Range Where You Are Biology Past Paper PDF

Range where you're at. And then we talked about the glaramycs in here. Now a student came up to me, and they brought up a really good point. They said, Well, we separate each one of these critters here by how they reproduce. What about the glalam I see? Well, we talked about the mycorrhizae being...

Range where you're at. And then we talked about the glaramycs in here. Now a student came up to me, and they brought up a really good point. They said, Well, we separate each one of these critters here by how they reproduce. What about the glalam I see? Well, we talked about the mycorrhizae being really super important, right? But here I put a little extra on here. Well, how do they reproduce them? So remember, my seeds grow independently. I've got plant partners. No evidence of sexual reproduction has so far been found in this group, they reproduce asexually, producing extremely large, multinucleate Spore. These large spores can persist in the soil until they come into contact with the uninfected group. So these actually reproduce asexually, and that's why it was so hard to kind of figure out exactly where they were at. Again, we put them in the zygomycetes for a little while, but that was a good question. What was students? Which one was Yeah. So yeah, your question was a good one. I decided to just elaborate a little bit on that, but it's not really that super important. The mycorrhizae is more important. But you know, your question was a good one, so I like to address that. Okay, everybody okay with that? So that's just a little extra onto that same slide. We Okay, there, all right. And then we talked about the endo and ectomycorrhiza. So everybody's okay with that, right? Oh, go ahead. Speaker 2 01:37 Oh, sorry, this kind of a side question, but is a test on this upcoming Tuesday. No, it's whenever we decide. Speaker 1 01:47 I know it seems confusing. I am a confusing person. Can we, like decide as a class? Or yes, we could do it today if we want, if you'd like to. Let's get closer to the Go ahead. Example, problems like S S S 02:03 that would be on the Speaker 1 02:06 test. Yes, I'm gonna do that before we take the test, so I'm gonna bring the test down, and I'm kind of going over a few things, but it's not like a study guide. It's kind of just to push you in the direction of where you need to go, especially for this first test, because a lot of you haven't ever had me before, so it's a little bit confusing to take somebody's test and try and figure out what the heck they're trying to talk about. So I'm going to try and alleviate as much as possible without giving the study guide. Because what's the best study guide your slides that you've taken pictures on in your notes, that is the best study guide. That's the way we do it in a university, not like a high school, where they're trying to push you through. You know, I don't know how many of it felt like when you went to high school, that the way education is they're just trying to crush you through and get you done, you know, kind of something like that. Did you feel that way? Yes, no, okay, so I just feel like that. They're trying to do that. And I we talked about these things. Oh, talk about facts. Yay. You. So let's take a look at the White Nose Syndrome here. What's interesting about the white nose syndrome here? It's a it's a fungal type of infection. And again, remember, we're talking about ascomycetes here, and the bats over in Europe and a number of places Indonesia actually have had this type of a selection of pattern go through their group and they got through it okay, and they aren't affected by it anymore, because their immune systems have adapted to selecting in the population genetics to be able to avoid this. But North American bats have not had that. And when we finally get the movement of bats coming across in certain types of migratorial types of things, or just the way in which fungus moves, and also fungus is going to be maybe the next pandemic. So you have to be careful. I mentioned that before, the North American bats are going through this very same thing right now, so it's going to select form. And it looks like it already has reduced the population, but now they're getting back up where all of them have that immune reaction to it in there, so we have this unfortunate little white nose syndrome in 04:43 here. Okay, we all good. Speaker 1 04:47 We also need to talk about zombies in here. Now, unfortunately, zombies have existed in mythology, human mythology, and just like vampires in the rest of them, they really don't exist, for the most part, although there are human vampire, like people that prey on other people. Yes, they are okay, so we do have vampires that way. But other than that, take a look at this. So we have these Aska my seats in here, so