Upper Limb Bone Imaging PDF

IMAGING OF THE BONES OF UPPER EXTREMITIES, CT, RADIOGRAPHY  In upper extremities radiology, various imaging modalities are chosen based on the clinical context and the specific structures under investigation. X-rays and CT are often the initial imaging tool for assessing bones and joints, while...

IMAGING OF THE BONES OF UPPER EXTREMITIES, CT, RADIOGRAPHY  In upper extremities radiology, various imaging modalities are chosen based on the clinical context and the specific structures under investigation. X-rays and CT are often the initial imaging tool for assessing bones and joints, while MRI provide more detailed information about soft tissues, ligaments, and joint structures. These radiological studies play a crucial role in diagnosing and managing conditions affecting the upper limbs. BASICS RADIOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLES - RECAP X-ray produced within the X-Ray tube Xray beam passes through ROI onto detector plate 5 main X-ray densities  Normal anatomy of shoulder The upper end of the humerus can be seen with its parts: greater tuberosity lesser tuberosity head surgical neck anatomical neck The parts of the scapula that are fairly obvious are the: glenoid cavity supraglenoid tubercle infraglenoid tubercle coracoid process acromion process lateral (or axillary) border Finally you should see the: clavicle upper ribs  CLAVICLE Clavicle The clavicle, classified as a long bone, has a body and two articular extremities.. The lateral aspect is termed the acromial extremity, and it articulates with the acromion process of the scapula. The medial aspect, termed the sternal extremity, articulates with the manubrium of the sternum and the first costal cartilage. CLAVICLE BASIC ANATOMY CLAVICLE  SHOULDER The scapula, classified as a flat bone, forms the posterior part of the shoulder girdle. Triangular in shape, the scapula has two surfaces, three borders, and three angles. Lying on the superoposterior thorax between the second and seventh ribs, the medial border of the scapula runs parallel with the vertebral column. SHOULDER XRAY SCAPULA CT  HUMERUS The proximal end of the humerus consists of a head, an anatomic neck, two prominent processes called the greater and lesser tubercles, and the surgical neck. The head is large, smooth, and rounded, and it lies in an oblique plane on the superomedial side of the humerus. Just below the head, lying in the same oblique plane, is the narrow, constricted anatomic neck. The constriction of the body just below the tubercles is called the surgical neck, which is the site of many fractures. HUMERUS HUMERUS ELBOW XRAY  ELBOW XRAY humerus medial epicondyle lateral epicondyle olecranon fossa trochlea capitulum radius radial (or bicipital) tuberosity head neck ulna olecranon process coronoid process ELBOW CT RADIUS AND ULNA WRIST XRAY WRIST CT  HAND XRAY radius (1) ulna (2) styloid process (SP) Proximal row of carpals from lateral to medialscaphoid (3) lunate (4) triquetral (5) pisiform (6) Distal row of carpals from lateral to medialtrapezium (7) trapezoid (8) capitate (9) hamate (10) hook (11) metacarpals I, II, III, IV, V from lateral to medial proximal phalanx (PP) middle phalanx (MP) distal phalanx (DP) Every now and then you will see an extra bone and these are called sesamoid bones  Shoulder dislocation (correctly termed a glenohumeral joint dislocation) involves separation of the humerus from the glenoid of the scapula at the glenohumeral joint. On an X-ray, a shoulder dislocation will appear as a gap between the humeral head and the glenoid fossa. CLAVICLE FRACTURE ELBOW DISLOCATIONS ELBOW FRACTURE Intra-articular radial head fracture Radial head fracture Radial neck fracture Distal radius fracture ulna fracture NORMAL WRITS RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY