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“What is urolithiasis?”,“Urolithiasis refers to stones in the urinary tract.” “What is nephrolithiasis?”,“Nephrolithiasis refers to stones in the kidney.” “What is the prevalence of renal calculi in males?”,“The prevalence of renal calculi is 10.6% for males.” “What is the prevalence of renal calcul...

“What is urolithiasis?”,“Urolithiasis refers to stones in the urinary tract.” “What is nephrolithiasis?”,“Nephrolithiasis refers to stones in the kidney.” “What is the prevalence of renal calculi in males?”,“The prevalence of renal calculi is 10.6% for males.” “What is the prevalence of renal calculi in females?”,“The prevalence of renal calculi is 7.1% for females.” “Are rates of renal calculi increasing among women?”,“Yes, recent studies show that rates are increasing among women.” “What factors favor the formation of stones in the urinary tract?”,“Infection, urinary stasis, and periods of immobility favor stone formation.” “What are the different substances that can form stones in the urinary tract?”,“Stones can be formed from substances such as calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, and uric acid.” “What are the common sites of calculi formation in the urinary tract?”,“Stones can develop anywhere from the kidney to the bladder.” “What are the causes of hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria?”,“Causes may include hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular acidosis, cancers, dehydration, granulomatous diseases, excessive intake of vitamin D, excessive intake of milk and alkali, myeloproliferative diseases, and intestinal bypass surgery.” “What percentage of stones in men are uric acid stones?”,“Uric acid stones account for 72% of stones in men.” “What percentage of stones in women are struvite stones?”,“Seventy-two percent of stones diagnosed in women are struvite stones.” “What are the predisposing factors for struvite stones?”,“Neurogenic bladder, foreign bodies, and recurrent UTIs are predisposing factors for struvite stones.” “What are some anatomic derangements that can predispose patients to stone formation?”,“Polycystic kidney disease, horseshoe kidneys, chronic strictures, and medullary sponge disease are anatomic derangements that can predispose patients to stone formation.” “What medications can cause stones in some patients?”,“Antacids, acetazolamide, vitamin D, laxatives, and high doses of aspirin are medications that can cause stones in some patients.” “What are the signs and symptoms of stones in the urinary system?”,“Signs and symptoms depend on the presence of obstruction, infection, and edema.” “What happens when stones block the flow of urine?”,“Obstruction develops, increasing hydrostatic pressure and distending the renal pelvis and proximal ureter.” “What symptoms are associated with stones in the renal pelvis?”,“Intense, deep ache in the costovertebral region, hematuria, pyuria, radiating pain towards bladder in female and testes in male.” “What are the symptoms of renal colic?”,“Acute pain with tenderness over costovertebral area, nausea, vomiting.” “What symptoms are caused by renointestinal reflexes and the anatomical proximity of kidneys?”,“Diarrhea and abdominal discomfort.” “What are the symptoms of ureteral obstruction?”,“Acute, excruciating, colicky, wavelike pain radiating down the thigh and to the genitalia, desire to void with little urine passing, bloody urine.” “What substance mediates colic and increases ureteral contractility and renal blood flow?”,“Prostaglandin E” “What is the usual size limit for a patient to pass a kidney stone?”,“0.5 cm in diameter” “What is the usual management approach for kidney stones larger than 1 cm in diameter?”,“They usually need to be removed or fragmented (broken up by lithotripsy) to be removed or passed spontaneously.” “What symptoms are usually associated with stones lodged in the bladder?”,“Irritation, UTI, hematuria. Bladder neck obstruction can cause urinary retention. Infection can lead to urosepsis.” “How is the diagnosis of kidney stones confirmed?”,“By a noncontrast CT scan” “What diagnostic tests can be part of the workup for kidney stones?”,“Blood chemistries, 24-hour urine test for calcium, uric acid, creatinine, sodium, pH, and total volume.” “How is the composition of a recovered stone determined?”,“Chemical analysis is carried out to determine their composition.” “What do calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate stones usually indicate?”,“Disorders of oxalate or calcium metabolism.” “What does the presence of urate stones suggest?”,“A disturbance in uric acid metabolism.”