) Territory explains the tourism on it (existence, location, degree of development, character) through diff factors Is is affected by tourism :): (Territorial) factors It refers to the elements which make up and define a territory (very complex issue) Wide range of TF + they have a direct influence on tourism - Territorial factors (closely linked to a specific territory) → structural (permanent) ***Location factors Environmental factors (natural / cultural) Ex EF. Climate as NF not always and attraction but together w others (Laponia + cold climate = attraction) EF can be seen as a valuable issue (Heritage and Attraction) thanks to the concepts of Landscape Ex. H/A → arbolito +history and significance for only a social group // H/A → NY Christmas tree - Non-territorial factors (situational factors that influence tourism) Economic Political and geopolitical, personal  *mirar diapos Landscape It is a concept derived from the prev ones Most widely definition accepted today → European Landscape Convention (Florence, 2000) “Any part of the territory as perceived by the population, the character of which is the result of the action and interaction of natural/human factors” Landscape is: The objective morphological configuration of the earth´s surface Its representation, set of individual, social/cultural perceptions/images that human beings have on this reality Env factors/features can be seen as a valuable issue (Heritage and Attractions) Territorial factors - ***Location factors Essential for tourism It refers to the Tourism Geographical position of a given territory/area (dest) Location of the area / dest in relation to the origin areas + in relation to other dest Favourable or unfavourable 1. Physical distance → obstacle, element that differentiates some tourist areas from others in relation to the degree of accessibility (from main origin areas or/and other destinations) The impact/repercussion of this distance is mainly manifested through 2 variables of greater significance (esp today): Distance-time // distance-cost In some cases, distance can be perceived as a positive factor (controlling and selecting tourism flows) 2. Other unfavourable position → proximity to higher ranking areas/destinations (TACap): a) consideration as complementary tourism areas (¿:)?) b) attraction (and tour development) on a smaller scale c) exclusion from tourist flows (transit territories). 3. Favourable position Proximity and good communication with the origin areas Optionally due to the proximity/connectivity with other dest of a similar TACap (a relationship defined in terms of collaboration or complementarity → synergies + competitiveness) Many cases → destination in the context of wider Tourism Regions (Med reg, Great Lakes…) - Environmental factors Everything that surrounds/influences us → variety of components that are present in every territory It refers to the geog specificity of each sector of the space, which makes up the env defined by it Geog specificity? Natural components (main natural features of territory: climate, relief, water, biotic env) Human components (from a general POV, process of humanisation) !!Influence on tourism Nat/human factors create env conditions that enable/hinder/prevent human settlement and activities → T especially In general → factors influence the presence (or not) of tourism, its locations and character/Typology (dep on the specificity of each factor) More specifically → factors can also be seen as valuable factors → attractions and heritage Climate C as a general factor Weather (conditions in a time/place) / climate (general conditions that affect/define on a longer basis a place) Tourism (as a human act frequently carried out outdoors) = decisively influenced by the climate In contrast to other factors → climate exerts a well- recognisable influence → Climate zoning of the world (dep on Lat) - On large scales (broad definition of regions) - On small scales (much more detailed = mm influence)  *mirar diapos Zoning can be partially by other features Altitude (+alt-temp+rainfall) Distance to sea (+dist+exttemp-rainfall) - A clear and decisive influence on tourism - World climate zoning *Latitude as the main explanatory feature 60º-90º Polar zone (+Mountainous) 30º-0º Tropical zone 60º-30º Temperate zone 30º-15ºTropical/15º-0ºEquatorial 60º-45º Cold temp (Pol)/45º-30º Warm temp (Cord) Koopen climate classification 5 main climate groups: Tropical Temperate Polar Arid Continental Greater or lesser suitability of different zones for the development of tourism activities +Suitability → Temperate (mainly Med and Oceanic) / Tropical (not equatorial) Seasonality (Med + dry season=hot season, only in summer = :)) Variability depending on the hemisphere Need to take into account climate specific conditions for different tourism activities C as a tourism attraction C can become a resource, a specific factor/element of attraction (by generating goods/services- products- directlu dependent on specific and specifically valued climate conditions C can not be a sufficient argument to define a TA by itself !!C lacks of physical territoriality (doesn’t create shapes by itself) necessary interaction w other env factors (water, relief, flora, fauna) that provide the phys territoriality + att acting Definition of areas (on a global or continental scale) that are particularly suitable for tourism based on the confluence of some climate conditions + specific env factors SBT in low coastal areas in temp-warm + trop latitudes (Med → c + water + relief) SnowT in mountainous areas of temp latitides (C + water + relief) Ecotourism in trop lat (c + biotic cond) Ex. Cancún (Mex), 21ºN, Trop lat → climate = coral reef formation = always liked to TA (≤15º water) Great Barrier Reef (Aust) → Trop Area (climate + water + biotic comp) Afriski Ski Resort (Lesotho, SAfr), 28ºS, Trop area → PosF + near to SAfrica // TF (alt/lat) + attraction A singular process → some climate negative conditions increasingly considered as TA as a response to new TModalities Very low degree of humanisation (natural attractiveness) Ex. Strong winds (concrete areas) + sport tourism (Tarifa, ES) Extreme temp (polar lat) + adventure tourism (Iceland + higher temp to the typical, relief, water, biotic cond ¿:(:? Relief R as a general factor Forms of earth surface (simple + complex) Main dynamics? Complexity / diversity / accessibility to places (relationship T-R = altitude/slope/specific forms**) **Ex. Sierra Morena -alt / ++slope // Meseta +alt / -slope Complexity → traditionally limiting factor: Inaccessibility (less humanised) + negative perception (repulsion) of many complex reliefs Ex. Very high mountain ranges seen as dangerous + other factors (climate), even an unfavourable tourist location Ladakh (India-Pakistan), Yakutia (Russia) Frequent incompatibility of T with activities/functions that are developed on them (agricultural, forestry/livestock…) T usually aggressive with other prev act Nature conservation → less humanised = better preserved Ex. Livestock farming in Swiss Alps, Wildlife warning in Flathead National Forest (Montana, USA) R as a tourism attraction Despite the limitation of complex reliefs, his is increasingly being overcome (with a mainly tourism motivation) Growing location of tourism in complex reliefs (mainly mountainous) They are increasingly perceived as attractive themselves → “singular/spectacular formations” In some cases + containing other attractions (nat/anthropic) of great interest Factor > attraction → double motivation: nature/interpretation (knowledge of cr) and, sport/adventure (linked to cr) Process from cr to at very specific / not common Relatively specific reality (limited to those more advanced countries + mid-latitudes + cr of exceptional attraction)  *mirar diapos Ex. Fuji Volcano (Japan), Grand Canyon (AZ, USA), Fjords (Norway), Giant´s Causeway (NIreland) Water W as a general factor In general seen a fav factor for tourism (:) elements for human presence and activity) Climate conditions: sufficient but not excessive/escaso water supply Impact and perception of water as neg factors is certainly exceptional Generally associated with situations of scarcity/absence of water (arid climate) // excessive humidity (equatorial/wet tropical climate) W as a tourism attraction W is often seen as a factor with an intrinsic attraction value + great capacity to generate tourism W takes many different attractive forms (aquatic areas) considering its interaction w other nat factors Sea/shores/continental waters/ice and snow/thermal waters Many tourism forms (typologies) are directly related to that (explained by water factor) SBT, NT (ecotourism), sports or adventure tourism (in diff forms), spa and health tourism, winter tourism… Even some scarce-water/over-water areas may be perceived as attractive (by specialised visitors), pn the basis of their exceptional nature or the presence of other attractions of special interest Transition from f to ta is common → associated w the presence of many different forms of wf in the territory (gen in interaction w other factors → tourism specialization Ex. Beach + smooth transition between sea/land (water + uncomplex relief), iceberg (water + climate) Some water env comp are perceived as so specific and valuable elements that have a degree of at on an internat scale Ex. Dead Sea (Israel-Jordan), Perito Moreno Glacier (Patagonia, Argentina), Danube River Many aquatic areas + diff TP development (diff experiences based on water possibilities) Ex. Jet dÉau (Geneva), Nautical TP across the Leman Lake Absence of water does not generally favour the presence of tourism, although a particular dessert landscape can be perceived as attractive (=valued as TA) Biotic environment (plant and animal life) BE as a general factor In contrast to other factors → not perfectly recognisable factor in the development of the tourism activity Not all formations with a well-dev. plant and/or animal life are shaped as favourable ones for tourism development Quite often BE perceived (by users/tourism agents) as dangerous/unhealthy areas, simply because of the need to ensure the conservation of such areas Opposite case → BE or formation of exceptional signuraliri ty → perceived and vaued as TA by themselves Ex. Rainforest (equatorial forest) + no tourism (too much BE) , whale watching, Great Migration (Kenya ecotourism) Human factors (Humanisation process) As a general factor Elements introduced by human action on the nat environment Not differentiated factors A global factor → humanisation process → occupation, settlement and exploitation/transformation of the nat env A generalised process on a planetary scale (all territories affected to a certain level) A historical and current factor Process of humanization → logical sequence referring to role/activity of humankind on Earth 3 phases of a nat env → relationship between humankind and natural environment Differentiation dep on territory/conditions/social groups… + diff manifestations dep on: Intensity (how much H is given in a t) + character (how is the H given in a territory) Disparate influence on the environment and human activity / on tourism From a structural pov → more or less correct/harmonious dev of the HP (itself + integration w diff NatEnv) Negative impacts vs Culture A legacy (in broad sense) of any social group → history and ways of life and their derived manifestations (ter/non-ter) Culture = human features as distinctive and valuable components → frequent consideration as TA Culture manifests itself in any different ways → territorial manifestations: Agricultural areas and crops Infrastructures, urbanisation, construction, Mine areas buildings cultural legacy reaches a notable entity/relevance + significance in its constructive manifestations → monum character Ex. Harmonious dev of the HP based on traditional agricultural activities that leads to high quality/unique landscape *Countryside of the Tuscany region (unique culture + unique landscape = TA) Vineyards in the Palatine region (DE) (diff features + uniqueness + basic humanisation degree) Ex. Degree of monumental character evident in the dev of some urbanisation and building processes  *mirar diapos Ronda + Puente Nuevo / Plaza de Toros 2.2. Territorial heritage and attractions Heritage = another basic concept for attraction´s understanding → boosting tourism attractiveness Definition → “A set of cultural and natural elements inherited in a given geographical area (territory), which have a high degree of acceptance and social recognition/valuation, as well as an identity character for the community” → linkage T-H Culture (ways of life) → heritage “outstanding/remarkable elements of a given territory, identified by a social group” With an acceptance of importance/rem character + always linked to a territory Concept of heritage + evolution over time - Traditional vision Heritage essentially linked to the aesthetic Focus on the singular or -even- exceptional element And a -almost exclusive- application of the concept to cultural heritage → historical-artistic heritage → monument - Most recent/novel vision Consideration not only of the outstanding or monumental components terr elements lacking such outstanding character but recognised as valuable (many reasons: historical, nat, eth, scient…) An integrating vision of natural and cultural values (gradual reunion of the natural and cultural dimensions of any territory) From this new vision/pov → possible to speak of territorial heritage assets/elements/values Not all TA have an heritage base, but most part of them do (beach: urban beach:(/ beach in a NP/ProtArea:)) How heritage value can be defined? → (legal) protection/preservation (measures to und H as main base to ta) Many different ways (initiatives) It depends on Institution (international, Territorial context Type of heritage (nat/cultural) national regional or, even, local) Recurrent overlap Effectiveness? International Heritage Protection Several initiatives (Conventions and Programs) Different organizations Concerning bot nat/cult heritage (mainly nat) Different character - World Heritage Convention (1972, UNESCO) Main global network for heritage protection A distinguishing feature → considering differently (natural h / cultural h / mixed h) A clear ter vision (concreted in specific areas) → WHSL (Outstanding/universal value on a global scale / cult landscapes*) Protection and management= It depends on national (reg/loc) Adm Overlapping with national initiatives → diff situations (concerning legal protection) In many cases → reports and Management Plans *Tourism + important role UNESCO role (together w ICOMOS- for cultural heritage) Sites denominations and inscriptions Management supervision and advisory evaluation (not always effective in regard to impacts on h) Reports and Recommendations - Man and Biosphere Programme (MaB) (1971, UNESCO)→ Biosphere Reserves Widespread initiative at a global scale (World Network of Biosphere Reserves) → more restriction + more realism/effect A more specific character than WH BR→ considered excellent areas where the relationship between mankind/nat env is balances/harmonious Enhancing the (harmonious) relationship between people and their environments BR = excellence sites → sust dev (including Tourism) + stakeholder´s involvement It is a kind of protected area UNESCO supervision → about its excellence/experimental character → periodic evaluations and reviews (many deslisted) Management effectiveness It depends on every country / state / region context → frequently overlapping with other protected areas Many western countries → BR declared over NP already protected (Doñana)→ :( (BR simple label) In other cases → BR have their own management (not dev countries) (WHS often applied to resources/smaller areas // BR mainly applied to territories) Ex* For each BR complete info is given: designation / description (characteristics) / adm authorities All the BR have the same territorial structure: core area(s) / buffer zone(s) / transition zone(s)  *mirar diapos - Natura 2000 Network (1992, European Commission) It is a ecological/nat network at a EU scale Purpose→ protecting core area for a set of species/habitats types listed in the Habitats Directive (1992) and Birds Directive (1979). They are deemed to be of European importance because they are endangered/vulnerable(rare/endemic/present outstanding examples of typical characteristics of one or more of Europe´s nine biogeographical regions Total around 2000 species + 230 habitat types w Natura 2000 sites It is the largest interconnected network on an international scale It is made up of protected areas (N2000Sites) → 2 types Birds Directive (1979) → Special Protection Areas (SPAs) Habitats Directive (1992) → Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) Management keys Ecological network still under dev (new areas to be declared) Funding restrictions for an effective territorial management from broad and proactive povs) (Specific) ecological programmes are funded (by the EU) In most cases → SACs and SAPs overlap w prev nat/reg protected areas N2000S often don’t involve a differentiated management Management depends on Member States, but EU ensures conservations of habitats and species (Real/potential)tourism attractions, but difficult compatibility with tourism sometimes (ecological purp) - Other specific initiatives: Global Geoparks (2015, UNESCO) / Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (1971) National (and more specific scales) protection An extraordinarily diverse framework (not comparing diff countries) Depending on every countries Diversity: Specific territorial structure Competent administration level Effectiveness (centralization of gov pex) Common features: Protected areas/sites (well-defined boundaries) Distinction nat-cult heritage (specific initiatives for each) - National protection for natural heritage → PA IUCN + glbal framework + PA categories Category Ia – Strict Nature Reserve. Category IV – Habitat or Species Management Area. Category Ib – Wilderness Area. Category V – Protected Landscape or Seascape. Category II – National Park. Category VI – Protected Area with Sustainable Use Category III – Natural Monument or feature. of Natural Resources. Nature Reserve / Wilderness Area Both high-ecological-value and fragile area Main difference → extension Management very focused on mat preservation, through strict conservation policies (lim hum act) Natural Monument Outstanding features or formations (biotic, Very small areas or sites geological, water) More suitable for tourism National Park / Natural Park Big areas (subregional or even regional scale) National Park is the most common category worldwide Differences National Park Natural Park The most outstanding/representative ecosystems on Outstanding (maybe not so spectacular) ecosystems a national scale Close linkage w huma activities Low level of humanisation Lower level of protection Higher level of protection Both are suitable for tourism activities (some restrictions, zoning) - National protection for cuktural heritage Protected cultural sites/areas/propertoes CH has been protected in similar ways all around the There is no proposal of categories world Differences in cultural features / structure  *mirar diapos Buildings Buildings and infrastructure w a singular or monumental character Archaeological Sites Ancient and no longer functional structures (cities, buildings, infrastructure) Historic City Centres Ancient and well-preserved entire urban areas Historic Gardens Singular and beautiful garden, often linked to monumental buildings Historic Sites Sites or areas linked to historical events (wars, religious) Cultural Landscapes Sites or areas defined by interaction between human activity and natural features Topic 3. Tourism product and tourism experience 3.1. Product: definition and basic components What is a tourism product? Where does it come from? Unavoidable relationship with tourism attractions → process of conversion towards TP→ making tourism possible No consensus definition of a tourism products - “TP is whatever is put into promotion… it could be a whole community or an individual facility”(XU, 2010) NTL → acknowledged fact→ decisive role of human experience in the TP → for tourists, the P is a complete experience that fulfils multiple tourism needs The Tourism Products is a specific creation or shaping, based on the tourism attraction, to make possible the tourism experience for users Specificity: Tourism attraction + value and attractiveness Tourism product + tourism experience Only tourism has the ability to convert (potential) tourism attractions to commercial property The conversion function of tourism (A>P) operates in terms of socio-economic valuation of natural/cultural elements that could not be considered as a commodity and a source of earning in any other way Ultimate goal of the process: Tourist´s motivations and expectations → A>P → Tourism experiences Correct development of the process + proper management: A should not suffer substantial change or alteration A should increase rather than reduce their original value “Product development is a prerequisite for satisfying tourist ‘changing demands and insuring the long-term profitability of the industry. Ideally, TP meet market place demands, are produced cost-efficiently, and are based on the wise use of the cultural and natural resources of the destination” (Smith, 1994) Complexity of TP It is a (new) creation and shaping It can take on many different manifestations (types of products, 3.2) It has different dimensions: territorial, experiential and economic It is consumed in the same place where it is produced Smith proposal: It involves several components It is the result of a production process Elements Product consists of different elements and the process by which those elements are assembled - All TP incorporate all 5 elements - The relative importance of each element varies, depending on the specific type of product - The TP is not a simple combo of the 5 elements but the result of a synergistic interaction among them 1. Physical plant Core of any TP It refers to: the conditions of the PhEnv + the condition of the TInfrastructure Any form of T is directly based on it It (and its design) has the greatest impact on the consumers ‘experience 2. Service Performance