Quiz 2.docx

\#\#\# Quiz 1 1\. \*\*Which of the following is a primary function of the kidney?\*\* \- A) Filtration of blood \- B) Production of insulin \- C) Oxygen transport \- D) Protein synthesis 2\. \*\*What is the primary marker used to assess renal function?\*\* \- A) Serum Sodium \- B) Glomerular...

\#\#\# Quiz 1 1\. \*\*Which of the following is a primary function of the kidney?\*\* \- A) Filtration of blood \- B) Production of insulin \- C) Oxygen transport \- D) Protein synthesis 2\. \*\*What is the primary marker used to assess renal function?\*\* \- A) Serum Sodium \- B) Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) \- C) Blood Pressure \- D) Urine Specific Gravity 3\. \*\*Which hormone increases renal blood flow by dilating afferent arterioles?\*\* \- A) Aldosterone \- B) Renin \- C) Prostaglandins \- D) Angiotensin II 4\. \*\*Which of the following drugs is known to be nephrotoxic?\*\* \- A) Metformin \- B) NSAIDs \- C) Aspirin \- D) Paracetamol 5\. \*\*What is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?\*\* \- A) Hypertension \- B) Acute Kidney Injury \- C) Diabetes Mellitus \- D) Urinary Tract Infections 6\. \*\*Which class of antihypertensive drugs is recommended as first-line in CKD but also has nephrotoxic potential?\*\* \- A) Beta-blockers \- B) ACE Inhibitors \- C) Calcium Channel Blockers \- D) Diuretics 7\. \*\*What is a potential complication of hyperkalemia in patients with CKD?\*\* \- A) Arrhythmias \- B) Hypotension \- C) Bradycardia \- D) Hyperglycemia 8\. \*\*Which therapy is typically initiated when CKD progresses to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD)?\*\* \- A) Insulin Therapy \- B) Renal Replacement Therapy \- C) Statin Therapy \- D) Anticoagulation 9\. \*\*What does the term \'oliguria\' refer to?\*\* \- A) Excessive urination \- B) Painful urination \- C) Reduced urine output \- D) Blood in the urine 10\. \*\*Which electrolyte imbalance is a common complication of CKD?\*\* \- A) Hypocalcemia \- B) Hypermagnesemia \- C) Hyperkalemia \- D) Hyponatremia 11\. \*\*Which test is most commonly used to estimate GFR in clinical practice?\*\* \- A) Serum Creatinine \- B) Urine Albumin \- C) BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) \- D) Cystatin C 12\. \*\*Which condition is an indication for immediate dialysis in CKD patients?\*\* \- A) Severe hyperkalemia \- B) Mild proteinuria \- C) High blood pressure \- D) Moderate anemia 13\. \*\*Which of the following is a mechanism of action for loop diuretics?\*\* \- A) Inhibition of sodium-potassium-chloride cotransport in the distal convoluted tubule \- B) Inhibition of sodium-potassium-chloride cotransport in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle \- C) Blockade of aldosterone receptors \- D) Inhibition of sodium-glucose cotransport 14\. \*\*Which symptom is most indicative of uremia in advanced CKD?\*\* \- A) Chest pain \- B) Itchy skin (pruritus) \- C) High fever \- D) Diarrhea 15\. \*\*Which class of drugs is used to manage hyperphosphatemia in CKD?\*\* \- A) Statins \- B) Phosphate binders \- C) Calcium channel blockers \- D) Beta-blockers 16\. \*\*What is the target hemoglobin range for CKD patients on erythropoiesis-stimulating agents?\*\* \- A) 80-90 g/L \- B) 90-100 g/L \- C) 100-115 g/L \- D) 120-130 g/L 17\. \*\*Which of the following therapies helps to control secondary hyperparathyroidism in CKD?\*\* \- A) Loop diuretics \- B) Calcium supplements \- C) Vitamin D analogs \- D) ACE inhibitors 18\. \*\*What is the effect of sodium bicarbonate therapy in CKD patients?\*\* \- A) Treats metabolic acidosis \- B) Lowers blood pressure \- C) Reduces hyperkalemia \- D) Increases erythropoiesis 19\. \*\*Which vitamin is often supplemented in CKD patients to manage bone disease?