Q2 Notes for Test DRRR - Fire, Survival Kit, DRRM Law PDF

**Lesson 1: The** **Elements** **of** **Fire** **Triangle** ###### The Fire Triangle 1. **Fuel** is any material that can be burned such as solid, liquid, or gas. Combustion takes place when fuel is converted into gaseous state as moisture is removed. This happens when vapor is escaping...

**Lesson 1: The** **Elements** **of** **Fire** **Triangle** ###### The Fire Triangle 1. **Fuel** is any material that can be burned such as solid, liquid, or gas. Combustion takes place when fuel is converted into gaseous state as moisture is removed. This happens when vapor is escaping from any combustible material. 2. **Heat** is an energy that flows through object. Enough amount of heat would free the vapor from solid and liquid forms of fuel. The lowest temperature needed to form an ignitable mixture in air near the surface of the liquid is called the **flash** **point**. The higher the flashpoint, the more difficult it is to ignite the material. The ignition of fire to solid and liquid fuels varies. Most solid combustible materials ignite immediately. Other solid combustible materials take time to ignite due to its density. 3. **Oxygen** is an element, estimated 21% of it can be found in the air. During combustion process chemical reaction takes place. Oxygen is released and serves as an oxidizing agent for combustible materials. Without an oxidizing agent like oxygen there will be no fire even if heat and fuel are present. 1. **REMOVING** **THE** **HEAT.** The goal here is to lower the temperature which is usually accomplished by adding water as an extinguishing agent. Other extinguishing agents include chemical and mechanical foams. 2. **REMOVING** **THE** **FUEL.** In most cases, removing the fuel from the fire is not a practical way of extinguishing fire except when dealing with flammable liquid fires, valves can be shut off and storage vessels pumped to safe areas to help eliminate the supply of fuel to the fire. 3. **REMOVE** **THE** **OXYGEN**. Air is mainly 21% oxygen and this is sufficient to support combustion in most fire situations. Removal of the air or oxygen can be accomplished by separating it from the fuel source or displacing it with other gases like carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and steam. Examples of separation include foam on a flammable liquid fire, a wet blanket on a trash fire, or a tight-fitting lid on a skillet fire. Foam not only lowers temperature but also removes oxygen. **Lesson 2: Different** **Causes** **of** **Fire** **Fire may start due to natural cause or human-made incidents.** I. **Natural causes of fire such as:** A. **Lightning that strikes any combustible material which can set trees on fire that might eventually result to forest fire or wildfire. This is the most common natural cause of fire.** B. **Volcanic activities could also cause fire. During volcanic activity, it spews hot gases, ash and lava and when these hot materials get in contact with flammable materials it might start a wildfire.** C. **Spontaneous combustion is another natural cause of fire. This happens when a hydrocarbon substance unexpectedly create fire without apparent cause. Pyrophoric substances ignite spontaneously in air at or below 54˚C or within 5 minutes after getting into contact with air. Examples of pyrophoric substances are iron sulfide, plutonium and uranium.** **Sometimes, it is also due to combustion of dry fuel such as sawdust, dried leaves and grasses. Spontaneous combustion can arise in the presence of substances with low ignition temperature (requires a not too high temperature to be ignited) like hay, straw and other types of grasses. When these dried grasses stacked together, it releases heat and in the presence of oxygen and moisture or even bacterial fermentation will spontaneously produce fire.** II. **Human-made causes of fire are those products of human errors or machine failures. Wildfires or forest fires caused by human activities such as machinery sparks when cutting logs in the forest, cast-away cigarette butts in dried grasses and sometimes due to kaingin or even arson (human inflicted fire by directly setting the area to burn).** **Housefire is a fire incident that is generally caused by human and machine error. The following are common causes of housefire:** 1. **Cooking equipment. Pots and pans can be overheated when a person gets distracted while cooking or leaves cooking unattended. This is the most common cause of housefire.** 2. **Heaters. Portable heaters can cause fire when it is placed near objects that can easily burn like curtains and laundry clothes.** **Fire may start due to natural cause or human-made incidents.** III. **Natural causes of fire such as:** D. **Lightning that strikes any combustible material which can set trees on fire that might eventually result to forest fire or wildfire. This is the most common natural cause of fire.** E. **Volcanic activities could also cause fire. During volcanic activity, it spews hot gases, ash and lava and when these hot materials get in contact with flammable materials it might start a wildfire.** F. **Spontaneous combustion is another natural cause of fire. This happens when a hydrocarbon substance unexpectedly create fire without apparent cause. Pyrophoric substances ignite spontaneously in air at or below 54˚C or within 5 minutes after getting into contact with air. Examples of pyrophoric substances are iron sulfide, plutonium and uranium.