the opio Cordyceps in here actually cause the ants to be able to do what move out onto areas where the wind will actually catch the spores that are developing here from the ascomycetes that's growing out of its head. So it's almost like Alien where the alien affects the body and then pops out of the body. That's what it's doing with these critters, right here. So that was kind of an interesting anomaly. I really enjoyed that S S movie just because I had some interesting biological aspects. Hopefully we won't encounter anything like that when we get out into space. Yay. Take a look, though, that some of these Cordyceps and some of the things that happen here with some of the crickets. Notice here we start to have the SI and the different types of anomalies coming out of the critters. Can we get fungal infections? Also, I'm going to show you some of those too. Take a look at that right there. I thought this would be kind of interesting to see again, as such different types of insects, not just the ants themselves, can get infected. Take a look at this tarantulas spider in here. Look at that beautiful type of growth in there, and the incredible types of stuff coming here. So Cordyceps in here and are very unique. So we also have over in the Himalayas, some interesting types of medicine there that have the Cordyceps, type of protrusion coming out of these, basically Ghost Ghost moth larva. They're parasitizing the larva in here, and people take them as medicine. I've talked to some people that have actually tried these. I haven't tried them myself. I'd like to, but they taste kind of nutty. They said, like kind of a nutty taste. But very interesting, how we assume that certain things will be medically beneficial for us? We should investigate to find out, although Big Pharma doesn't like that, because then sometimes their drugs get pushed off to the site. That's too bad. Okay, the city of my seat. Here we go. So this is the city of my COVID. These are ones that you're most familiar with. We love to eat these Well, some of us do remember how some of you are selected against. Okay, so include mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, mutualists and plant parasites. Almost every group can be parasitic or foodstuffs or non effective. So the phylum is defined by the club life structure called a basidium. So it's a transient diploid stage. I'm going to show you a couple of examples of the life cycle to kind of help you understand that. They're also called a club fungi, and I'll show you why. Good there. Got that. Let's take a look. These are real cuties. Some of them are shot fungi. Birds Nest fungi in here, Inky caps in here, and those, these are shooting out the spores, moving outward in here, and doing all sorts of fun things. The ammonite are very dangerous, and again, remember I told you not to do what go mushroom mushroom hunting yourself. Go with the group that's up in Salt Lake, or go with some individuals that know, like our professors on here. Take a look at the maiden veil fungus. So what's also interesting is you're going to find out that certain types of flowers exude chemicals that smell like rotting meat or dama, and it attracts flies as the pollinators of the movement of the spores on those types of things. So here we have the main veil fungus, very beautiful smells like rotting meat, uses flies, puff balls, emitting spores. Kind of a close up of that. That's kind of fun. Take a look at this. So all of the things that we've talked about so far, protozoans of all types, slime molds, etc, bacteria and especially fungi, are doing what, breaking down the basic dead or nearly dead types of materials and recycling them to make nutrients, to make brand new critters, right? Always using the carbon cycle. Isn't that kind of neat looking. That's very beautiful. Sometimes you apply moisture, being one of the important items here. So in response to the environmental stimuli, the mycelium. Mycelium reproduces sexually by producing fruiting bodies called base basidia carbs. Mushrooms are examples of basidio carbs. So when you eat a portabella mushroom, or mushrooms in general, you are eating basidiocard We're going to show you how that works here, as far as their production of Spore. So here's our cycle. If you guys are already familiar with this cycle, are you not? We call it dikaryotic. Dikaryotic is another name for heterokaryotic, or N plus N in here, so don't get confused with that. So let's take a look right away here at the basic mushroom itself and these gills that are on here. Now, when I was a kid, back in the late 50s, early 60s, way back in the prehistoric pass, we actually took some mushrooms and we would put them on some wine paper, tap them, and they would make that pattern of the gills with spores on it. Have you guys ever done that? That's