RECLM Midterms PDF

WEEK 2 - INTRODUCTION TO RECREATION AND Recreation LEISURE ​ Was first used in the late 14th century defined as refreshment or curing...

WEEK 2 - INTRODUCTION TO RECREATION AND Recreation LEISURE ​ Was first used in the late 14th century defined as refreshment or curing of a sick person. Leisure ​ Derived from the Latin word “re” which means again and ​ Free time you can spend as you see fit “creare” which is translated as create. ​ Not necessarily planned but not wasted ​ A purposeful activity that includes the experience of leisure in ​ A chance for the body to rejuvenate itself activity concepts, hence, recreation is an activity of leisure. Four views of leisure (Richard Kraus, 1978, pioneer of leisure Historical Origins and Development of Recreation and Leisure and recreation) ​ The Classical View of Leisure ​ The Play of Early Societies: Origin of Games and Sports ○​ Activity is performed for its own sake ○​ In primitive societies, popular games were often vestiges of ○​ State of mind brought about through activities warfare, practiced as a form of sport ​ Leisure as a Symbol of Social Class ○​ Musical instruments were used in religious rituals ○​ Thorstein Veblen’s Theory of Leisure Class (1899) ○​ Pottery, paintings, drawings, and other early art provided a ​ The consumption of luxury products is limited to the record of daily life and cultural mythology leisure class as the working classes have other and ○​ Beads and other jewelry were created as symbols of more important things and activities on which to spend individual status and group affiliations. their limited income. ○​ It became a form of sport offering individual status and ​ Leisure becomes a tool for the elite to flaunt their groups the opportunity to prove physical skill and strategy. wealth and power. ○​ Often, the origin was a religious trial, in which they are ​ Leisure as a Form of Activity played to symbolize a continuing struggle between good ○​ A non-work activity in which people engage during their and evil or life & death. free time. ​ Example: Tlachtli - a pre-Columbian Mesoamerica ○​ May serve specific functions such as relaxation, ritual ball game entertainment, or personal development. ○​ In North America, boys practiced warrior skills and were ​ Leisure as an Unobligated Time taught to survive unarmed and unclothed in the wilderness ○​ Viewed as unobligated or discretionary time. ○​ Girls were taught the household crafts expected of mature ○​ Most common sociological definition often called the women residual definition. ○​ Both sexes learned the history and religion of their cultures through dancing, singing, and storytelling  ○​ Native American tribes (Navajo, Zuni or Hopi, shamans) ○​ Early Hebrews distinguished dances of a sacred or holy practiced healing rites with use of chanting, storytelling, character from the Old Testament dancing, sacred kachina dolls, and multicolored sand ○​ Ancient Hebrews were engaged in hunting, fishing, paintings. wrestling, and use of weapons (sword and javelin) ○​ Major contribution is the seventh day - Sabbath - as time Recreation and Leisure in Ancient Civilizations for rest from work and to worship ​ Ancient Egypt ​ Ancient Greek ○​ They engage in sports as part of education and recreation ○​ During the Golden Age of Pericles, they took an interest in including wrestling, gymnastic exercises, lifting, and arts, learning, and athletics swinging weights, and ball games. ○​ The Athenian ideal of a balanced man - a combined ○​ Bullfighting was a popular spectacle and religiously soldier, athlete, artist, statesman, and philosopher motivated ○​ Music, poetry, theater, gymnastics, and athletic ○​ Music, drama, and dance were forms of worship as well as competitions were sacred social entertainment ○​ Sports were part of daily life and occurred when there were ○​ Complex orchestras (stringed & percussive instruments) mass gatherings of people like the army for war, weddings, ○​ Groups of female performers were attached to temples and or funeral royal houses on sacred or social occasions ○​ Musical events offering contests on harp, flute, poetry, and ○​ Assyrians and Babylonians had many popular recreational theatrical presentations activities like boxing, wrestling, archery and table games ○​ Physical prowess was celebrated in sculpture and poetry, ○​ Assyrian nobles went lion hunting in chariots and on foot and strength and beauty were seen as gifts of the gods using spears ○​ When boys reached the age of seven, they were enrolled in ○​ As early as the 9th century BC, parks were established for gymnastics, and music and intensively instructed in royal hunting parties