Reading and Writing Skills Review PDF - Bartolome Sangalang National High School

SUPREME SECONDARY LEARNER GOVERNMENT ’24 - ‘25 Bartolome Sangalang National High School 3RD QUARTERLY EXAM REVIEWER READING AND WRITING SKILLS LESSON 1: THE READING AND WRITING CONNECTION OBJECTIVES READ...

SUPREME SECONDARY LEARNER GOVERNMENT ’24 - ‘25 Bartolome Sangalang National High School 3RD QUARTERLY EXAM REVIEWER READING AND WRITING SKILLS LESSON 1: THE READING AND WRITING CONNECTION OBJECTIVES READING was defined according to two types: (Lapp and Flood, 1978) Decoding: a process of breaking down written codes Comprehension: the action or capability of understanding something.WHY DO WE READ? To develop a broad background To anticipate and predict To create motivation and interest To build a good vocabulary For pleasure and enjoyment BENEFITS OF READING Exposes readers to accurate spelling and correct forms of writing Shows readers how to write more complex sentences Invites readers to be more experimental in their own writing Allow the readers to hear the thoughts of others WRITING - a method of representing language in visual or tactile form. - It is also a system of graphic symbols that can be used to convey meaning Why do we write? To express, To inform, To entertain, To describ, To explain, To persuade, To explore, To learn, To solve problems BENEFITS OF WRITING Allow writers to voice out their thoughts Provides writers with a vehicle to use their imaginations Gives writers a chance to engage in a conversation with other writers Aids writers in reading critically of other worksMotivates writers to engage with the text they are reading "Reading is like breathing in, writing is like breathing out"- Pam Allyn LESSON2: GENRES OF READING AND WRITING TEXT  came from the word texere means to weave large unit of written languange DISCOURSE orderly and extended expression of connected thought on subject. expression of ideas TYPES OF DISCOURSE ARGUMENTATION aims to persuade the readers. should present valid claims should appeal to logic DESCRIPTION based on the main impression using 5 senses EXPOSITION aims to inform, clarify, and explain a phenomenon gives reader instruction on how something is done. provides in depth discussion about topics that are usually less explored. Appeal to intellect NARRATION storytelling recalls event chronologically Appeal to emotion INFORMATIONAL TEXT A subset of the larger category of non-fiction (Duke & Bennett-Armistead, 2003) Primary purpose is to inform the reader about the natural or social world KINDS OF INFORMATIONAL TEXT ENCYCLOPEDIA- A book or set of books giving information on many subjects or many aspects of one subject. Typically arrangedalphabetically. NEWSPAPERS/PERIODICAL - A publication consisting of a number of large sheets of folded paper on which news, advertisements, and other information are printed. MAGAZINE- A publication with a paper cover which is issued regularly. Contains articles, stories, photographs, and advertisements. TEXTBOOKS- Contains facts about particular subject that is used by people studying that subject WEBSITES- a set of related web pages located under a single domain name typically produced by a single person or organization LITERARY TEXT- Pieces of written material, such as book or poem that has the purpose of telling a story or entertaining Usually aesthetic but may also contain political messages or beliefs. KINDS OF LITERARY TEXT DRAMA intended to be more serious in tone Usually for theatrical performance, where conflicts and emotions are expressed through dialogue and action FABLE Demonstrates useful truth in which animals speak as Bhumans FAIRY TALES Stories about fairies and magical creatures, usually for children. FANTASY Fiction with strange or other worldly settings or characters Invites suspension of reality LESSON 3: TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING AND ORGANIZING INFORMATION Brainstorming is a way of generating ideas by listing ideas or critiques spontaneously. It is sometimes done individually or even as a group. Through this strategy, we can develop new ideas and discover how to even solve bigger problems. We may also think of it as one free association. The hot technique brainstorming is "Listing". It means we need to write down anything that will come about certain topic. Graphic Organizers like concept maps and mind maps are important and influential ways of organizing o. arranging contents and ideas. A graphic organizer serves as a visual display that demonstrates relationships between concepts, facts, or ideas. It also guides our thinking as we fill in a visual map or diagram. There are four primary graphic organizers: an outline, a Venndiagram, a hierarchical topical organizer, and a bubble organizer. Types of graphic organizer Flow Chart used to show the different steps in a process. Hierarchical Topical Organizer shows the order of idea WEB shows how different categories of information relates to one another. Flow Diagram shows series of steps in the order which they take place. Graph collection of all points whose coordinates satisfy a given relatio Venn diagram when they compare and contrast most things; it helps in visualizing similarities and differences. Connected organizational charts and bubble graphs are constructive for visual learners, allowing writers and readers to connect ideas spatially. Concept map we need to write our topic in the middle part of the page, then after that, we must jot down points, different ideas, or facts related to or supporting our case. An Outline/Outlining is also another way of arranging and organizing information. The materials were organized hierarchically and sequentially by classifying first, the main topics, followed by the subtopics,and supporting details. Most people use "Roman Numerals" for the top level, in the second level the alphabet in capital letters, followed by Arabic Numerals', and then 'lowercase' for the next level. The arrangement of each numeral or letter should be followed by a period, and each item is capitalized. There are two general types of outlines- the sentence outline and the topic outline. -The sentence outline is done by using sentences. - the topic outline uses words or phrases. LESSON 4: PATTERNS OF WRITTEN TEXT Narration This type has a paragraph that follows a chronological or sequential order of writing. It mostly use transition words such asfirst, then, soon, after, suddenly, etc., This transition words help to maintain coherence and show movement or flow of ideas. For example, when we are telling a story, it employs different action words like verbs, adverbs, and phrases that create a signal into making time to create a text that is more engaging to the listeners/readers. Description In this kind of pattern, transitional words are always used to indicate a location. Some details like referring to physical aspects, for example, seeing how a certain subject sounds, looks, smells, feels, or even tastes like are the components of this method development. More often, the observations must be specific to encourage a good imaginative