REAL A&P PDF

1. What type of tissue comprises bone? Osseous tissue 2. What is the anatomical term for shaft? Diaphysis 3. What is the anatomical term for the bone ends? Epiphysis 4. What are other names for spongy bone? Cancellous or trabecular bone 5. What ar...

1. What type of tissue comprises bone? Osseous tissue 2. What is the anatomical term for shaft? Diaphysis 3. What is the anatomical term for the bone ends? Epiphysis 4. What are other names for spongy bone? Cancellous or trabecular bone 5. What are other names for compact bone? Dense or cortical bone 6. What region of bone is found between diaphysis and epiphysis? Metaphysis, 7. A bone is covered on the outside by what? The periosteum 8. What secures periosteum to bone? Perforating fibers 9. A bone is lined on the inside by what? The endosteum 10. What types of cells do you find in the periosteal and endosteal layers? Osteoprogenitor cells which are stem cells that make blasts 11. What is the term for a mature bone cell and where does it “live”? Osteocyte, lives in lacuna 12. What is the basic functional unit of compact bone? Osteons 13. What is diploe? Where do you find it? Spongy bone in flat bone of skull 14. What do you call the “onion type” layers of calcified matrix? Osteons 15. Lacunae are connected via little canals called what? Canaliculi 16. Spongy bone contains “spicules” in a network. What are the names for these spicules? trabeculae 17. These cells dissolve bony matrix. Osteoclasts 18. What is released into bloodstream when bony matrix is resorbed? Calcium and phosphate ions 19. These cells synthesize or make the matrix Osteocytes 20. What begins with the formation of a hyaline cartilage model that is ultimately replaced by bone? Endochondral Ossification 21. Bone diameter increases through what type of growth? Appositional growth 22. What is the other name for longitudinal growth? Interstitial growth 23. Which region in a bone is responsible for longitudinal growth? The epiphyseal plate 24. Normal aging and loss of bone density is called what? Osteopenia 25. Pathological loss of bone over a lifetime that decreases bone density is called what? Osteoporosis 26. What could happen during CPR if you are not careful to avoid this part during chest compressions? Fracture the sternum and cause the siphon process to break off which could injure the liver 27. The movement of raising the arm laterally. Abduction 28. The movement of returning the arm to the body from its laterally raised position. Adduction 29. The movement of bending the elbow. Flexion 30. The movement of returning the bent elbow to anatomical position Extension 31. The movement of bending the neck backwards to touch the back. Hyperextension 32. All movements combined in a circular motion Circumduction 33. Please know all ranges of motion! Flexion-> decreases angle between bones; brings bones closer together Extension-> increases angle between bones Hyperextension-> joint extended more than 180 degrees Lateral flexion -> trunk of body moving in coronal plane laterally Abduction-> lateral movement of body part away from midline Adduction-> medial movement of body part toward midline Circumduction-> body part moving in a circle Lateral rotation-> turns anterior surface of bone laterally Medial rotation -> turns anterior surface of bone medially Pronation -> medial rotation of forearm so pal of hand posterior Supination -> lateral rotation of forearm so palm of hand anterior Depression -> inferior movement of a body part Elevation -> superior movement of a body part Dorsiflexion -> only ankle joint, digging in your heels Plantar -> pointing toes down Inversion-> soles turn medially Eversion -> soles turn laterally Protraction -> pushing jaw out Retraction -> pulling jaw in 34. An immovable joint. Cartilaginous joints/synarthrosis 35. A slightly immovable joint Fibrous joints/amphiarthrosis 36. A freely movable joint Synovial joints/Diathrosis 37. Palm front position. Supination 38. Palm down position. Pronation 39. Pointing toes position. Plantar flexion 40. In adults, Skeletal bones store energy reserves as lipids in this area. Yellow bone marrow 41. This region of a bone is hematopoietic, aka makes blood cells Bone marrow 42. What are osteoprogenitor cells? Bone stem cells, found on the innermost layer of the periosteum and the inner lining of the endosperm, differentiate to form new osteoblasts, heavily involved in the repair of bones after a break 43. Which cells are derived from osteoprogenitor cells? Osteoblasts 44. Where do you find concentric lamellae vs interstitial lamellae? Concentric lamellae are found within individual osteons in compact bone arranged in concentric circles around a central canal. Interstitial lamellae are located in the spaces between these osteons, filling the irregular areas between them. 45. What percent of bone is organic and what percent is inorganic? 