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A mental disorder is a syndrome characterised by: Question 1Select one: a. extreme anger. b. heightened sensations. c. disturbances in social skills. d. disturbances in cognitions and behaviour. e. depression. Question **2** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text...

A mental disorder is a syndrome characterised by: Question 1Select one: a. extreme anger. b. heightened sensations. c. disturbances in social skills. d. disturbances in cognitions and behaviour. e. depression. Question **2** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following is not one of the reasons experts have proposed a dimensional system of classification for the DSM-5? Question 2Select one: a. Psychiatric disorders are shown to exist on a continuum of severity. b. Psychiatric disorders are separate and independent. c. There are high rates of comorbidity among psychiatric disorders. d. The point on a continuum at which a diagnosis is made is largely arbitrary. e. It may improve the validity of the diagnostic system. Question **3** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Among mental health professionals, a crucial element of defining dysfunctional behaviour is: Question 3Select one: a. if a person engages in risky behaviours. b. if a person experiences elevated mood, self-esteem and creativity. c. if a person defines his/her own behaviour as abnormal. d. if an individual imposes suffering on his/her own self. e. if a person's behaviour interferes with his/her ability to carry on with everyday life.  Question **4** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Psychoanalysts believe that defence mechanisms operate by: Question 4Select one: a. reducing re-uptake of neurotransmitters and hormones. b. distorting impulses into acceptable forms or making them unconscious. c. correcting dysfunctional thought patterns. d. overcoming negative behaviour patterns. e. activating the fight--flight response.  Question **5** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text The pattern and rates of co-occurrence among the mental disorders are thought to reflect: Question 5Select one: a. the presence of personality disorders. b. separate, independent causation. c. the existence of higher-order dimensions of psychopathology. d. classical conditioning. e. clinical bias. Question **6** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Critical psychologists argue that: Question 6Select one: a. mental health professionals can be agents of oppression. b. the social perspective is neglected in mental health services. c. abnormal behaviour must be considered within its context. d. All of the given options are correct. e. None of the given options is correct. Question **7** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Most modern explanations of mental disorder include: Question 7Select one: a. an evolutionary model. b. a categorical model. c. a continuum model. d. a diathesis-stress model. e. a family systems model. Question **8** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Emil Kraepelin classified mental disorders in terms of their: Question 8Select one: a. causes. b. severity. c. symptoms. d. adverse life events. e. All of the given options are correct. Question **9** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text The rational-emotive therapist Albert Ellis believed that people respond to: Question 9Select one: a. their conditioning. b. their interpretations of events. c. social expectations. d. modelling. e. interpersonal relationships. Question **10** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text According to psychoanalytic theory, both normal and abnormal behaviours are the result of: Question 10Select one: a. the pleasure principle. b. the Oedipus complex. c. conflict between the Oedipus complex and the pleasure principle. d. conflict between the id, ego and superego. e. repressed memories. Question **11** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Humanistic theories and therapies are not: Question 11Select one: a. easy to measure and evaluate. b. used widely in counselling. c. influential in the personal growth movement. d. inclusive of human individuality and choices. e. non-pathologising of the individual. Question **12** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which one of the following has not been suggested as an advantage of using both a categorical and a dimensional system of diagnosis for psychiatric disorders? Question 12Select one: a. Clinicians will find the combination system simpler to use than the current system. b. Clinicians can still use familiar categories to facilitate efficient communication. c. Clinicians can use the dimensions to identify a patient\'s strengths and weaknesses. d. Clinicians will be able to use the dimensional approach to assess initial severity. e. Clinicians can use the dimensions to note changes in severity during treatment. Question **13** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text A functional analysis of behaviour: Question 13Select one: a. describes behaviour and its environmental determinants objectively. b. reduces incongruence and results in self-actualisation. c. interprets behaviour in terms of unconscious conflicts. d. associates a relaxation response with imagined feared stimuli. e. connects behavioural responses to cognitive distortions. Question **14** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text According to the biopsychosocial approach, human behaviour can best be explained by: Question 14Select one: a. genetics. b. the diathesis-stress model. c. upbringing. d. a variety of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors. e. an individual's biological and psychological vulnerabilities. Question **15** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text According to psychoanalytic theory, the reasons for much human behaviour are: Question 15Select one: a. genetic. b. learned. c. sociocultural. d. hidden in the