and settings for feasts, assemblies & running, leaping, wrestling, javelin and discus, dancing, royal gatherings boxing, swimming, and ball games ○​ During the 9th and 10th centuries BC were vineyards, ○​ Greek philosophy believed in the unity of mind and body fishponds, and hanging gardens in Babylon and play activity is essential to the physical health and social growth of children ​ Ancient Israel ○​ Music and dancing were performed for ritual purposes as ​ Ancient Rome well as for social activities and celebrations ○​ Ancient Roman citizens participated in sports and gymnastics to keep the body strong and spirit courageous  ○​ Games were held to worship Roman gods and later were ○​ Three types of large parks (royal hunting preserves or developed as festivals parks, ornate & formal gardens, and English garden parks) ○​ Romans play for utilitarian rather than aesthetics or ○​ Leisure is highly based on social status. spiritual reasons ○​ Their towns generally included provisions for public baths, ​ The 19th Century: Impact of the Industrial Revolution open-theater, amphitheaters, forums for public assemblies, ○​ Leisure and recreation was not a priority over their basic stadiums, parks, and gardens needs ○​ During the reign of Emperor Claudius in the 1st century, ○​ Gradual expansion of popular amusements in the US there were 159 public holidays, 93 were devoted to games ○​ By the 1830s, 30 traveling shows with groups of acrobats in honor of national heroes and jugglers later developed as circus ○​ Free public education existed and developed college sports ​ Pastimes in the Middle Ages as campus-based recreation ○​ Hunting skills were considered a useful preparation for war ○​ YMCA based its program on active recreation ○​ Early forms of chess, checkers, backgammon, and dice ○​ Commercial amusements (dime museums, dance halls, ○​ Gambling was popular but forbidden by royal authority shooting galleries, bowling, billiard, beer parlors saloons) ○​ Travel in reasonable safety became possible ○​ Jousting emerged from tradition and nobility fought on Recreation and Leisure in the Early 20th Century horseback while common men fought on foot ○​ Village feasts and sports, practical joking, throwing weight, ​ The Early 20th Century cockfighting, bull baiting ○​ Municipal parks became well-established ○​ Love of sightseeing and would travel great distances to see ○​ Concept of city governments to provide recreation entertainment facilities, programs, and services ​ Renaissance Period ○​ New forest preserves, historic and scientific sites, ○​ Nobility became patrons of great painters, sculptors, wildlife-protected areas musicians, dancers, and dramatics ○​ Playgrounds, parks, public beaches, and picnic grounds ○​ Dance and theater became more complex and lavish ○​ Commercial recreation such as theme parks, casinos, and entertainment wellness-related (spas) ○​ Forms of play became part of education ○​ Resorts emerged as an all-in-one stop for recreation ○​ European town planning included decorated estates with elaborate gardens ○​ Religious brotherhoods built clubhouses, gardens, shooting stands for archery Motivators to Leisure and Recreation ○​ Provides the opportunity to learn new skills ​ Physical Motivators ○​ Improves problem-solving, tolerance of others, and ○​ Promotes physical health leadership ○​ Body image ○​ Promotes spiritual growth ○​ A means to avoid or manage diseases ○​ Gives the opportunity to take calculated risks ○​ Weight Management ○​ Allows to set short-term and long-term goals ​ Social Motivators ​ Social Benefits ○​ Being with others and reducing loneliness ○​ Provides opportunities to develop friendships ○​ Social norms ○​ Improves social skills ○​ Social status ○​ Reduces feelings of alienation ○​ Introduces new learning environments ​ Psychological Motivators ○​ Promotes sharing, nurturing, and understanding of others ○​ Sense of adventure, excitement, and challenge ○​ Build strong family ties ○​ Stress management ○​ Promotes ethnic and cultural harmony ○​ Relaxation and escape ○​ Improves group development ○​ A healthy balance of work and play ​ Economic Benefits ​ Emotional Motivators ○​ Lowers medical costs ○​ Happiness and well-being ○​ Lowers job absenteeism ○​ Intellectual outcomes ○​ Increases job stability and productivity ○​ Spiritual values and outcomes ○​ Spurs economic growth ○​ Builds a sense of community Benefits of Leisure and Recreation ○​ Decreases crime and vandalism ○​ Boosts tourism ​ Personal Benefits ○​ Promotes physical fitness ​ Environmental Benefits ○​ Develops fine and gross motor skills ○​ Protects and preserves environmentally sensitive areas ○​ Improves