35% organic, 65% inorganic 46. What comprises the inorganic part of bone? Mineral salts, primarily calcium phosphate which eventually converts to hydroxyapatite crystals. 47. Are bones organs or tissues? Tissues 48. What type of bone has a shaft and two ends? Long bones 49. What occurs at the event called epiphyseal closure? What is formed? Area of cartilage in the metaphysic will eventually ossify and form the epiphyseal line, the width of this zone gets narrower as we age, marks the former location of the epiphyseal cartilage/plate, at the ends of the bone is a layer of cartilage(articular cartilage) that is maintained for life. 50. What are the functions of bone? Support, protection of soft internal organs, movement, hematopiesis(blood cell formation), storage of mineral and energy reserves 51. What happens if osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity? The bone density will reduce and the risk of developing osteoporosis will increase 52. What is the lay term for epiphyseal plate? Growth plate 53. In what dimension does the epiphyseal plate allow growth? Longitudinal growth 54. What runs through the central canal of an osteon? Nerves and blood vessels 55. In what direction do perforating canals run when compared to the central canal? Perpendicular 56. What happens to osteocytes if the blood supply is damaged? Osteocytes undergo cell death 57. What is the term for bone tissue formation? Bone ossification/osteogenesis 58. What bones are formed by intramembranous ossification? Flat bones of skull, clavicle, and most cranial bones 59. What effect does mechanical stress have on bone? Deformation of bone matrix, generates strain force 60. What effect does disuse have on bone? Bone loss, osteoporosis, increased fracture risk 61. What does atrophy mean? Decrease in size of tissue or organs, cells are wasting away 62. What does parathyroid hormone do? Stimulates osteoclasts, inhibits osteoblasts, increases circulating calcium levels by aiding calcium ion absorption from small intestines and reducing calcium ion loss from kidneys 63. In which type of fracture does the bone penetrate the skin? Compound facture 64. What is the term for “sway back”? Hyperlordosis 65. In which area of the spine do you see “sway back”? Lumbar and cervical spine 66. Dowager’s hump or hunch back causes an exaggeration of which spinal curve? Thoracic 67. In which direction is the curvature in the deformity known as scoliosis? Lateral(sideward) curvature 68. What is the most common ankle sprain? Inversion sprain 69. What is the term describing opening the mouth? Oral fissure  70. What is the term describing closing the mouth? Occlusion 71. What is the term describing turning the sole of the foot medially? Inversion 72. What is the term describing turning the sole of the foot laterally? Eversion 73. What is a bursa and where do you find them? Fluid filled sacs that act like cushions and gliding surface to reduce friction between body tissue, found in synovial joints. 74. What are the steps in endochondral ossification? Osteoblasts begin to migrate into the epiphyses, these are the secondary ossification centers. Osteoblats begin to replace cartilage with bone, this results in pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis, thus resulting in longer bones. 75. Skull bones are joined at tight areas called what? Suture 76. The pituitary gland sits in this region of the bony skull. Sella turcica 77. Where do you find secondary ossification centers (in a long bone?) Epiphyseal region 78. Where do you find primary ossification centers in a long bone? In the diaphysis(shaft) 79. What is osteoarthritis? Most common chronic arthritis, probably related to normal aging processes; etiology unknown, cartilage wears out and deteriorates between the bones at synovial joints. Bones rub together and produce stiffness and severe pain. 80. What is rheumatoid arthritis? Autoimmune disease-the immune system attacks the joints, symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints, often leads to deformities, can appear at any age, often associated with lupus 81. Which type of fracture breaks the skin? Compound fracture 82. In which type of fracture does a bone bend? Greenstick fracture 83. Describe the difference between osteoporosis and osteopenia. Osteopenia is bone mineral density that is lower than normal but not low enough to be osteoporosis, osteopenia makes bones weaker and more at risk of breaking.  