\*\* \- A) Vitamin A \- B) Vitamin C \- C) Vitamin D \- D) Vitamin E 20\. \*\*Which test is recommended to monitor the efficacy of treatment for anemia in CKD?\*\* \- A) Serum Ferritin \- B) Serum Calcium \- C) Serum Potassium \- D) Serum Phosphate \*\*Answers:\*\* 1\. A) Filtration of blood 2\. B) Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) 3\. C) Prostaglandins 4\. B) NSAIDs 5\. C) Diabetes Mellitus 6\. B) ACE Inhibitors 7\. A) Arrhythmias 8\. B) Renal Replacement Therapy 9\. C) Reduced urine output 10\. C) Hyperkalemia 11\. A) Serum Creatinine 12\. A) Severe hyperkalemia 13\. B) Inhibition of sodium-potassium-chloride cotransport in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle 14\. B) Itchy skin (pruritus) 15\. B) Phosphate binders 16\. C) 100-115 g/L 17\. C) Vitamin D analogs 18\. A) Treats metabolic acidosis 19\. C) Vitamin D 20\. A) Serum Ferritin \#\#\# Quiz 2 1\. \*\*What is the primary regulatory function of the kidney?\*\* \- A) Regulate insulin levels \- B) Regulate blood pressure \- C) Regulate blood glucose levels \- D) Regulate protein synthesis 2\. \*\*Which condition is characterized by a rapid decrease in kidney function, usually within hours or days?\*\* \- A) Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) \- B) Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) \- C) Nephrotic Syndrome \- D) Renal Tubular Acidosis 3\. \*\*Which of the following drugs is contraindicated in CKD due to its potential to cause hyperkalemia?\*\* \- A) Spironolactone \- B) Hydrochlorothiazide \- C) Furosemide \- D) Amlodipine 4\. \*\*What is a key pathophysiological change in diabetic nephropathy?\*\* \- A) Increased renal blood flow \- B) Glomerular hyperfiltration \- C) Decreased proteinuria \- D) Increased erythropoiesis 5\. \*\*Which of the following is a treatment goal for CKD management?\*\* \- A) Increase dietary sodium \- B) Control blood pressure \- C) Increase protein intake \- D) Reduce water intake 6\. \*\*What is the primary action of ACE inhibitors in CKD?\*\* \- A) Reduce heart rate \- B) Inhibit sodium reabsorption \- C) Dilate efferent arterioles \- D) Increase potassium secretion 7\. \*\*Which renal replacement therapy involves the use of a dialyzer?\*\* \- A) Peritoneal Dialysis \- B) Hemodialysis \- C) Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) \- D) Kidney Transplantation 8\. \*\*What is the main effect of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in CKD?\*\* \- A) Increase iron absorption \- B) Stimulate red blood cell production \- C) Lower blood pressure \- D) Reduce proteinuria 9\. \*\*What is the term used to describe protein in the urine, a common finding in CKD?\*\* \- A) Hematuria \- B) Polyuria \- C) Albuminuria \- D) Glycosuria 10\. \*\*Which of the following is an adverse effect of high doses of loop diuretics?\*\* \- A) Hyperkalemia \- B) Hypokalemia \- C) Hyperglycemia \- D) Hyponatremia 11\. \*\*What is the preferred treatment for hyperkalemia in CKD patients?\*\* \- A) Sodium bicarbonate \- B) Calcium gluconate \- C) Potassium-sparing diuretics \- D) NSAIDs 12\. \*\*What is the primary role of angiotensin II in the kidney?\*\* \- A) Decrease GFR \- B) Constrict efferent arterioles \- C) Increase sodium excretion \- D) Inhibit renin release 13\. \*\*Which condition is associated with decreased GFR and increased serum creatinine?\*\* \- A) Acute kidney injury (AKI) \- B) Nephrotic syndrome \- C) Cystitis \- D) Polycystic kidney disease 14\. \*\*What is the purpose of sodium restriction in the management of CKD?