self-confidence ○​ Results in cleaner and well-maintained facilities ○​ Gives a more positive outlook on life ○​ Preserve cultural and historical sites ○​ Decrease stress ○​ Increases awareness of environmental issues ○​ Creates a more positive self-image ○​ Improves community image Barriers to Leisure and Recreation Pursuits ​ Economic factors ​ Perceived lack of necessary physical and social skills ​ Time constraints ​ Work and family commitments ​ Other constraints ○​ Lack of motivation and poor self-image, age and gender ○​ Lack of facilities ○​ Lack of available resources ○​ User fees such as membership fees ○​ Time of occurrence ○​ Overcrowding ○​ Location WEEK 3 - SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS AFFECTING LEISURE Overparenting Recreation in the Lives of Children -​ Increasing the role of parenting and obsession with The age group includes children from early infancy through the protecting its children preteen years. -​ Helicopter parenting - very involved in their child’s ​ Solitary Play - carried on without others nearby. education, experiences and issues ​ Parallel Play - side-by-side play without meaningful -​ Snowplow parenting - ones who plow right through any interplay. obstacles that stand in their child’s way ​ Associative Play - Associative Playshare a common game or -​ They believe children have few faults and will always be group enterprise but concentrate on their own individual successful efforts rather than group activity. ​ Cooperative Play - beginning at the age of 3, join together Influence of Commercial Media: Violence & Sex in games, informal dramatics, and constructive projects. -​ Overwhelming barrage of violence and sexual content contained in movies, TV shows, video games and music that Change of Family Structure saturate their environment -​ According to the World Health Organization, there are about -​ Limiting violence seen on TV can reduce aggressive 15 million solo parents in the Philippines, with 95% of them behaviors in children toward their peers. being women. -​ It means increased for recreation services for working Lack of Outdoor Play families. After-school and before-school programming, child -​ Children are staying inside and spending more time with and grandchild activities, mentoring programs for children their computers, video games and TV rather than being with single parents. outside -​ Nature helps relieve everyday stress that leads to depression Overscheduled Children and will have fewer behavioral problems and anxiety. -​ There are increasing opportunities for youth to participate in -​ Research shows that taking a walk in the woods, playing in sport clinics, camps and leagues for children as young as 4 an open space, spending time in the backyard can curb the y/o. symptoms or better avoid ADHD -​ It can result in damage to the child’s self-esteem because (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) they will assume that their parents is always trying to improve them and they are not good enough. Recreation in the Lives of Adolescents Teen Employment -​ While many teens are employed, there are still many who do Changing Teen Experiences not have jobs until they graduate from college -​ They are struggling with self-identity issues, moodiness, -​ Parents wanting to focus on sport or academics puberty, greater reliance on friends and a greater need for -​ Lack of viable jobs within the community or several other privacy and independence. reasons -​ They are overly concerned with being popular, they challenge the status quo, concerned with their appearance, Trends in Negative Adolescent Leisure Pursuits and strongly influenced by their peers. -​ Negative leisure pursuits by teens include drug and alcohol use, gambling, sexuality, among others Recreation in the Lives of Adults -​ Binge drinking is consuming a large amount of alcohol over Generations a short period of time. -​ Silent Generations: Born between 1937 & 1945, they -​ Online gambling are widely available as well as experienced the Depression, World War I, Amelia Earhart's advertisements running on televisions. solo flight Baby -​ Sexting gains media attention when it is used as a bullying -​ Boomer Generations: Born between 1946 & 1964, they tactic or might lead to teen suicide. saw Woodstock, the Korean War, assassinations of President JF Kennedy and Martin Luther King Technology -​ Generation X or Gen X: Born between 1965 & 1976, they -​ Teens are avid users of cell phones and other technology experienced Watergate, peak of Michael Jackson, break -​ Parents are concerned about relationships established dancing & Madonna through social media, cyber bullying, and