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Questions and Answers
What is a primary characteristic of emphysema?
Which of the following is a sign of tension pneumothorax during visual assessment?
What defines chronic bronchitis?
Which term describes shortness of breath while lying down?
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What is the main cause of emphysema?
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How is cor pulmonale primarily caused?
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Which of the following techniques helps prevent atelectasis in post-surgical patients?
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What is a common symptom of status asthmaticus?
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What mechanism do the kidneys use to help maintain acid-base balance?
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How do the lungs compensate during metabolic acidosis?
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Which condition is most likely to cause metabolic acidosis?
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What occurs in respiratory acidosis due to hypoventilation?
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What is a common cause of metabolic alkalosis?
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How do increased breathing rates affect blood pH?
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Which of the following statements about respiratory alkalosis is accurate?
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Which of the following strategies would the body use to compensate for metabolic acidosis?
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What is the primary cause of cyanosis?
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Which pressure is responsible for drawing water across a semipermeable membrane from a lower to a higher solute concentration?
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What occurs during hypertonic adjustment?
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Which of the following symptoms is associated with hypernatremia?
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What is the primary consequence of hyponatremia?
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Which condition is characterized by muscle weakness and arrhythmias due to high potassium levels?
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What does hypo/hypercalcemia put a patient at risk for?
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Which is NOT a symptom of hypokalemia?
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Study Notes
Emphysema
- A primary characteristic is the destruction of alveolar walls, leading to reduced surface area for gas exchange.
Tension Pneumothorax
- A visual sign is tracheal deviation away from the affected side.
Chronic Bronchitis
- Defined by a persistent cough with mucus production for at least three months in two consecutive years.
Shortness of Breath While Lying Down
- This is called orthopnea.
Cause of Emphysema
- Primarily caused by cigarette smoking, leading to alveolar damage.
Cor Pulmonale
- Primarily caused by pulmonary hypertension, increasing the workload of the right ventricle.
Preventing Post-Surgical Atelectasis
- Techniques include incentive spirometry and deep breathing exercises.
Status Asthmaticus
- A common symptom is severe, unremitting bronchospasm.
Kidney Acid-Base Balance
- Kidneys maintain acid-base balance by regulating bicarbonate reabsorption and hydrogen ion excretion.
Lung Compensation in Metabolic Acidosis
- Lungs compensate by increasing ventilation rate to blow off carbon dioxide.
Cause of Metabolic Acidosis
- Conditions like diabetic ketoacidosis and renal failure are common causes.
Respiratory Acidosis Due to Hypoventilation
- Hypoventilation leads to increased carbon dioxide levels and decreased blood pH.
Cause of Metabolic Alkalosis
- Excessive vomiting or use of diuretics can cause metabolic alkalosis.
Increased Breathing Rates and Blood pH
- Increased breathing rates lead to decreased carbon dioxide levels and increased blood pH (alkalosis).
Respiratory Alkalosis
- Respiratory alkalosis is characterized by a decreased blood carbon dioxide level and increased blood pH.
Compensating for Metabolic Acidosis
- The body compensates by increasing respiratory rate to excrete carbon dioxide.
Cyanosis Cause
- Primarily caused by inadequate oxygenation of the blood.
Osmotic Pressure
- Osmotic pressure is responsible for drawing water across a semipermeable membrane from a lower to a higher solute concentration.
Hypertonic Adjustment
- In hypertonic adjustment, water moves from the intracellular space to the extracellular space to equalize the osmotic pressure.
Hypernatremia Symptom
- A symptom is thirst due to increased serum osmolality.
Hyponatremia Consequence
- The primary consequence is cellular swelling due to water shifting into cells.
Hyperkalemia
- High potassium levels cause muscle weakness and arrhythmias.
Hypo/Hypercalcemia Risk
- Hypo/hypercalcemia puts a patient at risk for cardiac arrhythmias (among other things).
Hypokalemia Symptom
- Muscle cramping or weakness is NOT a symptom of hypokalemia.
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