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Questions and Answers
What is a primary characteristic of emphysema?
What is a primary characteristic of emphysema?
Which of the following is a sign of tension pneumothorax during visual assessment?
Which of the following is a sign of tension pneumothorax during visual assessment?
What defines chronic bronchitis?
What defines chronic bronchitis?
Which term describes shortness of breath while lying down?
Which term describes shortness of breath while lying down?
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What is the main cause of emphysema?
What is the main cause of emphysema?
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How is cor pulmonale primarily caused?
How is cor pulmonale primarily caused?
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Which of the following techniques helps prevent atelectasis in post-surgical patients?
Which of the following techniques helps prevent atelectasis in post-surgical patients?
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What is a common symptom of status asthmaticus?
What is a common symptom of status asthmaticus?
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What mechanism do the kidneys use to help maintain acid-base balance?
What mechanism do the kidneys use to help maintain acid-base balance?
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How do the lungs compensate during metabolic acidosis?
How do the lungs compensate during metabolic acidosis?
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Which condition is most likely to cause metabolic acidosis?
Which condition is most likely to cause metabolic acidosis?
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What occurs in respiratory acidosis due to hypoventilation?
What occurs in respiratory acidosis due to hypoventilation?
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What is a common cause of metabolic alkalosis?
What is a common cause of metabolic alkalosis?
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How do increased breathing rates affect blood pH?
How do increased breathing rates affect blood pH?
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Which of the following statements about respiratory alkalosis is accurate?
Which of the following statements about respiratory alkalosis is accurate?
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Which of the following strategies would the body use to compensate for metabolic acidosis?
Which of the following strategies would the body use to compensate for metabolic acidosis?
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What is the primary cause of cyanosis?
What is the primary cause of cyanosis?
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Which pressure is responsible for drawing water across a semipermeable membrane from a lower to a higher solute concentration?
Which pressure is responsible for drawing water across a semipermeable membrane from a lower to a higher solute concentration?
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What occurs during hypertonic adjustment?
What occurs during hypertonic adjustment?
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Which of the following symptoms is associated with hypernatremia?
Which of the following symptoms is associated with hypernatremia?
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What is the primary consequence of hyponatremia?
What is the primary consequence of hyponatremia?
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Which condition is characterized by muscle weakness and arrhythmias due to high potassium levels?
Which condition is characterized by muscle weakness and arrhythmias due to high potassium levels?
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What does hypo/hypercalcemia put a patient at risk for?
What does hypo/hypercalcemia put a patient at risk for?
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Which is NOT a symptom of hypokalemia?
Which is NOT a symptom of hypokalemia?
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Study Notes
Emphysema
- A primary characteristic is the destruction of alveolar walls, leading to reduced surface area for gas exchange.
Tension Pneumothorax
- A visual sign is tracheal deviation away from the affected side.
Chronic Bronchitis
- Defined by a persistent cough with mucus production for at least three months in two consecutive years.
Shortness of Breath While Lying Down
- This is called orthopnea.
Cause of Emphysema
- Primarily caused by cigarette smoking, leading to alveolar damage.
Cor Pulmonale
- Primarily caused by pulmonary hypertension, increasing the workload of the right ventricle.
Preventing Post-Surgical Atelectasis
- Techniques include incentive spirometry and deep breathing exercises.
Status Asthmaticus
- A common symptom is severe, unremitting bronchospasm.
Kidney Acid-Base Balance
- Kidneys maintain acid-base balance by regulating bicarbonate reabsorption and hydrogen ion excretion.
Lung Compensation in Metabolic Acidosis
- Lungs compensate by increasing ventilation rate to blow off carbon dioxide.
Cause of Metabolic Acidosis
- Conditions like diabetic ketoacidosis and renal failure are common causes.
Respiratory Acidosis Due to Hypoventilation
- Hypoventilation leads to increased carbon dioxide levels and decreased blood pH.
Cause of Metabolic Alkalosis
- Excessive vomiting or use of diuretics can cause metabolic alkalosis.
Increased Breathing Rates and Blood pH
- Increased breathing rates lead to decreased carbon dioxide levels and increased blood pH (alkalosis).
Respiratory Alkalosis
- Respiratory alkalosis is characterized by a decreased blood carbon dioxide level and increased blood pH.
Compensating for Metabolic Acidosis
- The body compensates by increasing respiratory rate to excrete carbon dioxide.
Cyanosis Cause
- Primarily caused by inadequate oxygenation of the blood.
Osmotic Pressure
- Osmotic pressure is responsible for drawing water across a semipermeable membrane from a lower to a higher solute concentration.
Hypertonic Adjustment
- In hypertonic adjustment, water moves from the intracellular space to the extracellular space to equalize the osmotic pressure.
Hypernatremia Symptom
- A symptom is thirst due to increased serum osmolality.
Hyponatremia Consequence
- The primary consequence is cellular swelling due to water shifting into cells.
Hyperkalemia
- High potassium levels cause muscle weakness and arrhythmias.
Hypo/Hypercalcemia Risk
- Hypo/hypercalcemia puts a patient at risk for cardiac arrhythmias (among other things).
Hypokalemia Symptom
- Muscle cramping or weakness is NOT a symptom of hypokalemia.
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