kind of fun to do and kind of a neat thing. But here's what's going on inside of these basic basidio carbs on the gills. In here we have the basidia. Notice this is a hetero periodic stage, n plus n. You guys remember that from the previous life cycles. Also in here we have karyogamy, where it combines together and make a diploid nuclei, and then it releases basically the spores that become the basic negative and positive we don't have male and female, whether we just have negative and positive. That's just designating two different types of spores for this class of this level. And then they get together and go back into the n plus insult. Is that pretty understandable? How that works or Okay, let me show you another way in which we do it. This is a pretty good one too. Shows a little bit better detail of the n plus n type of development here the diary on. They call it diary on. Don't worry about that. There's some interesting ways in which we look at things here. So as we have the gills in here, you can kind of see a close up of one of the gills in here and the basidia, or the clubs that we have in here that have the n plus n. Then we go through, again, a fusion, meiosis, etc, development of the city of sports and the development of those individual strains here until we start farming with the hype A, this type of a fruiting body that is really kind of neat. As far as the genetics of just taking hype a and forming them into a fruiting body itself, we okay with that? Do both of those kind of help you understand that? Okay, let's take a look here. We're going to talk about prairie roots. Okay? Now, the scientific explanation for this is berries come down land, grab hands and dance in a circle to rock and roll music, of course, and form the fairy rings. Does that sound very scientific? No, but Okay, all right. But isn't it interesting? Sometimes you have to look at the mythologies to say, Where in the world did they come from? How does that form? So what's happening here is the fact that we have the spores that are landing here in a healthy area where there's lots of food. They want to land in there and grow hyphae and go out and go crazy right about in the center or so. There's probably more than one that landed here, but this one seems to be the first one, and the dominant one right here in the middle. We've got a beautiful spore that starts to put out hype a and it spreads out in a circle, as long as there's what in the same area, the same type of food that they found in the soil. This is pretty uniform, is it not? Therefore that circle forms nicely out there, genetics, timing and food supply, water supply initiates, then the development of the hyphae at a certain point out here to do what to fruit to make more spores. And so we find these fairy rings around here that are really kind of neat in there. You've probably seen those. Have you not seen them in the logs and stuff like that with code schools? Okay, well, we do have those out there. So the fungal enzymes are obviously strongest near the fungal filaments. Take a look at this one right here, though. This is kind of neat. So let me ask you this though all of a sudden, oh, 15:28 it stopped right here. Speaker 1 15:31 It shouldn't bother the tree. You need to have a shared area of the soil right there. But obviously it does what other type of fungi in here are present that probably are already established well with this tree, that kind of keep it from growing around right in this area, right in here, the mycorrhizae. The mycorrhizae, does that make sense that way, so it can be interrupted, per se. But isn't that kind of neat how that forms a lot of places where there's lots of moisture that usually occurs? These are dangerous amanitas. Sometimes you'll see areas where it looks like something has chomped on these right here, on these areas right here, and sometimes there's snails and moss that don't that aren't affected by the toxins that are produced by the basic ammonitus. That does not tell you that they're safe for you. I just want to emphasize that, are we okay there? Just because snails handle it doesn't mean to be here. All right. Fungi play key roles in nutrient cycling, as you well know, we emphasize that they're S good decomposers and recyclers, and they're also mutualists, though sometimes they are very helpful in a situation. So fungi form mutualistic relationship with plants and algae, cyanobacteria and things like that, making lichens and all of the beautiful critters that we're going to see here. So plants are harmless symbiotic endophytes, Endo, meaning inside and fight, meaning a plant like structure that live inside the leaves or other parts. This actually is advantageous for certain types of plants. Sometimes it doesn't affect them at all. Endophytes make toxins and deter herbivores and defense