the impact of -​ Generation Y or Millenial: Born between 1977 & 1990, online activity will have on their future academic or they experienced the technology boom with MP3 players, employment opportunities cellphones, handheld computers -​ Generation Z: Born between 1991 & 2012, they have never Boredom and the Need for Excitement known a world without the Internet, cell phones & terrorism -​ Constructive free-time alternatives not only keep younsgters off the street but also help prevent kids to get bored. Young Adults -​ Forms of thrill-seeking play end in tragic episodes of -​ Late teens through late 30s, includes Gen Y and few older violence, drug and alcohol-fueled accidents and other generations self-destructive experiences. -​ Single population has exploded. “Me Generation” emerged.  -​ This group in this age bracket that is most deprived of leisure Specific Contributions of Recreation & Leisure consists of single parents, raise a family under difficult -​ Regular physical exercise has immense health-related value economic and emotional circumstances, and try at the same for older persons, with a range of specific benefits. time to needed social outlets and recreational opportunities. -​ Other older adults break new ground by entering a new period of creative development in the arts, writing, social Middle Adults service, or other unknown kinds of personal involvement. -​ The current middle adult age group is considered Gen X and baby boomers. They are approximately 40-65 years old Gender Factors Influencing Leisure -​ Some are devoted to their families; unattached; sport-minded Women and Leisure or wilderness-oriented, others are committed to arts, hobbies, -​ Feminism is defined as political, social, and economic or literary pursuits equality among men and women. -​ They plan to stay active to show that they are not old, and -​ Feminism gave women an understanding that they had will need recreation and tourism services to do it freedom in their choices if activities and participation. -​ Limits and stereotypes could be removed. Recreation in the Lives of Older Adults Active Older Adults Implications for Women’s Leisure -​ It is now popular to assert that older adults are far more -​ Women take time for their own recreational activities. active, vigorous, economically secure, and happier than -​ Women value the social aspects of leisure. before. -​ Research has shown that many adults continue to enjoy Men and Leisure sexual relations and to maintain active and creative lives -​ Shifting Masculine Identities - Increasingly, men are well into their 70s and 80s. breaking free of the stereotypes and behaving as they want, regardless of the associated stereotypes. Changes in Family Structure -​ The number of senior living communities, retirement The Role of Fatherhood communities, and assisted-living environments is growing. -​ Fathers are participating in leisure activities to share with -​ These communities provide nursing care, daily living their children. assistance, socialization, and recreation opportunities for the residents. Constraints to Leisure -​ Interpersonal constraints - individual’s relationship with others.  -​ Intrapersonal constraints - individual’s preference for, or -​ Culturally Relevant and Welcoming - They view activities interest in. as being planned by and for whites, or their own religious or -​ Structural constraints - factors between the desire to personal values do not match those of others. participate and actual participation in an activity. Implications for Men’s Leisure -​ Men feel free not to conform to the traditional masculine image. Sexual Orientation Factors Influencing Leisure Implications for Leisure -​ LGBTQIA (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, Asexual +) community faces additional situations, challenges, and obstacles in their leisure and their life as a whole. -​ A major change resulted in the US Supreme Court ruling 5-4 in favor of legalizing same-sex marriage on June 26, 2015, making it the 21st country to legalize marriage for LGBT. -​ They are labeled as a gold mine for recreation companies and agencies. -​ Higher in suicidal rate among their peers. -​ Increasingly becoming parents through past marriages, adoptions or other means. Race and Ethnicity Factors Influencing Leisure Implications to Recreation and Leisure -​ Accessible People - who live near a park are more physically active, healthy, and have higher levels of psychological well-being. -​ Affordable and Safe - Limited in their recreation participation. WEEK 4 - SOCIAL FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNITY RECREATION Function 6: Strengthening Neighborhood