Grade 11 Disaster and Disaster Risk Concepts PDF

Grade 11  BASIC CONCEPT OF DISASTER AND DISASTER RISK  OBJECTIVES Understand Justify Observe Appreciate Understand the Justify different kinds Observe surroundings Appreciate the meaning of disast...

Grade 11  BASIC CONCEPT OF DISASTER AND DISASTER RISK  OBJECTIVES Understand Justify Observe Appreciate Understand the Justify different kinds Observe surroundings Appreciate the meaning of disaster. of disasters that are and every situation significance of common; the that you may knowing disaster risks Philippines has encounter. and how it may affect experience. one’s life. Philippines: A Country Prone to Natural Disasters The Philippines has experienced from an inexhaustible number of deadly earthquakes, volcano eruptions, and other natural disasters. This is due to its location along the Ring of Fire, a large Pacific Ocean region where many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur. WHAT IS A DISASTER?  IT'S A DISASTER! Disaster is "a sudden, calamitous occurrence that causes great harm, injury, destruction, and devastation to life and property”.  Disaster is "a sudden, calamitous occurrence that causes great harm, injury, destruction, and devastation to life and property”. It disrupts the usual IT'S A course of life, causing both physical and emotional distress such as an DISASTER! intense feeling of helplessness and hopelessness. A preceding definition of disaster stresses that two elements are affected – life (whether human or animal) and property.  The effects vary –  it maybe a minor damage (like broken windows and doors)  major damage (like torn rooftops, IT'S A collapsed walls) DISASTER!  total destruction (like completely destroyed houses and structures rendering them useless and inhabitable)  and the worst scenario, it can lead to death. (Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, ADPC, 2012  the exposure to a hazard DISASTERS ARE OFTEN A the conditions of vulnerability that RESULT OF are present; THE COMBINATION OF: and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or cope with the potential negative consequences.  ITS IMPACTS MAY INCLUDE loss of life destruction of assets injury loss of services Disease social and economic disruptions other negative effects on human and environmental physical, mental, and degradation. social wellbeing, together with damage to properties Republic Act 10121 also known as “An Act Strengthening the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management System, Providing for the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan, Appropriating Funds, Therefore and Other Purposes” was passed and approved on May 27, 2010 after 21 years of revisions and refiling in the two legislative bodies. This new law, unlike the previous Presidential Decree P.D. 1566, is pro-active in giving importance to disaster mitigation and preparedness measures. TWO (2) BASIC GROUPS OF DISASTER NATURAL DISASTER  Natural Disasters – a natural phenomenon is caused by natural forces, such as earthquakes, typhoon, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, fires, tornados, and extreme temperatures. They can be classified as rapid onset disasters and those with progressive onset, such as droughts that lead to food crisis. These events, usually sudden, can have tremendous effects. MAN MADE DISASTER  Man-made disasters have an element of human intent, negligence, or error involving a failure of a man-made system, as opposed to natural disasters resulting from natural hazards. Such man-made disasters are crime, arson, civil disorder, terrorism, war, biological/chemical threat, cyber-attacks, etc. VULNERABILITY  VULNERABILITY The characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it easily affected by the damage or effects of a hazard. There are many aspects of vulnerability, arising from various physical, social, economic, and environmental factors. Examples may include: 1. Poor design and construction of buildings 2. Inadequate protection of assets 3. Lack of public information and awareness 4. Limited official recognition of risks and preparedness measures 5. Disregard for wise environmental management. HAZARD  Hazard - A hazard is a source or condition that has the potential to cause harm to humans in the form of injury or illness, property damage, environmental damage, or a combination of these. TWO (2) BASIC GROUPS OF HAZARD  NATURAL HAZARD A. A natural hazard occurs when an extreme natural event is destructive to human life and property. This event could interfere with activities in a minor way such as when strong winds blow trees down, or this event could completely disrupt activities like a large earthquake damaging your home, business or school. These natural events have been happening for thousands of years, but they only become hazards when humans are affected in some way.  HUMAN-MADE HAZARD B. Human-made induced hazards are caused by human activities. Unlike natural hazards, human-made hazards can often be prevented. DIRECTION: SPOT THE HAZARD. WHAT IS RISK?  RISK The probability of harmful consequences, or expected loss of lives, people injured, livelihoods, disruption of economic activities and damages to the environment as a result of interactions between natural or human induced hazards and vulnerable/ capable conditions. NOTE. If the hazard is present but have not yet interacted with the vulnerable entities like people or structure, the damage and losses that will probably happen are called risk, meaning a disaster haven’t occurred yet, still they are being foreseen already. WHAT IS DISASTER RISK?  The term disaster risk refers to the potential (not actual and realized) disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets, and services which could occur in a community or society over some specified future time period. Disaster risk is the product of the possible damage caused by a hazard due to the vulnerability within a community. It should be noted that the effect of a hazard (of a particular magnitude) would affect communities differently (Von Kotze, 1999). It can also be determined by the presence of three variables: hazards (natural or anthropogenic); vulnerability to a hazard; and coping capacity linked to the reduction, mitigation, and resilience to the vulnerability of a community. RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING DISASTERS  AT RISK… Disaster can affect everyone. It does not discriminate between and among social classes, gender, creed, race, and nationality. But certain risk factors put those affected in a position where they will have graver or longer-lasting post- disaster stress reactions. These aggravating factors contribute to evident differences in the stress reactions of certain individuals with certain characteristics.  