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# Hydrocarbons This document appears to be notes on the reactions of hydrocarbons, specifically focusing on hydrogenation and reactions with alkyl halides. ## Hydrogenation * **Process:** Unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes/alkynes) react with hydrogen ($H_2$) in the presence of catalysts (like P...

# Hydrocarbons This document appears to be notes on the reactions of hydrocarbons, specifically focusing on hydrogenation and reactions with alkyl halides. ## Hydrogenation * **Process:** Unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes/alkynes) react with hydrogen ($H_2$) in the presence of catalysts (like Pt/Pd/Ni) to form saturated hydrocarbons (alkenes). * **Mechanism:** This process is called hydrogenation. ## Reactions with Alkyl Halides * **Reduction:** Alkyl halides (except fluorides) react with a mixture of zinc (Zn) and dilute hydrochloric acid ($HCl$) to give alkanes: ``` R-X + Zn + dil. HCl → R-H + ZnCl₂ ``` * **Reaction with Sodium and Dry Ether:** Alkyl halides react with sodium metal in dry ether to produce higher alkanes. ``` R-X + Na + Dry ether → Higher Alkanes ``` * **Specific Example:** ``` C₂H₅X + Na + Dry Ether → C₄H₁₀ + NaX ``` ## Additional Notes * The notes mention that alkyl halides, except fluorides, can be treated with zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid to produce alkanes. * Treatment with sodium and dry ether can also lead to the formation of higher alkanes. * There are some additional formulas and equations not fully transcribed, probably relating to specific reactions or calculations. The document appears to contain a detailed outline of different reactions. Additional information and formulas may be missing from the image.