of specific tasks required to meet the needs of the tourists PP+ input of the services to make it useful for tourists → needed to make PP functional  *mirar diapos 3. Hospitality S+ the technically-competent performance of a task H+ sth extra Attitude or style in which a task is performed Expression of welcome by local residents to tourist arriving on their community More subjective than S → way to determine: tourist´s feedback 4. Freedom of choice Necessity of tourist to have some acceptable range of options in order for the experience to be satisfactory It varies greatly depending on many factors (travel motivation/type, prev exp, budget, knowledge) Despite above, any satisfactory TP must include some elements of choice → FoC specially important in pleasure travel (more options to decide from) 5. Involvement It refers to the fact that consumers participate, in some degree in the delivery of services Based on the 4 prev elements → I not simply physical participation in TExp, but a sense of engagement / focusing on the activity Ex. “I for pleasure travellers means playing and relaxing in a way that is personally satisfying (…). It means having the access to activities and programs trat capture imagination, interest and enthusiasm of the potential participant.”(Smith, 1994) Xu (2010): kind of review of the Smith model - Core element → physical plant at the centre - Support elements → other 4 elements competing but complementary in a peripheral circle They add value to PP in the creation of TExp They facilitate the process of T production and consumption A TP comes into existence when the 5 elements are correctly/successfully integrated to catch the attention of attention and further satisfy thei multiple needs (managers + holistic view) All elements differ in terms of importance across TP Tourism production process TP = result of a complex tourism production process 4 stages: - Primary Inputs (generic resources and raw material that are required to create the facilities and equipment needed by the tourism industry) Mosque history and features - Intermediate (processed) Inputs or tourism facilities (PI are converted through additional processing or manufacturing) Entrance to temple, tower, souvenir shop, visitor´s centre - Intermediate Outputs (II are further refined through managerial expertise, technical services, scheduling and packaging) IO are indeed those services associated with tourism At this stage the TP is still just a potential commodity Entrance tickets (temple and tower), Night Visit the Soul of Cordoba, guided tours - Final Output (the TS must be refined by consumers to form experiences of diff kinds) Number of visitors, origin and motivations  *mirar diapos PP allowing to show special features of TP: Value is added at each stage of the PP The consumer is an integral part of the PP TP do not exist until a consumer goes to the point of production and actively gets involved in the final stage This feature differentiated TP from any other type 3.2. Types of tourism products “Despite the applicability of the newly developed model to most TP, attention needs to be paid to the nature of particular products and the fact that the requirements of groups of consumers vary” (Xu, 2010) Origin of the conversion process from attractions to products? → tourists motivations and expectations Two important propositions must be done on this issue: - TM are formed around combinations of stimuli that encourage tourist ‘behaviours (pull factors) and attract tourists to particular destinations or forms of activity (push factors) - Tourists expect to get some benefit/rewards from activities undertaken 3.2.1. Types of tourism motivations and expectations There can be so many as tourists Proposals of basic tourism motivations : From broad pov → Williams and Lew 2014 + 5 motivational components Intellectual (guided by intellectual purposes/acquisition of knowledge/theorical pov) Atapuerca Prehistoric Archaeological Site, guided tour in a heritage city, safari Social (maintenance/extension of social networks/contacts/relationships/lifestyles/cultures…) Visits to native rural communities in Colombia Competence (development of skills/tools/competences, even daily life/specific hobbies/practical pov) Surf learning, agritourism Stimulus-avoidance (reflection of the desire to be free from pressured situations (work) and to get ret and relaxation) Wellness spa, resting in a beach (passive tourism) Pleasure / recreational (main purpose is fun/enjoyment in different ways) Boat ride in Thailand, Disneyland, Rafting experience Motivations alter through time and across different situations Increasing trend towards multiple holiday-taking → tourists satisfying a range of motives (+/- simult) → Williams and Lew, 2014 + “according too new perspectives of tourism, tourism practice becomes not just a mean of relaxation, entertainment, social development or bodily reconstruction, but also a expression of identity and social positioning through patterns of consumption → What is important form the geographical pov is that such processes encourage alternative spatial patterns of tourism (in new destinations, attractions, experiences and modes of travel) and new forms of engagement between tourists and place and space 3.2.2. Types of tourism products Wide and increasing diversity and complexity of tourism (Currently a whole spectrum of motives and behaviours that in many cases coexist within visits) It requires adequate means of differentiating one form of activity from another → Tourism product typologies + criteria to define them: → Criteria to define typologies of tourism products Type of activity Level of development Type of tourists (basic motives, levels of organization, experience sought) Impact Concern of hosts Williams & Lew, 2014 + other criteria Recreational tourism Business tourism Health Educational Cultural Social Different types of products (organised-mass tourism / small groups…)  *mirar diapos Necessity of taking to account all dimensions in more flexible ways to study tourism → even more in the new post-Fordist context → defined by high degrees of diversity and segmentation within tourism markers McKercher (2016) + most coherent and comprehensive proposal for a taxonomy of tourism products (detailed + criteria consideration) → broadest vision of Tourism Product (performance that create experiences) - Commercial (economic proj.) and non-commercial (non-economic projection) tourism products - Elimination of scale and spatial Multi-levelled taxonomy of tourism products 1. First/main level → 5 Need Families (linked to main motivations) Needs → kind of precision of motivations from a thematic or… **Pleasure, personal quests/issues, human endeavour (cultural heritage), nature (natural heritage), business 2. Second level → 25 Product Families (types of activities) Pleasure + food and drinks, leisure, indulgent, personal events, … 3. Third level → 90 Products classes (compiling of …) **1.Pleasure Includes much of what is normally associated with conventional experiences that reflect the character of tourism as a break form social habits or norms Range of activities: play, escapist and personal activities (both active and passive pov) 2.Personal Quest Products linked to personal reasons associated with self-development and/or learning Can range many different topics: Enhancing physical and/or mental health Understanding one´s origin (discovering roots) Personal