\*\* \- A) To increase fluid retention \- B) To prevent hypernatremia \- C) To reduce blood pressure \- D) To increase urine output 15\. \*\*Which medication class is most likely to cause renal vasoconstriction, potentially worsening CKD?\*\* \- A) NSAIDs \- B) Beta-blockers \- C) Calcium channel blockers \- D) Statins 16\. \*\*Which laboratory value is monitored to assess the severity of metabolic acidosis in CKD?\*\* \- A) Serum bicarbonate \- B) Serum chloride \- C) Serum calcium \- D) Serum phosphate 17\. \*\*Which test is most sensitive for detecting early diabetic nephropathy?\*\* \- A) Serum creatinine \- B) Urine microalbumin \- C) Glomerular filtration rate \- D) Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 18\. \*\*Which of the following conditions is a common complication in CKD due to impaired phosphate excretion?\*\* \- A) Hyperphosphatemia \- B) Hypercalcemia \- C) Hypermagnesemia \- D) Hypernatremia 19\. \*\*What is the mechanism of action of calcimimetics in CKD?\*\* \- A) Increase calcium absorption \- B) Suppress parathyroid hormone secretion \- C) Inhibit phosphate reabsorption \- D) Increase renal blood flow 20\. \*\*Which complication is most commonly associated with advanced CKD?\*\* \- A) Cardiovascular disease \- B) Liver disease \- C) Pulmonary fibrosis \- D) Neuropathy \*\*Answers:\*\* 1\. B) Regulate blood pressure 2\. B) Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) 3\. A) Spironolactone 4\. B) Glomerular hyperfiltration 5\. B) Control blood pressure 6\. C) Dilate efferent arterioles 7\. B) Hemodialysis 8\. B) Stimulate red blood cell production 9\. C) Albuminuria 10\. B) Hypokalemia 11\. B) Calcium gluconate 12\. B) Constrict efferent arterioles 13\. A) Acute kidney injury (AKI) 14\. C) To reduce blood pressure 15\. A) NSAIDs 16\. A) Serum bicarbonate 17\. B) Urine microalbumin 18\. A) Hyperphosphatemia 19\. B) Suppress parathyroid hormone secretion 20\. A) Cardiovascular disease \#\#\# Quiz 3 1\. \*\*Which process occurs first in urine formation?\*\* \- A) Filtration \- B) Reabsorption \- C) Secretion \- D) Excretion 2\. \*\*What is a common early symptom of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?\*\* \- A) Severe back pain \- B) Oliguria \- C) Hematuria \- D) Fatigue 3\. \*\*Which of the following is a complication of nephrotic syndrome?\*\* \- A) Hyperkalemia \- B) Hypoalbuminemia \- C) Hypernatremia \- D) Hypercalcemia 4\. \*\*Which drug class is often used to manage hyperlipidemia in CKD patients?\*\* \- A) ACE inhibitors \- B) Statins \- C) Beta-blockers \- D) Calcium channel blockers 5\. \*\*Which of the following is a key function of the nephron?\*\* \- A) Oxygen transport \- B) Glucose production \- C) Filtration of blood \- D) Hormone secretion 6\. \*\*What is the primary cause of anemia in CKD?\*\* \- A) Iron deficiency \- B) Vitamin B12 deficiency \- C) Decreased erythropoietin production \- D) Folate deficiency 7\. \*\*Which electrolyte disturbance is commonly associated with the use of potassium-sparing diuretics?\*\* \- A) Hypernatremia \- B) Hypokalemia \- C) Hyperkalemia \- D) Hypocalcemia 8\. \*\*Which of the following therapies is used to treat pruritus in CKD?\*\* \- A) Antihistamines \- B) Vitamin D supplements \- C) ACE inhibitors \- D) Topical capsaicin 9\. \*\*Which diagnostic tool is most useful for staging CKD?\*\* \- A) Blood glucose levels \- B) Serum creatinine levels \- C) Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio \- D) Blood pressure monitoring 10\. \*\*What is the main goal of treating metabolic acidosis in CKD patients?\*\* \- A) Increase potassium levels \- B) Normalize bicarbonate levels \- C) Lower calcium levels \- D) Increase phosphorus levels 11\. \*\*Which type of renal replacement therapy involves filtering blood outside the body?