84. What is spina bifida? Birth defect that involved the incomplete development of the spine, spinal cord or its coverings. The term spina bifida comes from latin and literally means “split” or “open” spine. Occurs at the end of first month of pregnancy, two sides of the embryos vertebral arch fail to join together at the spinous process, leaving in an open area. 85. Which two bones form the zygomatic arch? Temporal bone and zygomatic bone (specifically the processes) 86. Which two bones make up the bony hard upper palate of the mouth? Maxilla and the palatine bones 87. What is the special movement of the thumb that allows primates and humans to grasp things? Opposition 88. What vitamins are essential for normal bone growth and what do they do? A and C, A stimulates osteoblast, C is necessary for collagen formation and osteoblast differentiation 89. What is calcitriol and what is its function? Calcitriol is a hormone that converts 7-dehycrocholesterol to vitamin D3 90. What are the steps involved in fracture/bone repair? When bone is broken bleeding occurs, a network of spongy bone forms, osteoblasts are overly activating, resulting in enlarged callused area, this area is now stronger and thicker than normal bone. Bone repair 91. Be sure to know ALL bone fractures Colles frature -> a break at the distal portion of the radius Pott fracture -> occurs at the ankles and affects both the tibia and the fibula Simple fracture -> bone breaks but does not penetrate skin Compound fracture -> broken bone protrudes through skin Comminuted fracture -> 3+ pieces Compression fracture -> from cushing type injury Depressed fracture -> pressed inward Spinal fracture -> twisting appearance Epiphyseal fracture -> fracture along growth plate in child or adolescent Greenstrick fracture -> occurs in young bones; one side breaks and the other bends or buckles; or bone just may bend Impacted fracture -> ends are driven into each other, this is commonly seen in arm fractures in children and is sometimes known as a buckle fracture Stress fracture -> a small crack in a bone; often develop from overuse, such as high-impact sports like distance running or basketball 92. Be sure to know all hormones, vitamins and minerals and their effect on bone! Hormones: parathyroid, calcitonin, growth hormone, thyroxine, estrogen, testosterone Calcitriol and parathyroid hormone regulate blood calcium PTH released by parathyroid glands, stimulates osteoclasts, inhibits osteoblasts, increases circulation calcium levels by aiding calcium ion absorption. Calcitriol converts 7-dehycrocholesterol to vitamin D3, vitamin D3 circulates throughout the body, calcidiol circulates in the blood Thyroxin maintains normal activity in the epiphyseal region for growth Growth hormone maintains nor activity int he epiphyseal region for growth Estrogen and testosterone stimulate osteoblast activity, secreted in large amounts at puberty, increases rate of cartilage growth and bone formation in epiphyseal plate, bone formation rate greater than cartilage growth Minerals: calcium ions, phosphate ions, magnesium ions, citrate, carbonate ions, sodium ions - Calcium is required for muscle contraction, exocytosis of cells, stimulation of the heart, blood clotting Vitamins: A and C A stimulates osteoblasts C necessary for collagen formation and osteoblast differentiation 93. What is achondroplasia? Disproportionate stature, dwarfism 94. What are the types of synarthrodial joints and examples? Stures, gomphosis - tooth in socket 95. What are the types of amphiarthrodial joints and examples? Symphysis - pubic symphysis, IVD 96. What are the types of diarthrodial joints and examples? Synovial joints - shoulder joint, elbow joint, hip joint, knee joint 97. What is articular cartilage and what is its function? Hyaline cartilage on bone surface at