thinking. It simply means that these transitional devices include sensory language. Definition A paragraph with this kind of pattern develops a written text in various ways. Like defining a term, class, specific details,etc. You can also define function, characteristics, what it should be, what it is not, what it is similar to, its origins even an effect that can be scientific or sometimes subjective. Exemplification This sort of text use a detailed illustrations or picture for clarification. This can be in a story form, a quotation, an anecdote,a statistic and etc. Comparison and Contrast A paragraph showing comparison and contrast answer how some subjects can be the same or not. When we compare, we examine how some subjects can be similar; while when we talk about the term contrast, it emphasizes how most subjects are different from each other. While in comparing as a term, we can use word-signal like, in the same way, similarly, in like manner, likewise, in a similar fashion, Etc. On the other hand, when we talk about contrast, it often uses signal words such as yet, nevertheless, nonetheless, after all, but though, otherwise, on the other hand, notwithstanding, Etc. Cause and Effect This technique explores why things happen and what happens as a result. Words that show effect are, for this reason, it follows, as a result, as a consequence, thus, therefore, etc. Transitional devices include because, since, is due to, is caused by, for this reason, it follows, as a result, and so. Process analysis It describes how things work, involving a series of steps in chronological ordering. Transitional expressions such as first,second, then, and finally are used. Transitional devices include first, second, then, and finally Division and Classification A single subject is targeted and broken down into components. Items are being grouped into categories based on the features they share. In division, a category is divided into subcategories, while in classification, the writer develops criteria in the subcategories based on their relationship. The writer who uses this pattern must have a strong sense of purpose. Problem-solution A problem is being presented and a solution. Why it has become a problem is also discussed, leading to a conclusion highlighting the connection between the problem and solution. Transitional devices include the answer, challenge, need,difficulty, dilemma, enigma, improve, indicate, issue, plan a need, problem, propose, remedied, resolve, respond to, solve,and suggest. Persuasion This method involves facts that make the paragraph more convincing. In giving illustrations, signal words are used, such as first, next, last, etc. In answering oppositions, words 6 such as, of course, some may say, nevertheless, and on the other hand. When you draw generalizations, words like therefore, hence, consequently, and thus are used. LESSON 5: PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT In exploring a text, you must understand what you are reading to get the text's message. You must develop the skill in verifying issues, affirming one's values, or even making a decision if necessary. At some point, the author offers information, but he/she challenges you to give reactions. To properly evaluate the ideas you have gathered while reading, you must know the different kinds of information - explict information and implicit information. A paragraph is composed of sentences that are organized, coherent, and are all associated with one topic. For a paragraph,or for any composition, to be effective, it should consider the properties of a well-written text. PROPERTIES OF A WELL - WRITTEN TEXTI. ORGANIZATION Also known as the arrangement of ideas, incidents, evidence, or details in a definite order in a paragraph, essay, orspeech. It is achieved when ideas are logically and accurately arranged. COHERENCE AND COHESION Coherence This refers to the logical arrangement of sentences to be easily understood by the reader. Cohesion This refers to how to word units, sentences, and ideas were connected through the arrangement of details according to orders and the use of signal devices. Chronological Order the details are arranged in the order in which they happened. Spatial Order sentences in a paragraph are arranged through a geographical location, for example left-to-right, up-to-down, etc. Emphatic Order sentences and paragraphs are arranged depend on the writers purpose co empasize certain points in which it can be established in two ways: from least to most important or from most to least important. Signal Devices These are words that outline the progress of the different points of the paragraph in the reader's mind. Repetitions Keep continuity and highlight important ideas. Transitions These are words that connect smoothly one idea from the other. Synonyms Words similar in meaning used to prevent tedious repetitions Pronouns These are words that helps readers connect the original word that the pronouns replace. LANGUAGE USED This enables writers to communicate their ideas without confusing their readers effectively. Thus, this refers to the appropriateness of word usage and is known to be one of the clearest indicators of a well written text. LEVELS OF LANGUAGE USE Informal/ Personal refers to slang, local expressions, text messaging like hey, bes, yow. Standard/Academic these are widely accepted words and phrases found in dictionaries, books, and etc. Business/Technical refers to jargons of specific disciplines like scientific terms and special expressionIV. MECHANICS It focuses on the technical structure of the text. It determines errors in grammar, abbreviations, spelling, acronyms,capitalization, the use of numbers as part of the statement, and correct punctuation marks. LESSON 6: EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT CLAIMS IN A TEXT Organization refers to the arrangement of ideas in a text Coherence and cohesion refer to the connection of ideas and connection between sentences and between paragraphs Appropriate language use refers to the acceptable style of language for a particular form of text. Proper mechanics refers to the conventions of writing which includes capitalization, punctuation, spelling, numerals, abbreviations,acronyms, and contractions. TWO KINDS OF INFORMATION EXPLICIT INFORMATION it refers information found or read in the text The meaning is not vague; no further explanation is needed.Readers can see the piece of information stated in the given passage Explicit information is any idea that is clearly stated in detail, with no possibility of confusion.You see, the text explained with explicit information.Since you are looking for explicit information in what is read, the explicit information will be written in the text. It does not need cives anymore. You must have to read the written information. Example: Think of a door sign that says, "No Entry." This door sign explicitly tells you that you must not enter. However, ifthe door sign says "Danger", the word danger will create a feeling in and tells you that you must not enter.Below are examples of explicit information.