against pathogens of all types. You can actually have fungi that can fight against certain types of bacteria. So let's take a look here. Let me finish this. So if we take a look here, this is a good endophytic fungi in here, in a shell, fungi in Pinus strobolus in here on the pine trees. So this is kind of neat, but the best example of this, though, is the next one I'm going to show you, and that's Italian rye grass in here. It's resistant to aphid attacks in here from the presence of the endophytes that are in here. Okay, there. Let's look at this one, though. Take a look at this. The plant with the endophyte is not affected, the ones that don't ache but are eating it like crazy. Isn't that interesting how a fungus can do that? So fungi are really, really important and fascinating in the development of CO evolutionary relationships. So let's take a look at this right here. Many species of ants and termites use the digestive power of fungi to raise them in farms. So this is kind of interesting, and we thought that humans were the only ones that kind of domesticated things. This is technically a domesticational behavior, but be careful of that. It's not like us. You know, growing sheep and all sorts of stuff and colonizing and different types of things. A good example of this is the fungi forming symbiosis with invertebrate animals, leaf cutter akinney ants in here. So here, the fungi in here actually act like an antibiotic to a certain degree and keep other fungi from growing in there. So that's really interesting. So these at any ants, and these occur here in the United States, down in the southeast. So I don't know how many of you have ever seen that, but they do have groups of ants that what are they chewing the leaves off for to actually feed the fungus. Isn't that kind of cool. Now, why in the world do these ants want to do this? Well, let me tell you about a correlation here that's kind of interesting. What is the basic structure of the exoskeleton of an ant made out of chitin, mucopolysaccharide? You get to start for the day. Now, that's kind of neat, isn't it? What kind of materials do fungi produce in their cell walls? As the ants eat it, they produce more what on their exoskeleton or places, etc. So that's really kind of neat, that that is a correlative type of thing. How did it evolve? It's incredibly complicated, but probably goes back at least maybe 300 million years. So it's had a long time to develop that uniqueness about it. Take a look at this. Take a look at the little ants going across there. Ants are incredibly neat as far as making little pathways like that with the attendee ants here. But also, you have to be careful when you go into tropical areas, because you can get in the pathway of certain ants that will cause you some real problems. Any insects that get in the way they actually in those pathways get torn apart by other ones, other than the attendee ants that are looking for leaves. So leaf cutter ants of Central and South America and southern US here, they eat the hyphae that nourishes them. The fungi have a home. The ants have Streptomyces bacteria that make an antibiotic to kill off competing fungi in there also so other fungi can't get in and take advantage of the food supply they produce. The ants and their fungal partners constitute a mutualistic type of symbiosis. Everybody okay with that? Net interesting. So fungi are incredibly important, very interesting. Kind of showing you some neat pictures right here, of the ants carrying those cut leaves in there. Everybody wants to get involved in here. Okay, now we go to lichens. Fascinating group again. There are huge coffee table books of these lichens from all over the world. They're just really beautiful, and I enjoy just looking at them all day. A lichen then is another symbiotic association here. Notice, I didn't call it mutualistic or parasitic, yet, between a photosynthetic microorganism, cyanobacteria and a green algae, they're both photosynthesizers. They both make sugars, right? Okay, and a fungus, a basin of my seed, or an ascomycete in which millions of photosynthetic cells are held in mass of the fungal hyphae. So if you're anthropomorphic, like lot of scientists were going back in the 17 1800s and even into the 1900s you might interpret these types of things with human emotions. You got to be careful with that beautiful lichens. Let's take a look here at the basic structure of a basic lichen, like a cross fells one here that we find up along our mountain edges, up here and in our rock. You guys have seen these on the rocks here? Right? These work really good here. There's a couple of different types, some folioser in here, polio types and crustose in here. It doesn't matter. This is the basic structure that we have here. So we have the algal cells or the cyanobacterial