unconscious mind. e. situational. Question **16** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text According to Barlow (2002), the hallmark of anxiety is: Question 16Select one: a. panic attacks. b. vicarious acquisition. c. true alarms. d. false alarms. e. distorted thoughts. Question **17** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text What changes to the diagnostic criteria for GAD were enacted in the DSM-5? Question 17Select one: a. Removed the criterion that worry should be difficult to control. b. No changes were made in the DSM-5. c. Excessive anxiety and worry must be present for three, rather than six, months. d. Reduced the number of associated symptoms. e. Included the presence of behavioural symptoms such as time spent planning for potential threat. Question **18** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text In the triple vulnerability model of anxiety, negative affectivity is: Question 18Select one: a. feeling enthusiastic, active and alert. b. feeling sad and lethargic. c. subjective distress involving anxiety, disgust and anger. d. feeling grumpy and irritable. e. a pessimistic display of emotions. Question **19** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text The Rapee (1991) information processing model of the development of generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) suggests that individuals with GAD selectively attend to: Question 19Select one: a. body sensations of impending panic. b. memories of trauma. c. stress neurochemicals. d. threatening information. e. negative social cues. Question **20** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Individuals with generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) typically experience worries about: Question 20Select one: a. social threat but not physical threat. b. physical threat but not social threat. c. both social threat and physical threat. d. neither social threat nor physical threat. e. social threat, physical threat and contamination threat. Question **21** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Seligman\'s preparedness theory suggests that: Question 21Select one: a. there is a biological/evolutionary component to phobic fears. b. anxiety is due to expectation of negative outcomes. c. phobias are founded in unconscious mental conflicts. d. false alarms lead to heightened vigilance. e. humans are prepared to deal with certain threats. Question **22** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Development of a panic disorder requires: Question 22Select one: a. a specific psychological vulnerability. b. a generalised psychological vulnerability. c. a generalised biological vulnerability. d. All of the given options are correct. e. None of the given options is correct. Question **23** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text In vicarious acquisition, fear is acquired by: Question 23Select one: a. classical conditioning. b. verbal transmission of fear-related information. c. observing another person responding with fear to a threat. d. All of the given options are correct. e. None of the given options is correct. Question **24** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text The most effective treatment for a specific phobia is: Question 24Select one: a. counselling. b. in vivo exposure. c. imaginal exposure. d. empathy. e. conditioning. Question **25** Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following is not true of benzodiazepine medications in the treatment of generalised anxiety disorder? Question 25Select one: a. They quickly reduce anxiety. b. They produce drug tolerance and dependence. c. They were frequently prescribed in the past. d. The anxiety symptoms return after the medication is stopped. e. The anxiety symptoms do not return after the medication is stopped. Question **26** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text The intolerance of uncertainty model identifies three processes that maintain generalised anxiety disorder symptoms. One of them is: Question 26Select one: a. holding positive beliefs about worry as a coping strategy. b. holding negative beliefs about worry as a coping strategy. c. having a high level of confidence in one\'s ability to solve problems. d. experiencing vivid negative images. e. having low self-esteem. Question **27** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following is not a change to anxiety disorders in the DSM-5? Question 27Select one: a. There is a minimum period to receive a specific phobia diagnosis. b. Agoraphobia has become a distinct disorder from panic disorder. c. A distinction is made between performance social phobia and generalised social phobia. d. OCD is listed within \'Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum\'. e. Specific phobia and panic disorder are combined into one diagnosis. Question **28** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text According to the wells meta-cognitive model of generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), an individual with GAD is likely to have: Question 28Select one: a. only positive beliefs about worrying. b. only negative beliefs about worrying. c. both positive and negative beliefs about worrying. d. All of the given options are correct. e. None of the given options is correct. Question **29** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text According to Clark's model of panic disorder people with this disorder: Question 29Select one: a. typically avoid places where a panic attack may occur. b. are highly anxious. c. are low on a measure of anxiety sensitivity. d. catastrophise bodily sensations as dangerous. e. hyperventilate. Question **30** Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following is not typically true of GAD? Question 30Select one: a. GAD occurs more often in women than men. b. Without treatment GAD has a chronic course. c. It is not comorbid with other disorders. d. Most sufferers do not seek help. e. None of the given options are correct.