Pharmacology Questions PDF

## How Has Historical Use of Chemicals Contributed to the Advancement of Pharmacology? 1. **Weaponized poisons at higher doses were found to have therapeutic effects.** 2. **Use of sulfa drugs lead to the development of the first synthetic antibacterial compounds.** 3. **Historical use of natural c...

## How Has Historical Use of Chemicals Contributed to the Advancement of Pharmacology? 1. **Weaponized poisons at higher doses were found to have therapeutic effects.** 2. **Use of sulfa drugs lead to the development of the first synthetic antibacterial compounds.** 3. **Historical use of natural compounds at ultra low doses resulted in therapeutic effects.** 4. **Extraction of chemical compounds from man-made poisons that resulted in large-scale human epidemics led to the discovery of drugs still used today.** ## Which One of the Historical Drugs Listed is Still Used Clinically Today? 1. **Morphine** ## Phase 3 Clinical Trials Can Employ a Placebo. Which One of the Statements Most Accurately Describes a Placebo? 1. **A placebo is defined as an inert substance masquerading as a drug.** 2. **Placebo therapy provides satisfactory relief in approximately 55% of sick anxious patients.** 3. **The likelihood of placebo effects is greater in normal volunteers than in sick anxious patients under stress.** 4. **Placebo responses are well understood and thus need not be controlled in a phase 3 study.** ## The Sound and Long Established Way to Prove or Disprove the Value of a New Medication or Treatment is a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT). This Means That: 1. **Patients are selected and assigned to various test groups based on their characteristics.** 2. **All patients receive the new drug or the control drug (gold-standard or placebo) on alternating days.** 3. **The people who administer the drugs do not know who is receiving the new drug.** 4. **The outcomes measured should preferably be subjective.** ## Purpose|Stage -------|------- Effectiveness and safety in large number of patients|Phase 3 Clinical Trial Safety and tolerability in healthy volunteers|Phase 1 Clinical Trial Discovery of lead compounds|Research and Discovery Target Effectiveness and safety in small number of patients|Phase 2 Clinical Trial Post-market surveillance for adverse effects and safety|Phase 4 Clinical Trial Safety and potential efficacy in laboratory animals|Preclinical Trial ## Drug A Can Only Relieve Pain of Mild Intensity. Drug B, On the Other Hand, Relieves Pain of Very Marked Intensity. From This Information, One Can Conclude That: 1. **Drug B has greater efficacy than Drug A.** ## The Therapeutic Range is Best Described as? 1. **The range of blood concentrations where the drug is effective and unacceptable toxicities do not occur.** ## The Ultra-Short Duration of Action of Thiopental is Due to: 1. **Redistribution of the drug from the brain to muscle and fat.** ## A Drug Can Be Given to a Patient Both Intravenously and Orally. What Should Be Considered When Selecting the Most Appropriate Dosage for the Patient's Situation? 1. **Differences in bioavailability need to be carefully considered.** ## Penicillin Has the Ability to Combine with Proteins to Form Antigens, and a Small Percentage of the Population Receiving Penicillin Experience Adverse Effects. This Adverse Effect is Properly Classified as: 1. **A drug allergy** ## The TD50 of a Drug in Rats Was Found to be 50 Milligrams/Kilogram. The ED50 of the Same Drug in Rats Was 1 Milligram/Kilogram. From This Information, One Can Calculate That the Therapeutic Index of the Drug in Rats is: 1. **50** ## The Primary Excitatory Neurotransmitter in the Brain Is: 1. **Glutamate** ## Which Statement Most Accurately Describes Chemical Transmission? 1. **Most synaptic transmission is chemically mediated.**