cells in here, and they photosynthesize and make food have a home for themselves, and also the fungus in there get fed at the same time. That's kind of an interesting relationship. Just like mycorrhiza have a relationship with plants, okay? And so here again, the algal cell or the cyanobacterial cell. Sometimes they have both in there, different species of green algae that's neither here nor there. So most scientists think that the relationship is mutualistic. The lichenologists that I know think that this is mutualistic, that it's something that's COVID All together to help one another to a certain degree, as those algal cells or cyanobacterial cells have been captured and kidnapped, and so some people consider it parasitic. I do not okay, but mutualistic is what I understand from most likenologists. So the Aska my seats, are found in all of but 20 of the 15,000 species here. Now it's a combination of two types of critters into one, but they're so specialized and so ancient that we can actually give them genus and species names as lichens. Isn't that go ahead. So what do the fungi do for the allergies? They give them a home and a place for being able to absorb all of the nutrients they need for them to stay alive. So it's kind of like extra surface area for the fungi and mycorrhiza and but it's more of a thing that you can actually envision, because the fungi get food from photosynthesis. They and they give what surface area for food and minerals going up into the tree itself. So it's still the same type of relationship there. It's just not as a parent, just not as a parent. So yeah, that's that's good to get that. Okay, lichens are important pioneers and the first colonists on new rock and soil areas to help break them down on islands, like volcanic islands, and that because that basalt materials, iron, magnesium, being dark like it is, and some types of lichens really adhere to it. If you go up to Craters of the Moon, you'll actually be able to see some of a real dark lava or basalt rocks in there that have these beautiful green lichens all over them that are breaking down that material into the soil. And they do that for islands to start first soil for seeds to come in from the wind. Lichens are sensitive to pollution, and they can be indicators. Matter of fact, a lot of people don't like this, because we had an individual that actually along the Wasatch Front here was starting to look at some of the crustose lichens and be able to tell which companies were actually polluting the most by the content of the lichens itself. So that person got kind of in trouble. You know, from that standpoint of the university, don't do that anymore, because you're going to get us in trouble with 27:38 all of these companies. Speaker 1 27:40 Okay, so, but it is a good indicator of pollutants and bio indicators. Beautiful types. In here we have three basic types, fruticos, folios and crustose. There are folios that we have on our rocks and crustose in here, the folios like foliage look more like leaves most of the time, or they're a little bit raised up. The crustose are right against the rock, and the fruticos look like plants themselves. S 28:13 And we're going to look at a couple. Speaker 1 28:16 Take a look at the fruticos up close on that one that is a beautiful lichen in there, Christos and the folios. If you go up to Oregon, if you go up to Portland, beautiful Portland, and you look at the trees, 28:30 you'll have a lot of these types of lichens. 28:34 How many have done that? How many are familiar with Speaker 3 28:36 these areas in Oregon? A couple of you. It's really kind of neat. It Speaker 1 28:41 makes the tree beautiful. Really doesn't hurt them that much, and that gives them a substrate to be able to stay on, to be able to get stuff from the air, doing beautiful stuff close up. So the algae, as we said before, can provide some carbon compounds in there, while cyanobacteria can provide nitrogen also. And the fungi provide the environment for growth, especially water and minerals and protection. So it is a mutualistic type of relationship there, they can produce sexually and asexually, because remember that we said that the majority of the components of the fungi are ascomycetes, so they have a sexual ability to reproduce along and carry the cyanobacteria and the green algae 29:43 with it Speaker 1 29:44 when they become what we call ceridia in here fragmentation. So let me show you how the ceridia are formed with these clusters of hyphae embedded in so the wind can actually catch these. Notice the ascocarbon, the astromyc in here, and just the asexual ability of being carried S S S S these. Notice the ascocarbon, the astromyc in here, and just the asexual ability of being carried from one place to another. And if you get in the right environment, you can make some more lichen with those basic algal cyanobacteria cells. 