development Spiritual/religious quest/purposes 3.Human Endeavour It includes examples related to (cultural) heritage→ both tangible and intangible 4.Nature It includes examples related to (natural) heritage Its products represent the greatest diversity of experiences: Winter participatory Adventure Place based Appreciation and learning Consumptive 5.Business/MICE (tourism? not an experience performed based on a specific resource in a territory) Travelling for business activities (meetings, conventions exhibitions) Push factor for tourism (increasing possibilities for the area to develop tourism) → not tourism itself Conclusion → Need of precisely define what is tourism product and what is not → Tourism should not be confused with any leisure activity or any form of travel → Tourism → specific experiences based on specific attractions/resources Tourists ‘motivations → creation of tourism products (make possible experiences) Attraction + motivation (5main) → product (production process) → experiences (to fulfil motivations) How to know products and understand them? → Typologies 3.2.3. Tourism typologies Great diversity of tourism products → tourism typologies (reflection from systematic and geographical pov) TT: “Character and forms assumed by tourism activity that are well recognisable by consumers” No universally accepted classification → criteria Problem → different attempts of categorization/classification of tourism typologies Normally used the (type of) activity that is central to the trip as a criterion around which to construct a subdivision Ex. Cultural tourism, nature tourism, sport tourism Specific issues to be considered: Level of detail (cultural activity → wide topic (palace, crop area, urban area…) → we need detail to understand the activities and typologies More than one typology can be developed in the same area / territory Tourism typology proposal Based on two main criteria - Type of area (geographical basis) - Type of activity /specific motivations -by users-) → detailed but flexible proposal → comprehensive and analytical framework  *mirar diapos Geog.area (starting point of tourism // because tourists go to a specific territory, not to a resource, tourist → Rome (coliseum) Different ways of doing tourism (from general to specific → detailed analysis) Urban areas (highest degree of human transformation) - Urban Cultural tourism Architectural tourism Museum tourism - City tourism Urban landscape tourism Shopping tourism Event tourism - Sun and beach tourism Natural areas (least degree of humanisation, best state of conservation of natural elements) - Sun and beach tourism - Nature tourism (development of specific activities in a natural environment) Ecotourism (knowledge about NE) Sport tourism (enjoying and /or developing skills in NE) Rural (medium state of humanisation, mainly primary activities (agriculture…) - Nature tourism - Cultural tourism (not urban) - Rural tourism Other typologies linked to geographical contexts but not a specific one - Cruise tourism (linkage of different destinations) - Theme tourism (theme parks, not specifically linked to a specific territory) - Spa tourism (hot springs, thermal waters…) - Gastronomy/culinary tourism Possibility of combining different types of tourism in the same area and/or as a part of a whole (integrating experience) Main tourism typologies Urban tourism: urban cultural tourism and city tourism It takes place in urban area (cities) Differences → Urban (physical concept, huge transformation of natural env. to make possible human settlement) City (functional concept, urban area defined by high its high population, complexity, dynamism) → central urban area in a territory (that has an influence in the whole territory) Minimum population? Depending on country levels Many different tourism options (possibility of compatibility of both): - Focus on cultural components Focus on construction components (architecture, infrastructure) / museums Sometimes entire urban sectors of a city, historic or heritage value (Historic City Centres, old towns…) (Specific resources + resources in a physical conjunto/area) → specific landmarks/components within the urban area (sometimes in the surroundings of the city →MAzah) → explain/define/develop specific experiences In some cases not related to the rest of the city (only comp, not whole city) Often high levels of tourism concentration (overtourism? → creation of new tourism areas:)) Ex. Charles Bridge Prague (Czech Republic) → specific construction landmarks Prado and Reina Sofía Museums (Madrid) → specific landmark: museums Dubrovnik City Historic Centre (Croatia) / Gothic Quarter BCN→ entire urban sectors Versailles Palace (Paris) / MedAzahara Arch. Site Cordoba → located in surroundings of city - Focus on urban dynamics Increasing trend of development of new tourism activities withing the city ( tourist themselves can also create their own customized combinations of existing products (it is often encouraged by growing tourist use of info tech) - Adding new tourism products to the existing ones It can be done by: New products closely related to the prev ones (SB+ outdoor / indoor water sports) Highly different new products (beach resorts + cultural tourism) Developing large-scale tourism products (events, exhibitions, museums) Developing exclusive/up-market products (small scale, casinos, golf courses, marinas) Developing alternative products (at least initially may be provided on a small scale, prod focused on history, culture or ecology) Ex. Punta Cana / Hammamet and Cape Bon Niche and Mass tourism products Strategies for tourism conc/div often concerns whether to develop mass or niche tourism Criterion→ the market size of the activity - Mass tourism (intensively developed and used tourism products) - Niche tourism (smaller use of tourism products)  *mirar diapos Mass tourism Large-scale activity involving substantial numbers of tourists, and one that often stands out of prominently from a destination´s surroundings (deep impact on env) Some researchers point out that most mass tourism involves highly standardized and inflexible tourism products Ex. Kranjska-gora alpine skiing resort in Slovenia Niche tourism Focused on smaller markets Lower numbers can mean that less infrastructure is required The products may be seen as more specialized / individualized / small-scale and flexible Ex. Ozark Mountains (Central-eastern USA) rural tourism KEY → both categories might be considered mostly as simplifications (for a better understanding of destination features= In practice, both extremes rarely fully characterize tourism across a whole destination Nevertheless, these categories are useful in understanding product tendencies (and strategies) Ex. Sustainable development Developing a range of niche market products in a destination → might enable tourism to draw on distinctive local cultural/environmental features, but it might also lead to more socially intrusive forms of tourism that disturb community life On the contrary, when destinations concentrate on a few mass tourism products, this might limit the geographical spread of tourism´s adverse impacts, but it may also complicate economic linkages with the local economy Diversification: parallel or integrative Criterion → the manner in which the diversification process is developed in a destination - Parallel (tourism products attract significantly different customers and when they are developed, managed