and Community Ties Purpose: To strengthen neighborhood and community life by Emphasis on Community Benefits involving residents in volunteer projects, service programs, and special events to enhance civic pride and morale. Function 1: Enriching the Quality of Life Purpose: To enrich the quality of life in the community by providing Function 7: Meeting the Needs of Special Populations enjoyable and constructive opportunities for all citizens. Purpose: To serve special populations such as those with physical disabilities or cognitive impairments, both through therapeutic Function 2: Contributing to Personal Development recreation service in treatment settings and through Purpose: To contribute to a person's healthy physical, social, community-based programs serving individuals with a broad range emotional, intellectual, and spiritual development and well-being. of disabilities. Function 3: Making the Community a More Attractive Place to Function 8: Maintaining Economic Health and Community Live and Visit Stability Purpose: To improve the physical environment and make the Purpose: To maintain the economic health and stability of community a more attractive place to live and visit by providing a communities by acting as a catalyst for business development and a network of parks and open spaces, incorporating leisure attractions in source of community or regional income and employment, and by the redesign and rehabilitation of run-down urban areas, and keeping neighborhoods desirable places to live. fostering positive environmental attitudes and policies. Function 9: Enriching Community Cultural Life Function 4: Providing Positive Opportunities for Youth Purpose: To enrich cultural life by promoting fine and performing Development arts, special events, and cultural programs and by supporting historic Purpose: To provide positive recreation opportunities and sites, folk heritage customs, and community arts institutions. experiences for youth to help them overcome or avoid negative use of free time. Function 10: Promoting Health and Wellness Purpose: To promote community health and wellness by offering Function 5: Educating and Uniting Community Members needed services, programs, and facilities to encourage active Purpose: To improve and develop positive relationships within the lifestyles for community members. community by educating residents about similarities and differences in such things as culture, race ethnicity, age, sexual orientation, religion, income, and more. WEEK 5 - LEISURE SERVICE SYSTEM Arts and Entertainment ​ Art is the expression or application of human creative skill Different Kinds of Recreation and imagination. Entertainment refers to activities & Sports Recreation facilities that attempt to entertain, amuse and interest the ​ It features all activities, facilities, events and programs audience. related with sports ​ The Olympic Games (Winter & Summer) Arts and Entertainment in the Philippines ​ The Southeast Asian Games ​ Art Galleries: Pinto Art Museum, Ateneo Art Gallery, ​ FIBA World Cup National Art Gallery, Modeka Art, Museo Orlina ​ Concert or Theater Venues: Philippine Arena, SM MOA Sports Recreation Events in the Philippines Arena, New Frontier Theater, Meralco Theater, SMART ​ The SEA Games 2019 and FIBA World Cup 2023 Araneta Coliseum, New Clark City Arena ​ In 2024, the Philippines will host over 17 IRONMAN races, ​ Casino & Gaming: Newport World Resort, Okada Manila, bringing together thousands of local and international Solaire Resort, City of Dreams, Winford Hotel and Casino athletes and solidifying its reputation in the sports tourism sector. Home-based Leisure ​ The Philippine Sports Tourism Awards recognize over 50 ​ When a leisure activity is done at home, it is called enterprises and host cities for their contributions to this home-based leisure. This includes watching TV, reading a growing industry. book, and doing hobbies such as baking and gardening. ​ Events like the Panagbenga Festival in Baguio City combine local culture with sports, enhancing the tourism experience Play and Activities and driving economic growth through sports-related ​ Play can be characterized as active and passive recreational activities. activities that allow us to grow physically, socially, ​ By positioning itself as an Asian hub for triathlon events, the emotionally, and morally. Both controlled and unstructured Philippines capitalizes on its stunning natural landscapes and activities can be used to engage in play. rich sports culture, attracting global participants and ​ Playgrounds and public parks are some examples of this reinforcing its status within the international sports