30:16 We okay with that idea. 30:19 Okay, so, in review, a 30:21 lichen is a composite organism Speaker 1 30:24 that consists of a fungal symbiont, an asthma Mycenae, sometimes a basinium Mycenae, not as often, and one or more photoautocos or green algae or cyanobacteria, providing a whole bunch of really neat things. Sometimes with both of them, it makes for a very healthy lichen. And just a review of the ceridia down there and how the Aska my seat, might also release some of those things with what's going on here. Are we okay with that? Speaker 4 30:55 Everybody? Okay? Kind of fun. Lichens are 31:01 very, very neat pathogens. Now, Speaker 1 31:06 30% of the known fungal species are parasites or pathogens, mostly on or in plants. Now that number changes all the time with new discoveries, so that's just kind of a ballpark figure. Some fungi that attack food crops are toxic to humans. Some actually can be eaten by us, okay, but don't try it. Okay. Remember what I told you? This, this section in here of fungi. You leave it alone. Unless you go to the store and have somebody you know pick you up some mushrooms, or you eat Portobello, don't worry about it. Otherwise, animals are much less susceptible to very sick fungi than our plants, but we're still susceptible, and some of you have actually had this. So the general term for our mycosis, okay, mycosis said that occur as fungal infections. Example, coccidiomycosis is a lung infection. Candida is an ascomycete. Now notice, the S S S ascomycetes are very, very well adapted to land environment and CO evolutionary and parasitic types of things. The Candida is the ascomycete, the systemic blood borne infection thrush. Ascomycete can cause vaginal infections. Athlete's foot and nail. Fung, sir ascomyce, now what do we usually think athlete's foot is? Some people think it's a worm. Alright? It's not. It's a beautiful asking. I'm going to show you a little bit more about that. Sporthox is a lymphatic infection and ringworm, asking, my seed is a skin mycosis, and it appears a lot like a fairy ring. That's why it looks like a worm inside of your skin, just underneath subcutaneous. We all okay with that. So there are some pretty good take a look at what's going on here. So again, plants are very susceptible. We can get apple scab and air ergot in here. And so we'll take a look at rye examples right here. So the rye plant itself can be susceptible to a lot of these azkamycetes in here. Now one of the important things is you got to be kind of careful with here is the fact that on rye, clovise in here can cause ergotism in here, one of the compounds of Lysergic acid. What's that? Lysergic acid diethylamide, 33:50 LSD. Speaker 1 33:52 So back in the past, over in Europe, we actually had areas where we would score things like rye and wheat and other types of plants. If we didn't have good storage to keep things out, which they didn't for the most part, there would be a fungus like claviceps grow on it and create LSD the whole village and eat that and go on a trip. That wouldn't be very good, because those kind of Speaker 4 34:23 trips that that don't have any type of Speaker 1 34:28 ability to stop you from eating more than what you really need 34:33 are going to kill you. Speaker 1 34:37 So LSD again, can be very dangerous, and it did so, more than 40,000 people in France 34:43 S S S S 34:43 were killed, 944, AD, 34:47 so it's not Speaker 1 34:49 very fun, apple scab, and you can see athletes. But So how many of you have ever seen the kind of fungus that you get in, like, on your legs or on your arms or something. It looks like a big circle, and that's nothing more than a fairy ring. Have you guys seen that for the most part? Okay, so it's not a worm. It is actually what a fungus, fairy ring in there, growing inside of you there. Yeah. 35:20 Okay, so Speaker 1 35:23 when I was in the military and going into areas where there's lots of moisture, I actually had a fungus. And lots of the guys had a fungus, all of their fungus among us, and we actually would have it grow out of our noses, big yellow areas of fungus that were growing, we'd break them off, and they just grow back again really quick. Our bodies, though, became adapted to it, and we adapted to a lot of the gamboo that 35:56 you find over in Speaker 1 35:58 places like Southeast Asia and jungles and that, and so we adapted to it. But it can be very dangerous if you have an athlete's foot. Some people try and put their feet into like a hot tub and turn it up really high. It does kill it on the surface. But guess what the hype a retract inside of your 36:23 button, it just goes back S S S 36:26 again. Okay, Speaker 1 36:27 so you got to be kind of careful with some of the things that you might bring 36:31 home from other