\*\* \- A) Peritoneal dialysis \- B) Hemodialysis \- C) CRRT \- D) Kidney transplantation 12\. \*\*Which laboratory value is critical for monitoring in patients taking erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs)?\*\* \- A) Serum glucose \- B) Serum calcium \- C) Hemoglobin \- D) Serum sodium 13\. \*\*Which dietary restriction is recommended for CKD patients to manage hyperphosphatemia?\*\* \- A) Reduced potassium intake \- B) Reduced sodium intake \- C) Reduced phosphate intake \- D) Reduced protein intake 14\. \*\*Which of the following complications can arise from untreated hyperkalemia?\*\* \- A) Osteoporosis \- B) Arrhythmias \- C) Muscle cramps \- D) Hypernatremia 15\. \*\*Which of the following is a key complication of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD)?\*\* \- A) Hypertension \- B) Hyperglycemia \- C) Hypokalemia \- D) Anemia 16\. \*\*What is the effect of calcitriol therapy in CKD?\*\* \- A) Increases PTH secretion \- B) Decreases calcium absorption \- C) Suppresses PTH secretion \- D) Increases phosphate excretion 17\. \*\*Which of the following is used to assess renal function in AKI?\*\* \- A) eGFR \- B) Serum creatinine \- C) Blood glucose levels \- D) Urine albumin 18\. \*\*Which treatment is used to correct severe metabolic acidosis in CKD?\*\* \- A) Sodium bicarbonate \- B) Calcium carbonate \- C) Insulin therapy \- D) Furosemide 19\. \*\*Which of the following is a risk factor for developing CKD?\*\* \- A) High-fiber diet \- B) Hypertension \- C) Low sodium intake \- D) High protein diet 20\. \*\*Which of the following is a common symptom of advanced CKD?\*\* \- A) Polyuria \- B) Hyperactivity \- C) Nausea and vomiting \- D) Severe thirst \*\*Answers:\*\* 1\. A) Filtration 2\. D) Fatigue 3\. B) Hypoalbuminemia 4\. B) Statins 5\. C) Filtration of blood 6\. C) Decreased erythropoietin production 7\. C) Hyperkalemia 8\. D) Topical capsaicin 9\. C) Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio 10\. B) Normalize bicarbonate levels 11\. B) Hemodialysis 12\. C) Hemoglobin 13\. C) Reduced phosphate intake 14\. B) Arrhythmias 15\. D) Anemia 16\. C) Suppresses PTH secretion 17\. B) Serum creatinine 18\. A) Sodium bicarbonate 19\. B) Hypertension 20\. C) Nausea and vomiting \#\#\# Quiz 4 1\. \*\*What is the primary site of action for thiazide diuretics in the kidney?\*\* \- A) Proximal convoluted tubule \- B) Loop of Henle \- C) Distal convoluted tubule \- D) Collecting duct 2\. \*\*Which class of drugs is primarily used to reduce proteinuria in CKD?\*\* \- A) Statins \- B) Beta-blockers \- C) ACE inhibitors \- D) Calcium channel blockers 3\. \*\*What is the primary function of the glomerulus in the nephron?\*\* \- A) Secretion of hormones \- B) Filtration of blood \- C) Reabsorption of glucose \- D) Regulation of blood pressure 4\. \*\*Which of the following is a key adverse effect of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs)?\*\* \- A) Hypercalcemia \- B) Hypokalemia \- C) Increased risk of cardiovascular events \- D) Hypoglycemia 5\. \*\*Which condition is characterized by the presence of albumin in the urine?\*\* \- A) Hyperglycemia \- B) Hyponatremia \- C) Albuminuria \- D) Hypophosphatemia 6\. \*\*Which of the following is a mechanism of action for aldosterone antagonists?\*\* \- A) Blockade of sodium channels in the proximal tubule \- B) Blockade of aldosterone receptors in the distal tubule \- C) Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme \- D) Stimulation of renin release 7\. \*\*Which of the following therapies is used to manage hyperparathyroidism in CKD?\*\* \- A) Statins \- B) Calcium supplements \- C) Phosphate binders \- D) ACE inhibitors 8\. \*\*Which of the following is a common complication of peritoneal dialysis?