Quiz 2 Test Map PDF

Quiz 2 Test Map 24 questions for 25 points. You will have an hour to complete the quiz. Scratch paper will be available for you if you'd like. Respiratory - What are the signs and symptoms (S/S) of a pulmonary embolism (small, medium, large)? - Know the pathophysiological changes in the...

Quiz 2 Test Map 24 questions for 25 points. You will have an hour to complete the quiz. Scratch paper will be available for you if you'd like. Respiratory - What are the signs and symptoms (S/S) of a pulmonary embolism (small, medium, large)? - Know the pathophysiological changes in the lungs with - Asthma-Chronic inflammation of the airways, ***status asthmatics=emergency, constriction of airways, wheezing, dyspnea and tachycardia*** - ***Emphysema-abnormal permanent enlargement of the gas airways and destruction of the alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis, difficult to breathe out-hard to breathe off CO2, smoking is the \#1 cause,*** - chronic bronchitis-coughing is worse in the morning, lasts for at least three months of the year for at least 2 consecutive years. Mucus is thicker than usual. - Compare and contrast the differences in patient presentation with emphysema and chronic bronchitis (what S/S A poster showing different types of bronchitis Description automatically generatedar\\esimilar? Which are different? Connect how they are different to the pathologic changes) - What are S/S of tension pneumothorax? If you encountered someone experiencing this emergency, what would you notice on visual assessment?  - Describe the pathophysiology of Cor Pulmonale Cor pulmonale is a condition that occurs when pulmonary hypertension causes the right side of the heart to enlarge and thicken, leading to heart failure.  Cor pulmonale Information \| Mount Sinai - New York - How do we help prevent atelectasis from happening in post-surgical patients? Inspiratory respirator, early ambulation, position therapy - Review the terminology of:\ - dyspnea-shortness of breath - \- orthopnea-shortness of breath while laying down - \- paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea- a sensation of shortness of breath that awakens the patient, often after 1 or 2 hours of sleep, and is usually relieved in the upright position - \- empyema- a collection of pus in the pleural cavity, gram-positive, or culture from the pleural fluid. Empyema is usually associated with pneumonia but may also develop after thoracic surgery or thoracic trauma. \- cyanosis-blue or purplish color to skin due to low oxygen in the blood \- hypoxemia-low oxygen in the blood \- atelectasis-collapse of part of a whole lung Fluid and electrolytes - Know the different pressures that impact water movement Osmotic- Osmotic pressure refers to the pressure exerted by a solution to draw water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. - Hydrostatic- Hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by a fluid, such as blood, against the walls of a vessel or compartment. - - Oncotic- also known as colloid osmotic pressure, is the osmotic pressure exerted by proteins in the blood plasma that pulls fluid into the vascular space from tissues - - - Where is water moving out of and into for each:\ - Isotonic adjustment- in an isotonic solution, the solute concentrations inside and outside the cell are equal, so there is no net movement of water across the cell membrane. \- Hypotonic adjustment- In a hypotonic solution (lower solute concentration outside the cell), water moves from the hypotonic external solution into the cell by osmosis, causing the cell to swell. \- Hypertonic adjustment- In a hypertonic solution (higher solute concentration outside the cell), water moves out of the cell into the hypertonic external solution by osmosis, causing the cell to shrink. - Know S/S of high and low (including most serious): Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium Hyponatremia (low sodium) symptoms: nausea, vomiting, headache, confusion, fatigue, muscle cramps/weakness, seizures, coma. Hypernatremia (high sodium) symptoms: extreme thirst, confusion, muscle twitches, seizures, coma. Hypokalemia (low potassium) symptoms: muscle weakness/cramps, fatigue, constipation, arrhythmias, respiratory failure. Hyperkalemia (high potassium) symptoms: muscle weakness/paralysis, arrhythmias, nausea, tingling. Hypocalcemia (low calcium) symptoms: numbness, muscle cramps, seizures, arrhythmias, tetany. Hypercalcemia (high calcium) symptoms: nausea, vomiting, confusion, fatigue, kidney stones, arrhythmias. Most serious: coma (hypo/hypernatremia), respiratory failure (hypokalemia), cardiac arrest (hypo/hyperkalemia, hypo/hypercalcemia). ABGs - Diagnose ABGs (practice by starting with a diagnosis and then create your own ABG results that reflect the diagnosis---test a friend by sending them your made up ABG results and see if they get the correct diagnosis!). A black background with white text Description automatically generated - How do the lungs and kidneys help control blood pH? The lungs control the respiratory component of acid-base balance by removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the body. Increased breathing eliminates more CO2, reducing carbonic acid levels and raising blood pH. Decreased breathing retains more CO2, increasing carbonic acid and lowering blood pH. The kidneys regulate the metabolic component. They reabsorb bicarbonate to buffer acids and excrete hydrogen ions to remove metabolic acids from the body. The kidneys can also produce ammonia to bind excess hydrogen ions for excretion. By excreting or retaining acids and bases, the kidneys help maintain the proper acid-base balance. - Understand how the body tries to compensate when something goes wrong. (Ex: if someone is in respiratory acidosis, what would the kidney do to compensate for this situation? If they are in metabolic acidosis, how would the lungs compensate? How do you know the compensation is occurring?) In respiratory acidosis caused by hypoventilation and CO2 retention, the kidneys try to compensate by increasing excretion of metabolic acids and reabsorbing more bicarbonate from the tubules. This helps raise blood bicarbonate levels to buffer the excess carbonic acid. In metabolic acidosis due to increased metabolic acid production or bicarbonate loss, the lungs compensate by increasing the respiratory rate to blow off more CO2. This lowers blood CO2 and carbonic acid levels to counteract the metabolic acidosis. - Understand what causes metabolic acidosis/alkalosis and Respiratory acidosis/alkalosis. Metabolic acidosis is caused by increased production or decreased elimination of acids or loss of bicarbonate from the body. Common causes include diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, renal failure, and diarrhea. Metabolic alkalosis occurs due to loss of acids from vomiting or excessive bicarbonate intake. Respiratory acidosis results from hypoventilation and retention of carbon dioxide, often due to respiratory diseases or respiratory depression from drugs/conditions affecting the brain\'s respiratory center. Respiratory alkalosis is caused by hyperventilation and excessive removal of carbon dioxide, which can occur with high altitudes, fever, anxiety, or CNS disorders.