and marketed as separated entities from each other (no synergies)) - Integrative (products are linked together in a destination, with complementary products being combined (in organized packages or in informal patterns of visits) Parallel (products do not find synergies or complementary linkages) 2 main possibilities: Circumstantially, as a consequence of an unplanned strategy (products suppliers don’t consider the need of integration) As a deliberate strategy (mainly of there are marked cultural or lifestyle differences between tourist groups, and especially if the differences could lead to tension and conflicts) Ex. Muslim destinations → Halal Tourism isolated form Western Tourism facilities Some less developed countries → resorts geographically separated form … Integrative (form of products assembly indeed) Integration can be encouraged through cooperation/collab between the suppliers of the different tourism products Various synergies and connections are built up Creating coherent packaging/themes/imaging, undertaking joint marketing and cooperating in info tech It can be encouraged when compatible sites and attractions are spatially adjacent, near to existing tourist routes, or are combined withing new tourist routes Other implications of integrative strategy: It can create cumulative effects and synergies in people´s perceptions, emotions and attachments (enhancement of destination´s images, experiences provided and, therefore, competitiveness) Sometimes, the ID serves merely to extend holiday packages w/o there being strong compatibilities and complementarities between the products (-> unsatisfying tourism experiences) That´s why achieving greater competitiveness through ID is more likely when add-on products offer distinctive meanings that clearly add value to tourist´s experiences Ex. Phuket (Thailand) Integrative diversification: synergies (thematic and spatial) (+synergies + competitiveness of destination) Synergies can emerge between diversified tourism products in destinations Implications: linkages among 2 or more products → avoidance of negative competition, improvement of cooperation, prolongation of holiday season and enhancement of overall destination performance Synergies can be based on: Thematic compatibility and complementarity Spatial proximity Spatial clusters (“areas producto”) (areas with different products that are near among them and that can create a kind of common appeal/attraction → must be well-recognisable  *mirar diapos How? Through the combination of spatial proximity among products, combined with synergies of appeal between them The proximity itself may have an enhanced appeal for tourists Thematic synergy Destinations can assemble together tourism products w similar/dissimilar features: 1) Combining similar products Purpose: offering some related meaning and experiences Risk: connecting together very similar products and attractions in a destination could be seen as a kind of concentration strategy (rather than as a diversification one) HW, if attractions and products differ a little this might be seen as diversification stragey (but focused on associated and very specific products) Ex. Beach tourism resorts that add such products as outdoor/indoor water sports, spas, scuba diving, whale watching… Thematic trails → Scotland Castle Trail / Route 66 2) Combining dissimilar products Destinations with varied attractions based on different product features Many researchers agree that this approach is more likely to satisfy most of the tourists General leisure tourists are not usually seeking a specific type of tourism products and, therefore, they may appreciate some diversity The effective integration of dissimilar products in destinations will encourage tourists to become immersed in the dest and to have more varied experiences Ex. Cultural products within larger rural/natural well-defined areas Entailment of the assembly of compatible and complementary products/experiences Non-complementary dissimilar products are unlikely to develop synergies and more likely to remain as separate and parallel products Ex. Loire Valley (France) Tourism products options in destinations Building on the options explain above → a more specific conceptual framework→ strategic options for TDest Framework based on two features of the development of tourism products in destinations - The extend of their product concentration and diversification (on scale from low div to high div) - The extend of their product intensification (on a scale from low int (in one or more niche products) to high int (in one or more mass products) This two features (about TP in Dest) correspond to fundamental dimensions of dest development (supply) and of related planning strategies As a result of combining both features → 5 broad strategic options Precautions about this framework (complexity of products and their relationship in dest): - In any dest there may be elements of more than one of the 5 options in various combos and relationships - + complexity in bigger dest = + likelihood that more complex TPDiv patterns will be found there (there tend to be more diverse tourism attractions and more communities with differing dev needs) - There are also transitional features as TP evolve within destinations Nevertheless, this (ideal) framework can assist researchers and policy makers to identify potential options for TPDev and for related dest planning and growth management. 1. Concentrated niche tourism Destination with very small number of tourism products (one typology) that attracts a small number of tourists Two possibilities for its occurrence: Early stage of tourism development (new created dest) Limited number of tourists discover a new dest + few local businesses recognise this activity as an eco opportunity Possibility desired by the dest in long term Seeking a more balanced economy due to the lack of infrastructure, limited local interest or government will about tourism developments, highly-specialized and expensive tourism activity Ex. Nature tourism in some protected areas, safari tourism, luxury coastal destinations…  *mirar diapos 2. Concentrated mass tourism Destination with large number of tourists based on just a few tourism products (one typology) that are intensively developed/used Possible risk → when mass tourism is successful, dest policy makers may be unconcerned about diversifying the TP, or reluctant to take risks and investing in alternative cultural/env tourism attractions Sometimes inflexibility of models and low-quality → loss of attraction for tourists with increasingly demanding interests and requirements Ex. Conventional mass coastal dest in temperate latitudes (Uruguay), Alpine ski resorts in mountain ranges of temp latitudes, major urban dest with little diversification (Krakow) 3. Diversified (parallel/integrative) niche tourism Destinations based on diversity of small-scale products Sometimes in dest in an early stage of development Two possibilities for its occurrence: Dest niche products may develop separately and in parallel Different (and not related) small tourists markets being attracted / no coop among producers The dest niche products may be used in integrative ways The tourists are interested in several of the niche products / producers potentially successful coop tog Ex. Many natural and rural dest (Northern Upper Palatine Forest Natural Park (DE) 4. Diversified (parallel/integrative) mass tourism Destinations based on a diversity of intensively and used tourism products that entail large-scale activities which attract large volumes of tourists (and that may well stand out from their surroundings) Two possibilities for its occurrence: Mass tourism products develop in parallel For relatively separated tourists markets /limited cooperation between providers Mass tourism products may develop in integrative way Tourists consume several of these products during their visit to the destination / coop among MToperators Ex. Major urban dest with div. products (in the urban areas and their surroundings) (Honk Kong/Singapore) 5. Diversified (parallel/integrative) mass and niche tourism In some cases, diversification involves both mass and niche tourism products In parallel + mainly integrative way An interesting complementarity: Mass products (bigger size, more conventional) Niche products (smaller sice, more specialised and flexible) Ex. Major urban destination (main attraction = mass tourism) (specific attraction in surr areas=niche tourism) Palma de Mallorca (SBT=mass + Cultural tourism =niche) / Barcelona (very diversified and successful model, now trying to reduce the number of tourists and control + trying to include more niche products) Topic 5. Types of destinations (types of tourism and sustainability keys) 5.1. Methodological proposal: types of destinations and tourism Destinations + great diversity → essential to take that into account to deal with tourism dynamics + planning and managing specific dest Many different criteria to classify destinations a) tourism diversity (concentration vs diversity) c) tourism evolution (“Tourist destination life cycle b) tourism market-size (mass vs niche) theory” Butler, 1980) d) Origin scale of tourists (international, national, regional and local) e) Territorial basis / environment (!!) Territorial character of any tourism destination Integrative character → it includes and affects most of the other classification criteria What types of dest can be distinguished from a Tpov? Coastal / Urban / Rural / Natural / Thematic Important issues to take into account Despite the classification → great complexity Current trends? Sust aspects? (within the 5 types and each dest) Relationship with tourism typologies? Each destination type (ter features) is more suitable for one/some tt Growing number of dest and competitiveness between them  *mirar diapos 5.2. Coastal destinations They are natural areas (sometimes very humanised an vulnerable) Transition areas land-sea → specificity and fragility (ecosystems and attractions) (climate change, vulnerability, measures to deal with it) A great diversity (beach+ other types and physical formations and features) - Physical features (beaches, cliffs, fjords, caps, bays…) - Different degree of humanization (human transformation) - Different ways of doing tourism (tourism typologies) Key issues about tourism development Predominance of SBT (evolution and new dynamics) Passive experience → consumers want to stay Mostly a very specialized activity (concentration models) Mainly mass Tourism (but also sometimes NT) → mostly a high transformative activity Urban areas (temp lat) From Prev urban areas (growth and transformation) New urban areas (concept of resort) Evolution and new dynamics Mass to Niche Tourism Control of growth and human transformation More and more coastal dest Measures to limit urban growth (protection of New tourist´s demands and trends many coastal areas) Awareness about impacts and need for Existing urban areas (rehabilitation and renovation conservation measures (beach nourishment, increase of public spaces…) Increasing diversification (Coastal) residential tourism SB + New Tourism typologies and experiences Some SBD (mainly in highly attractive areas), some of the prev tourists become new permanent / semi-permanent residents Complex process ( + difficult to control, only possible by land planning) Urban growth (often disordered and spread over large areas) Difficult integration into the prev territory (physical and social) Sometimes a shortage of (nat) res to support the new growth (ex. Water) Frequent loss of tourism dynamism and income Increasing diversification (in many coastal areas) → new tourism typologies and destinations → kind of return to t Kind of return to territory → reinforcement of the distinctive features of each area → dev based on them Nat tourism in growing coastal areas / cultyral heritage / coastal cities (sometimes together w SBT) Natural tourism in coastal areas Coastal areas = natural areas Many of them are well-preserved areas Not very humanised areas Not suitable areas for SBT (climate/relief) Control of SB urban growth Protected areas Nature tourism + need of preservation + many tourism possibilities Ecotourism Both in sea / land Sport tourism Landscape tourism Flora / fauna + wide range act Non-motorized sports Specially attractive coastal sectors Mainly in protected areas (restr) Mainly linked to specific sea/land cond Relief cond/location cond Maybe the most compat typology w SBT Some cases + linkage to CruiseT Cultural heritage-based T in CA Although CA + not much humanisation throughout history → cultural heritage assets founding Linked to ways of life and specific conditions (waterfront buildings, lighthouses, coastal fishing villages…) They define local identity and landscape → traditional and well-defined coastal areas Tourism possibilities → mainly cultural routes / itineraries → often tog w natural / agricultural landscapes Coastal cities Although most intense human occupation is in land → many coastal cities currently Main dynamics Complex dest (highest diversification) Tourism dynamics linked to the urban character Emphasized by frequent/deep impact of cruise tourism Frequent SBT (cities in temp/trop lat)  *mirar diapos 5.3. Urban destinations They are the most intensely humanised areas in the world High population concentration + high concentration of (socioeconomic) activity Centrality / complexity, dynamism and diversity (more suitable for Diversification models) (Complex and central areas that are characterized by high population…) Tourism supply complexity Many tourism features and attractions *Primary elements (physical, social basis) - Activity place Cultural facilities (Theatre, concert, movies, galleries) Entertainment facilities (casino, luna park, bingo) Events and festivals Exhibitions, craftworks - Leisure setting Physical setting Social/Cultural characteristics Historical pattern Liveliness of the place Monuments, buildings Language, local customs, folklore Art objects Way of life Parks, green spaces Waterfronts, canals, harbour Secondary Elements (increasing importance) Conditional Elements Catering Facilities / Shopping facilities / Markets Accessibility, parking facilities Touristic infrastructure (info bureau, signposts, guides) Key issues about tourism development A. Two main typologies Urban cultural tourism (specific landmarks)More related to leisure setting Socia-cultural events B. !New dynamics (deep changes for some years now) Increasing number of cities that are considered as popular tourism dest Increasing numbers of tourism options in dest → new problems/challenges/achievements - New travel facilities and technologies → increasing accessibility of the space for tourism → tourism growth (not only quantity but quality) + tourism penetration in urban life and space (increasing presence of tourism in urban