\*\* \- A) Hyperkalemia \- B) Hyponatremia \- C) Peritonitis \- D) Hypertension 9\. \*\*What is the role of renin in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?\*\* \- A) Increase sodium excretion \- B) Convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I \- C) Inhibit aldosterone secretion \- D) Stimulate renin release 10\. \*\*Which of the following laboratory values is typically elevated in CKD?\*\* \- A) Serum glucose \- B) Serum creatinine \- C) Serum albumin \- D) Serum calcium 11\. \*\*Which condition is often treated with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in CKD?\*\* \- A) Anemia \- B) Hypertension \- C) Hyperkalemia \- D) Proteinuria 12\. \*\*What is the primary action of loop diuretics?\*\* \- A) Increase calcium absorption \- B) Increase sodium excretion \- C) Decrease potassium excretion \- D) Inhibit glucose reabsorption 13\. \*\*Which of the following is a key sign of nephrotic syndrome?\*\* \- A) Hematuria \- B) Proteinuria \- C) Oliguria \- D) Polyuria 14\. \*\*What is the primary goal of phosphate binder therapy in CKD?\*\* \- A) Increase calcium levels \- B) Reduce phosphorus absorption \- C) Increase potassium levels \- D) Decrease sodium levels 15\. \*\*Which test is most reliable for diagnosing CKD?\*\* \- A) Serum glucose levels \- B) Serum creatinine levels \- C) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) \- D) Blood pressure monitoring 16\. \*\*Which of the following is an early sign of uremia in CKD?\*\* \- A) Nausea \- B) Hypertension \- C) Edema \- D) Fatigue 17\. \*\*Which drug class is used to treat hyperkalemia in CKD?\*\* \- A) Beta-blockers \- B) Calcium channel blockers \- C) Potassium binders \- D) ACE inhibitors 18\. \*\*Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of CKD?\*\* \- A) Low protein diet \- B) Hypertension \- C) High potassium intake \- D) Hypercalcemia 19\. \*\*Which of the following is a long-term complication of untreated CKD?\*\* \- A) Osteoporosis \- B) Liver disease \- C) Cardiovascular disease \- D) Pulmonary hypertension 20\. \*\*What is the primary purpose of sodium restriction in CKD?\*\* \- A) Increase blood pressure \- B) Reduce fluid retention \- C) Increase sodium excretion \- D) Reduce potassium levels \*\*Answers:\*\* 1\. C) Distal convoluted tubule 2\. C) ACE inhibitors 3\. B) Filtration of blood 4\. C) Increased risk of cardiovascular events 5\. C) Albuminuria 6\. B) Blockade of aldosterone receptors in the distal tubule 7\. C) Phosphate binders 8\. C) Peritonitis 9\. B) Convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I 10\. B) Serum creatinine 11\. A) Anemia 12\. B) Increase sodium excretion 13\. B) Proteinuria 14\. B) Reduce phosphorus absorption 15\. C) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 16\. D) Fatigue 17\. C) Potassium binders 18\. B) Hypertension 19\. C) Cardiovascular disease 20\. B) Reduce fluid retention \#\#\# Quiz 5 1\. \*\*Which hormone is produced by the kidney and regulates red blood cell production?\*\* \- A) Insulin \- B) Renin \- C) Erythropoietin \- D) Angiotensin 2\. \*\*Which of the following is a primary cause of acute kidney injury (AKI)?\*\* \- A) Diabetes mellitus \- B) Hypertension \- C) Renal ischemia \- D) Hypothyroidism 3\. \*\*Which type of diuretic is most effective in reducing fluid overload in CKD?\*\* \- A) Thiazide diuretics \- B) Loop diuretics \- C) Potassium-sparing diuretics \- D) Osmotic diuretics 4\. \*\*Which of the following is a key adverse effect of ACE inhibitors in CKD patients?\*\* \- A) Hypernatremia \- B) Hypokalemia \- C) Hyperkalemia \- D) Hypertension 5\. \*\*What is the main function of the proximal convoluted tubule in the nephron?