RISK FACTORS Disaster risk has three important ELEMENTS such as: 1. Exposure - the “elements at risk from a natural or man-made hazard event (Quebral, 2016). 2. Hazard-a potentially dangerous physical occurrence, phenomenon or human activity that may result in loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption, or environmental degradation. 3. Vulnerability - the condition determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazard (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United nation, FAO 2008).  The following are also taken into consideration when risk factors underlying disaster are involved: Severity of exposure - which measures those who experience disaster firsthand which has the highest risk of developing future mental problems, followed by those in contact with the victims such as rescue workers and health care practitioners and the lowest risk are those most distant like those who have awareness of the disaster only through news. Gender and Family - the female gender suffers more adverse effects. This worsens when children are present at home. Marital relationships are placed under strain.  Age - adults in the age range of 40-60 are more stressed after disasters but in general. Economic status of country - evidence indicates that severe mental problems resulting from disasters are more prevalent in developing countries like the Philippines. Furthermore, it has been observed that natural disasters tend to have more adverse effects in developing countries than do man-caused disasters in developed countries. Factors which Underlie Disasters  1. Climate Change - can increase disaster risk in a variety of ways – by altering the frequency and intensity of hazards events, affecting vulnerability to hazards, and changing exposure patterns. For most people, the expression “climate change” means the alteration of the world’s climate that we humans are causing such as burning of fossil fuels, deforestation and other practices that increase the carbon footprint and concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This is in line with the official definition by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that climate change is the change that can be attributed “directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods”  2. Environmental Degradation - changes to the environment can influence the frequency and intensity of hazards, as well as our exposure and vulnerability to these hazards. For instance, deforestation of slopes often leads to an increase in landslide hazard and removal of mangroves can increase the damage caused by storm surges (UNISDR, 2009b). It is both a driver and consequence of disasters, reducing the capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological needs. Over consumption of natural resources results in environmental degradation, reducing the effectiveness of essential ecosystem services, such as the mitigation of floods and landslides.  3. Globalized Economic Development - It results in an increased polarization between the rich and poor on a global scale. Currently increasing the exposure of assets in hazard prone areas, globalized economic development provides an opportunity to build resilience if effectively managed. By participating in risk sensitive development strategies such as investing in protective infrastructure, environmental management, and upgrading informal settlements, risk can be reduced. Dominance and increase of wealth in certain regions and cities are expected to have increased hazard exposure (Gencer, 2013)  4. Poverty and Inequality - Impoverished people are more likely to live in hazard exposed areas and are less able to invest in risk-reducing measures. The lack of access to insurance and social protection means that people in poverty are often forced to use their already limited assets to buffer disaster losses, which drives them into further poverty. Poverty is therefore both a cause and consequence of disaster risk (Wisner et al., 2004), particularly extensive risk, with drought being the hazard most closely associated with poverty (Shepard et al., 2013). The impact of disasters on the poor can, in addition to loss of life, injury and damage, cause a total loss of livelihoods, displacement, poor health, food insecurity, among other consequences. Vulnerability is not simply about poverty, but extensive research over the past 30 years has revealed that it is generally the poor who tend to suffer worst from disasters  5. Poorly planned and Managed Urban Development - A new wave of urbanization is unfolding in hazard-exposed countries and with it, new opportunities for resilient investment emerge. People, poverty, and disaster risk are increasingly concentrated in cities. The growing rate of urbanization and the increase in population density (in cities) can lead to creation of risk, especially when urbanization is rapid, poorly planned and occurring in a context of widespread poverty. Growing concentrations of people and economic activities in many cities are seen to overlap with areas of high- risk exposure.  6. Weak Governance - weak governance zones are investment environments in which public sector actors are unable or unwilling to assume their roles and responsibilities in protecting rights, providing basic services and public services. Disaster risk is disproportionately concentrated in lower-income countries with weak governance (UNISDR, 2015). Disaster risk governance refers to the specific arrangements that societies put in place to manage their disaster risk (UNISDR, 2011a; UNDP, 2013a) within a broader context of risk governance (Renn, 2008 in UNISDR, 2015a). This reflects how risk is valued against a backdrop of broader social and economic concerns  7. Geographical Location - The Philippines is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to natural disasters. The country's location makes it vulnerable to storms that cause flooding, mudslides, and typhoons. Furthermore, the Philippines is vulnerable to tsunamis due to the presence of offshore trenches such as the Manila Trench. Regrettably, the list does not stop there. The Philippines also sits above the Ring of Fire, a path that runs through the Pacific Ocean basin THANK YOU