places. Speaker 1 36:35 I had a couple of girlfriends that I kind of gave some bad fungus too, just because I couldn't get rid of it with a Bahasa. So I'm 36:44 speaking from personal 36:53 Gray, 36:57 they got back at me. Don't worry, they Speaker 1 37:01 always do. Core. Corn smut Aspergillus. Take a look at this right here, out of the corn kernels, out of the baby corns. In here, we can actually grow some of this wonderful stuff 37:11 in here. Some people Speaker 1 37:13 actually eat this. Okay, they cook it up and eat it. I don't recommend S S S S actually eat this. Okay, they cook it up and eat it. I don't recommend 37:18 that to you. 37:21 Okay, don't eat fungus, even though there's fungus of mine, all right, my Speaker 1 37:28 cos in here, here's a couple of interesting ideas here. Some secrete toxins that make food very bad. Fusarium in here, boy, is this a good name for a toxin, Fauci that is really good, that tells you do not eat. Okay, Aspergillus, flavus, in here carcinogenic compounds improperly stored grain and peanuts, as well as claviceps, that make the Lysergic acid. You've got 37:59 to be careful. Speaker 1 38:02 Humans eat many fungi using for meaning cheeses, alcoholic beverages. So some cheeses, I'm not going to go into this. 38:12 Just eat your cheese. It'll be okay, Speaker 1 38:16 as long as you buy it from the stores. And bread, some fungi are used to produce antibiotics. Very, very important things. And let me put it to you this way, microbiology is incredibly important. I hope you all take that if you haven't already, and microbiology can tell you how bacteria can produce lots of our medicines without having to go to other sources that were a lot harder to get, things like insulin from injecting it into animals and getting some of the stuff now we can just grow up bacterially like things like insulin. I won't go into detail into that. That'll be for a micro class, very good class. Genetic Research on fungi is leading to applications and biotechnology here too. 39:09 S S S 39:09 Okay, so 39:12 as I said down there, insulin, like growth factor, Speaker 1 39:15 can be produced by a fungus also. So these are kind of important, again, for antibiotics, the Penicillium zones inhibited in the petri dish here. Remember, the one that doesn't have the usual life cycle is the most 39:34 ancient one, and that's the chit, right? Speaker 1 39:39 Whereas these others have these unique types of reproductive cycles that also have a hetero periodic stage, 39:49 that 39:50 have Speaker 1 39:51 some very unique stuff. Again, notice here that they don't show this except in conjunction with mycorrhiza here, because it forms asexually, right next to the plants. And ask of my seats, have the 40:08 acai in there. 40:11 S S S 40:11 The studios, have the clubs, 40:15 etc. Now, 40:17 this is kind of fun Speaker 1 40:21 if you take a look at some of these shell fungi in here, like the coronavis in here, you'll find nematodes, which are parasites of both animals and plants, start to eat this and it paralyzes them, And then the fungus 40:39 absorbs their bodies. Speaker 1 40:41 Isn't that cool? Neat science Speaker 4 40:44 fiction coming from there, if you want to do that, Amanita is very dangerous. Be Speaker 1 40:50 careful of those, but that's kind of neat. Now, 40:56 I don't know if you guys Speaker 1 40:57 watch the old reruns of The X Files. But there was one of the X Files where Scully and Mulder were actually encased in bacteria fungi that made them hallucinate and think that they were S S S S S were actually encased in bacteria fungi that made them hallucinate and think that they were okay and that they were having an experience. And the show goes through the experience, and then they finally realize that they're actually having hallucinations from the fungi that are trying to consume them. Watch The X Files. It's cool. It's cool. It's neat. Sometimes there's scientific principles in there that are just really cool. How many have seen 41:41 that X Files? I'm talking about couple of you. You guys, Speaker 1 41:44 you miss a lot. I don't know what kind of crap you watch today. You know, I don't watch any of that stuff. Well, I watch reruns of the big bank. Speaker 4 41:55 All right? You guys probably don't watch that either, do you 42:02 guys? Are missing a lot. 42:06 That's okay. Don't be sorry. Speaker 1 42:10 Fungi, heterotrophs, decomposers, parasites, sapromic, sacromic, means they live on dead material. Okay, that's okay. And mutual listeners, lots of variety. This is a whole science undue itself. And again, Dr Jeffrey Zahn teaches the mycology class here in an incredible class. If you're interested, did this kind of pique your interest in fungi? You didn't realize how neat they really were. That's kind of the only event we have in the 1620s is kind of making, oh,