\*\* \- A) Filtration of blood \- B) Reabsorption of water and electrolytes \- C) Secretion of hormones \- D) Regulation of blood pressure 6\. \*\*Which of the following is used to evaluate the severity of proteinuria in CKD?\*\* \- A) Serum creatinine \- B) Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio \- C) Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) \- D) Serum potassium 7\. \*\*Which of the following is a sign of nephrotic syndrome?\*\* \- A) Hypertension \- B) Hypoalbuminemia \- C) Hypernatremia \- D) Hyperkalemia 8\. \*\*Which complication is associated with long-term use of loop diuretics?\*\* \- A) Hyperkalemia \- B) Hypocalcemia \- C) Hypokalemia \- D) Hypernatremia 9\. \*\*Which of the following is a treatment goal for CKD patients with hyperparathyroidism?\*\* \- A) Increase serum phosphate levels \- B) Suppress parathyroid hormone secretion \- C) Increase calcium absorption \- D) Decrease sodium intake 10\. \*\*Which test is most commonly used to monitor kidney function in CKD?\*\* \- A) Serum glucose \- B) Serum creatinine \- C) Serum calcium \- D) Serum sodium 11\. \*\*Which of the following is a key function of aldosterone in the kidney?\*\* \- A) Increase sodium reabsorption \- B) Increase potassium excretion \- C) Increase water reabsorption \- D) All of the above 12\. \*\*What is the primary cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism in CKD?\*\* \- A) Hypercalcemia \- B) Hypophosphatemia \- C) Hyperphosphatemia \- D) Hypokalemia 13\. \*\*Which of the following is a complication of advanced CKD?\*\* \- A) Hypocalcemia \- B) Hyperphosphatemia \- C) Hypophosphatemia \- D) Hypomagnesemia 14\. \*\*Which of the following is used to manage hyperphosphatemia in CKD?\*\* \- A) Calcium supplements \- B) Phosphate binders \- C) Vitamin D supplements \- D) Sodium bicarbonate 15\. \*\*What is the primary goal of treating anemia in CKD?\*\* \- A) Increase blood pressure \- B) Increase red blood cell production \- C) Increase potassium levels \- D) Decrease calcium levels 16\. \*\*Which of the following is a common symptom of uremia in CKD?\*\* \- A) Hypertension \- B) Edema \- C) Fatigue \- D) Muscle cramps 17\. \*\*Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of CKD?\*\* \- A) Hypotension \- B) Diabetes mellitus \- C) Hypernatremia \- D) Hypokalemia 18\. \*\*Which of the following is a sign of metabolic acidosis in CKD?\*\* \- A) Hypokalemia \- B) Hyperkalemia \- C) Hypocalcemia \- D) Hypernatremia 19\. \*\*Which of the following is a treatment option for severe hyperkalemia in CKD?\*\* \- A) Calcium gluconate \- B) Sodium bicarbonate \- C) Insulin with glucose \- D) All of the above 20\. \*\*Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of calcimimetics in CKD?\*\* \- A) Hypocalcemia \- B) Hypercalcemia \- C) Hyperkalemia \- D) Hypokalemia \*\*Answers:\*\* 1\. C) Erythropoietin 2\. C) Renal ischemia 3\. B) Loop diuretics 4\. C) Hyperkalemia 5\. B) Reabsorption of water and electrolytes 6\. B) Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio 7\. B) Hypoalbuminemia 8\. C) Hypokalemia 9\. B) Suppress parathyroid hormone secretion 10\. B) Serum creatinine 11\. D) All of the above 12\. C) Hyperphosphatemia 13\. B) Hyperphosphatemia 14\. B) Phosphate binders 15\. B) Increase red blood cell production 16\. C) Fatigue 17\. B) Diabetes mellitus 18\. B) Hyperkalemia 19\. D) All of the above 20\. A) Hypocalcemia \#\#\# Quiz 6 1\. \*\*Which of the following is the primary function of the kidney\'s excretory role?\*\* \- A) Regulate blood pressure \- B) Excrete waste products \- C) Produce red blood cells \- D) Regulate calcium levels 2\. \*\*Which of the following is a key indicator of kidney damage in CKD?