joint, function is to reduce friction during movement, acts as a cushion to absorb joint compression, prevents damage to articulating ends of bones 98. What are the parts of a synovial joint? Joint capsule, the presence of articular cartilages, a joint cavity with synovial fluid, a synovial membrane, accessory structures(cartilage, ligaments, tendons, bursae), sensory nerves and blood vessels 99. What is a ligament? Dense regular connective tissue, connect one bone to another, stabilize, strengthen, and reinforce synovial joints 100. What is a tendon? Composed of dense regular connective tissue, not part of the synovial joint itself, attach muscle to bone, help stabilize joints 101. What are the four ligaments in the knee and where are they? Collateral(tibial&fibular), popliteal, cruciate(anterior&posterior), patellar 102. Where do you find tendon sheaths? What do you call an inflamed tendon sheath? Common in wrist and ankle, synovial joints, tenosynovitis 103. What are the three parts of an intervertebral disk? Anulu fibrosus(outer layer), nucleus puposus(inner layer), vertebral endplate(make up the inferior and superior surfaces) 104. Be sure to know all clinicals! Achondroplastic Dwarfism(long bones of limbs stop growing in childhood, other bones continue normal growth, short in stature large head, failure of chondrocytes in epiphyseal plate to grow and enlarge, inadequate endochondral ossification) Glucocorticoids cause bone loss. Costochondritis- inflammation of costochondrol joints, localized chest pain, cause usually unknown, may be mistaken for pain from a myocardial infarction, treated with nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drugs Osteoarthritis- most common chronic arthritis, probably related to normal aging process; etiology unknown, cartilage wears out and deteriorates between the bones at synovial joints, bones rubs together and produce stiffness and severe pain Rheumatoid arthritis - autoimmune disease(the immune system attacks the joints), symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints, often leads to deformities, can appear at any age, often associated with lupus Osteopenia- normal bone loss that comes with aging (not a disease) Osteoporosis - excelerated loss of bone (disease) Spina bifida - birth defect that leaves the spine, spinal cord, and its coverings incomplete during development Red bone marrow transplant - Bone marrow destroyed by radiation/chemo, abnormally functioning marrow, harvested cells injected into bloodstream of recipient, migrate to normal locations for red bone marrow, must be “match” between donor and recipient, so immune system does not attack. Fractures - Allusion, colles, comminuted, complete, compound, compression, depressed, displaced, epiphyseal, greenstick, hairline, impacted, incomplete, linear, oblique, pathologic, pott, simple, spiral, stress, transverse Rickets - disease caused by vitamin D deficiency in childhood, characterized by deficient calcification of osteoid tissue, bowlegged appearance, disturbances in growth, hypocalcemia, and tetany, occurs in some developing nations Osteomalacia - adult rickets Sprain - stretched/torn ligament Arthritis - includes all rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints, involves damage to the articular cartilages Kyphosis - normal thoracic spine Hyperhyphosis - extreme outward curvature in the spine(hunchback) Lordosis - normal lumbar/cervical spine Hyperlordosis - extreme inward curvature of the spine(swayback) Scoliosis - lateral curvature of spine 105. What happens when blood calcium is low? High? What gland and hormone is involved? When blood calcium levels are low bone is reabsorbed parathyroid gland releases PTH to increase calcium levels, when high PTH is stopped 106. What are glucocorticoids and how do they affect bone density? Glucocorticoids cause bone loss, they are steroid hormones, released by adrenal cortex, high amounts cause bone loss 107. What test is used to measure bone mineral density? Bone density scans, DXA 108. What is another name for a joint? Articulation/articular surface 109. Swayback is? Hyperlordosis extreme inward curvature/abnormal curvature 110. Hunchback is? Hyperkyphosis extreme outward curvature/abnormal curvature 111. What is the difference between a sprain and a strain? Sprain involves injury to ligaments or joint, strain is injury to muscles or tendons