contexts + involvement by local population (tourism co-creations by T and LC)) Ex. Airbnb phenomenon - Risks of huge impacts Congestion and overtourism Tourism gentrification Standardization (Palma de Mallorca, Ámsterdam) Loss of authenticity Dealing with processes and problems Four steps to tourism heaven (strategies to tackle with overtourism) Proactive with strategics → promoting measures in positive way Alignment of city tourism strategy with city development strategy Integration of infrastructural measures in low-tourism areas Upgrading of guests segments in a targeted way Targeting various segments and distributing guests across the city and seasons Reactive approach → controlling negative impacts Regulation of capacities Active management of the sharing economy Limitation of access (entry tickets, slot allocation, flexible price) Overtourism + How to deal with it (“Overtourism? Understanding and Managing Urban Tourism Growth beyond Perceptions” 7th UNWTO Global Summit on Urban Tourism 18 Sept)  *mirar diapos !!Need of integration of tourism in a wider city agenda - Governance (need of all stakeholders ‘involvement in decision-making in tourism dev/growth) - Not consideration of tourism as a separate reality (Tourism as a part of the city) - Tourism must be a part of the urban policies and strategies that contribute to the achievement of more sustainable and quality cities) Global framework (more focused on urban dest) + need of developing more sust and quality cities considering tourism as a part of the global strategy Smart Tourism (global framework for (urban) dest: increasing tourism flow + improving quality for tourists/hosting communities One of the most important initiatives of Urban Smart Destinations worldwide European Capital and Green Pioneer of Smart Tourism How? Different fields of action: - Accessibility Physical, mobility and information Ex. Cork (Visit Cork Accessibility Guide), Grand Walk of Athens, Accessible museums in Florence - Sustainability Physical improvement of the city (public spaces, green areas, new infrastructure…) (Karlsruhe, Saint Sernin Square) Environmental managements (facing climate change) (Smart lights Eindhoven, Donostia) Diversification of tourism flows in time and space (Brussels neighbourhoods, Gothenburg beyond the city) Engagement of visitors and local benefits (holistic view) → social exchanges and benefits for both (volunteer programs in Aarhus, #EnjoyRespectVenezia - Digitalisation Improvement of tourism management based on technology ç Ex. Sevilla Patrimonio Mundial, Detect Aarhus, Dubrovnik - Heritage (mainly cultural) Promotion of conservation, regeneration and creativity Ex. Silent Play for Dante (Immersive guided Tour IT), Culture Near You Dublin 5.4. Rural destinations Areas whose features are defined by the predominance of agricultural activities Most of the emerged land correspond to rural areas Complex areas: Diversity of agricultural activities Areas of traditional human occupation (Cultural Landscape diversity heritage) Different compatibility with natural conditions → Many tourism possibilities  *mirar diapos Tourism development keys: - !!Need of preservation of agricultural activities and landscapes (AAct > RA) → agricultural activity + tourism as a secondary/complementary (niche) activity Oleotourism, Rice Dreams: Southeast Asias Stunning Terraces - Need of well-defined areas (urban and coastal in most dest) Dest + recognition + competitiveness - Less developed areas → rural development → tourism as a good tool for it ** Tourism possibilities (many of them and high diversity) A. Two main typologies Rural tourism → agricultural activities Cultural tourism → cultural components not specifically related to agricultural activities (castles, sanctuaries) B. New dynamics (deep changes for some years now) Rural areas + increasing tourism options Significant growth (on a small scale) New achievements/problems/challenges Two main possibilities (from a geographical point of view) Often specific experiences (mainly on small scale, not in the framework of a broader tourism dest) Ex. Experiences derived from nearby urban areas (villages near to main dest (Village dest itself if very significant)) Rural dest + suitability for intermediate scales (rural regions) Groups of municipalities with common features → tourism image and supply High diversity of experiences Close linkage to many other tourism typologies (nature, spa, culinary tourism…) High suitability for experiential tourism Problems and challenges Difficult accessibility (often in mountain areas) Some possible impacts (loss of authenticity) Sometimes :) → Control of tourism, help in Riks of impact on local communities defining tourism areas (dest) and standing out as Standardization and construction overcrowding a dest (residential tourism) Tourism growth → control of tourism growth (rehabilitation rather Tourism penetration in rural life and space than ex novo development) Risk of replacing agricultural activities **Tourism as a tool for rural development 5.5. Natural destinations They must be identified with high quality natural areas Tourism → need for environmental preservation Highly environmentally transformative sport tourism activities (alpine ski, nautical activies, golf) In most cases there is a coincidence with protected areas (helping them in calling “dest” Not so complex but fragile dest Tourism development keys - Protection and preservation as a priority (tourism as a complementary and niche activity) - Protected areas → many diff types → largest and most complex prot areas = parks - Often a coincidence w rural areas (compatibility with rural tourism experiences)  *mirar diapos Tourism possibilities (increasing diversity) A. Two main typologies Ecotourism (knowing and appreciating the natural environment (mainly flora/fauna)) Sport tourism (developing specific sport activities necessary supported on a highly qualified NEnv) B. Main dynamics Increasing demand and tourist options Imperative need of planning and management (some cases + private protected areas) Main dynamics in nature destinations Different types of protected areas (+/- flexible w human activity/tourism Parks = most flexible = most suitable for tourism Different zones inside the protected areas → zoning In general → very important distinction (types of supply) Infrastructure and services provided by the protected areas themselves for the users (public use or Visitor inf) Ex of diff type: visitors centre, recreational areas, trails, viewpoints, shelters Private companies supply for tourism dev (based on the above + often under license (ProtArea+act) 5.6. Thematic destinations Very specific tourism areas, but with increasing importance during the last decades In most cases theme parks must be considered as a complementary areas (products% within major dest (mainly urban) + Some thematic areas have been created as specific dest: High attractiveness Significant extension Location + distance from main dest Tourism development keys - A kind of artificial areas Overlap on a prev territory (risk of segregation) Sometimes a relationship with territorial features (not common) - New dest (very specialised areas) New tourism possibilities Mainly in the framework of broader tourism regions (challenge=interaction with other dests) Ex Theme dest within large tourism regions Disneyland Paris (own dest that at the same time may be considered as a part of Paris tourism region)