\*\* \- A) Increased urine output \- B) Proteinuria \- C) Hyperglycemia \- D) Hypercalcemia 3\. \*\*Which of the following medications should be avoided in patients with CKD due to the risk of nephrotoxicity?\*\* \- A) Metformin \- B) Lisinopril \- C) Ibuprofen \- D) Simvastatin 4\. \*\*What is the primary action of SGLT2 inhibitors in the management of diabetes and CKD?\*\* \- A) Increase insulin sensitivity \- B) Inhibit glucose reabsorption in the kidneys \- C) Stimulate insulin secretion \- D) Reduce glucose absorption in the gut 5\. \*\*Which of the following is a common complication of CKD related to bone health?\*\* \- A) Osteoporosis \- B) Hypercalcemia \- C) Hypophosphatemia \- D) Hyperkalemia 6\. \*\*Which of the following is a goal of dietary management in CKD?\*\* \- A) Increase sodium intake \- B) Decrease protein intake \- C) Increase potassium intake \- D) Decrease calcium intake 7\. \*\*Which of the following is an adverse effect of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in CKD?\*\* \- A) Hypocalcemia \- B) Hypertension \- C) Hyperkalemia \- D) Hypophosphatemia 8\. \*\*What is the role of calcitriol in CKD management?\*\* \- A) Increase phosphate excretion \- B) Increase calcium absorption \- C) Decrease sodium reabsorption \- D) Increase erythropoietin production 9\. \*\*Which of the following is a common early sign of CKD?\*\* \- A) Hyperkalemia \- B) Polyuria \- C) Proteinuria \- D) Hypercalcemia 10\. \*\*Which of the following is a treatment option for hyperkalemia in CKD?\*\* \- A) Insulin with glucose \- B) Calcium carbonate \- C) Sodium bicarbonate \- D) Vitamin D supplements 11\. \*\*Which of the following is a mechanism of action for loop diuretics?\*\* \- A) Inhibit sodium-potassium-chloride cotransport in the distal convoluted tubule \- B) Inhibit sodium-potassium-chloride cotransport in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle \- C) Block aldosterone receptors \- D) Increase calcium reabsorption 12\. \*\*Which of the following is a key complication of untreated CKD?\*\* \- A) Cardiovascular disease \- B) Hyperglycemia \- C) Hypokalemia \- D) Anemia 13\. \*\*What is the primary effect of ACE inhibitors in CKD?\*\* \- A) Increase GFR \- B) Decrease blood pressure \- C) Increase potassium excretion \- D) Decrease sodium excretion 14\. \*\*Which of the following laboratory values is important to monitor in CKD patients receiving calcitriol?\*\* \- A) Serum calcium \- B) Serum glucose \- C) Serum sodium \- D) Serum phosphate 15\. \*\*Which of the following is an early symptom of uremia in CKD?\*\* \- A) Hypertension \- B) Edema \- C) Nausea \- D) Hyperactivity 16\. \*\*Which of the following is a risk factor for the progression of CKD?\*\* \- A) Hypotension \- B) Hypertension \- C) Low potassium intake \- D) High protein diet 17\. \*\*Which of the following is a common treatment for anemia in CKD?\*\* \- A) Iron supplements \- B) Beta-blockers \- C) Calcium channel blockers \- D) Insulin therapy 18\. \*\*What is the primary cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism in CKD?\*\* \- A) Hypocalcemia \- B) Hyperphosphatemia \- C) Hyperkalemia \- D) Hypophosphatemia 19\. \*\*Which of the following is a potential side effect of long-term use of phosphate binders in CKD?\*\* \- A) Hypercalcemia \- B) Hypocalcemia \- C) Hyperkalemia \- D) Hypokalemia 20\. \*\*Which of the following is a key goal of CKD management?