tourism component. arena. Taboo Recreation Types of Organized Recreation ​ It is a leisure behavior that is restricted by law or society's norms. Government Recreation Agencies ​ These are the federal, state, provincial agencies and local Sexual Activity departments that provide recreation and leisure services as a ​ Engaging in recreational sexual activity with casual primary function. Also included are other agencies that offer acquaintances, one-night stands, having "friends with recreation programs as a secondary responsibility such as benefits" or sexual activity outside of a marriage those concerned with social service, education, special ​ Taboo sex such as viewing pornography, visiting sex clubs, populations, and the armed forces. These are the Department same-sex activity, swinging, or partner swapping. of Tourism, National Parks Development Committee, ​ Motivated by a sense of power, to learn more about oneself, Philippine Sports Comission, and Intramuros escape one's inhibitions, and sense of freedom Administration. Gambling Voluntary Non-profit Organizations ​ Wagering money or something of value on a preselected ​ These are nongovernmental, nonprofit agencies, both outcome. sectarian and nonsectarian, which serve the public at large ​ Examples of gambling include betting on horse races, buying with multiservice programs that often include a substantial lottery tickets, playing in casinos, parimutuel betting, element of recreational opportunity. The most popular Internet gambling, and riverboat casinos. voluntary organizations include the Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts ​ Research shows people gamble because it's fun, risky, of the Philippines, YMCA (Young Men’s Christian exciting, challenging, adrenaline rushin,g and relaxing. Association of the Philippines), YWCA, and YM-YWHA. Substance Abuse Private Membership Organizations ​ It is a pattern of using substances that alter mood and ​ They provide recreational and social activities for their own behavior beyond what they are originally intended members and, in some cases, assist community recreation ​ Illegal drugs, binge drinking, consuming alcohol underage. needs. ​ For escape, relaxation, to fit in with a group, to socialize, to ​ Examples are golf, tennis, yacht, athletic, and country clubs. take risks, or to be more outgoing. ​ Recreation sponsors connected to residences such as swimming pools, sports or fitness complexes or clubs  attached to leisure villages, and apartments or condominium significance, which is legally protected by international units or retirement communities. treaties. ​ The sites are designated as having "outstanding universal Public-operated Recreation Agencies value" under the Convention Concerning the Protection of ​ National Parks under the E-NIPAS (Expanded National the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Integrated Protected Area System) or RA 11038 ​ In the Philippines, we have 6 world heritage sites (3 ​ Establishment of 94 protected areas classified as National cultural, 3 natural) Parks based on the requirements of the Philippine 1. Historic Town of Vigan (1999) Constitution and RA 7586; 2. Baroque Churches of the Philippines (1993) ​ Recognition of existing local communities, townships, and 3. Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras town centers, as well as territories and areas occupied by (1995) Indigenous peoples; 4. Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National ​ Provides mechanisms for renewable energy development Park (1999) within protected areas subject to the adoption of reduced 5. Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (1993) impact technologies, ElA, and safeguards to ensure the 6. Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary. integrity of ecosystem functions and biodiversity; Commercial Recreation Enterprises National Parks in the Philippines - 94 PAs classified as Natural ​ These are privately owned businesses that operate to make a Park under eNIPAS profit such as ski centers, bowling alleys, nightclubs, movie houses, theaters, health spas or fitness centers, dancing National Museums in the Philippines schools, and theme parks ​ National Museums in the Philippines under RA 8492, An Act Establishing National Museum System, Providing for Its Permanent Home and for Other Purposes ​ National Museum of the Philippines Network continuously expands with now 25 museums, 4 of which will be opened to the public upon its completion. Heritage Sites in the Philippines ​ The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) selects a landmark or area for having cultural, historical, scientific or other form of