\*\* \- A) Increase blood glucose levels \- B) Control blood pressure \- C) Increase sodium intake \- D) Decrease fluid intake \*\*Answers:\*\* 1\. B) Excrete waste products 2\. B) Proteinuria 3\. C) Ibuprofen 4\. B) Inhibit glucose reabsorption in the kidneys 5\. A) Osteoporosis 6\. B) Decrease protein intake 7\. B) Hypertension 8\. B) Increase calcium absorption 9\. C) Proteinuria 10\. A) Insulin with glucose 11\. B) Inhibit sodium-potassium-chloride cotransport in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle 12\. A) Cardiovascular disease 13\. B) Decrease blood pressure 14\. A) Serum calcium 15\. C) Nausea 16\. B) Hypertension 17\. A) Iron supplements 18\. B) Hyperphosphatemia 19\. A) Hypercalcemia 20\. B) Control blood pressure \#\#\# Short Answer Questions 1\. \*\*What is one key advantage of using ACE inhibitors in the management of CKD?\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* ACE inhibitors reduce proteinuria and slow the progression of CKD by lowering glomerular pressure. 2\. \*\*Identify one disadvantage of using loop diuretics in CKD patients.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* A significant disadvantage of loop diuretics is the risk of hypokalemia, which can lead to arrhythmias and other complications. 3\. \*\*What is a major benefit of SGLT2 inhibitors in managing Type 2 Diabetes and CKD?\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* SGLT2 inhibitors reduce the progression of CKD by lowering blood glucose and blood pressure, and promoting natriuresis. 4\. \*\*List one con of using erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in CKD.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* A con of using ESAs is the increased risk of cardiovascular events such as stroke and hypertension due to elevated hemoglobin levels. 5\. \*\*What test is commonly used to monitor long-term glucose control in patients with diabetes and CKD?\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* The Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) test is commonly used to monitor long-term glucose control. 6\. \*\*Describe the purpose of an Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio (ACR) test in diagnosing CKD.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* The ACR test is used to detect and quantify albuminuria, an early sign of kidney damage and a predictor of CKD progression. 7\. \*\*Which test is often performed to screen for early diabetic nephropathy?\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* The Urine Microalbumin test is often performed to screen for early diabetic nephropathy. 8\. \*\*Name one test used to assess the severity of metabolic acidosis in CKD.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Serum Bicarbonate levels are measured to assess the severity of metabolic acidosis in CKD. 9\. \*\*What is meant by 'glomerular filtration rate (GFR)'?\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* GFR is the rate at which blood is filtered through the glomeruli of the kidney, serving as a key indicator of kidney function. 10\. \*\*Define 'hyperphosphatemia' and its relevance in CKD.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Hyperphosphatemia refers to elevated phosphate levels in the blood, a common complication in CKD that can lead to bone and cardiovascular issues. 11\. \*\*Explain the term 'secondary hyperparathyroidism' in the context of CKD.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Secondary hyperparathyroidism in CKD is the excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) due to chronic hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, leading to bone disease. 12\. \*\*What does 'uremia' refer to in the context of CKD?\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Uremia refers to the accumulation of waste products in the blood due to severe kidney dysfunction, leading to symptoms such as nausea, fatigue, and pruritus.