** **Sometimes, it is also due to combustion of dry fuel such as sawdust, dried leaves and grasses. Spontaneous combustion can arise in the presence of substances with low ignition temperature (requires a not too high temperature to be ignited) like hay, straw and other types of grasses. When these dried grasses stacked together, it releases heat and in the presence of oxygen and moisture or even bacterial fermentation will spontaneously produce fire.** IV. **Human-made causes of fire are those products of human errors or machine failures. Wildfires or forest fires caused by human activities such as machinery sparks when cutting logs in the forest, cast-away cigarette butts in dried grasses and sometimes due to kaingin or even arson (human inflicted fire by directly setting the area to burn).** **Housefire is a fire incident that is generally caused by human and machine error. The following are common causes of housefire:** 3. **Cooking equipment. Pots and pans can be overheated when a person gets distracted while cooking or leaves cooking unattended. This is the most common cause of housefire.** 4. **Heaters. Portable heaters can cause fire when it is placed near objects that can easily burn like curtains and laundry clothes.**  **Lesson 3: Policies of DRRM - The Philippine DRRM Law RA 10121 and Its Implementing Rules and Regulations** **Global Policy Frameworks** **The Philippine government policies and programs for disaster risk reduction and management was anchored to Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015- 2030, the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015, and ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response. These were formulated to reduce the risks during a disaster as it gives concrete guides for national government, local government, organizations, communities, and stakeholders.** **Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030** **According to National Economic and Development Authority, 2020, this was adopted by UN member states, including the Philippines, in March 2015. The Sendai Framework aims to achieve the following outcomes over the next 15 years: the substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihood, and health and in the economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets of persons, businesses, communities and countries.** **Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015** **According to International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015 is a world conference on disaster reduction that was held from January 18-22, 2005 in Kobe, Hyogo Japan. The HFA is a comprehensive, action‐ oriented response to international concern about the growing impacts of disasters on individuals, communities & national development. Its goal was to substantially reduced disaster loses in live and in social, economic and environmental assets of communities and countries.** **ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response** **On December 24, 2009, the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER) was ratified by all ten (10) ASEAN member states that include the Philippines. It focuses on the region's policy backbone on disaster management by giving priority to disaster risk reduction, thus enabling a more proactive regional framework for cooperation, coordination, technical assistance, and resource mobilization in all aspects of disaster management.** **[What is the DRRM Act?]** **[According to National Economic and Development Authority, 2020, the Philippine DRRM Act of 2010 or Republic Act No. 10121 as signed into law on May 27, 2010, provides the basic policies and coordination mechanism for DRRM through the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils (DRRMC) at the national, regional, and local levels. Section 15 of the law specifically indicates the criteria for identifying the lead DRRMC in "preparing for, responding to and recovering from the effects of any disaster."]** **What are the Salient Features of the DRRM Act?** **According to Disaster Risk Reduction Network Philippines, the following are the salient features of the DRRM Act:** A. **Coherence with the international framework** B. **Adherence to universal norms, principles, and standards of humanitarian assistance** C. **Good governance through transparency and accountability** D. **Strengthened institutional mechanism for DRRM** E. **Integrated, coordinated, multi‐sectoral, inter‐agency, and community‐based approach to disaster risk reduction** F. **Empowerment of local government units (LGUs) and civil society organizations (CSOs) as key partners in disaster risk reduction** G. **Integration of the DRRM into the educational system** H. **Establishment of the DRRM Fund (DRRMF) at the national and local levels** I. **Providing for provisions on the declaration of a state of calamity, remedial measures, prohibited acts and penalties.** **Who are involved in DRRM as mandated in the DRRM act?** +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **National | **Local | **Civil society | **Communities** | | government** | government | organizations | | | | units (LGU)** | (CSO), the | | | | | private Sector | | | | | and** | | | | | | | | | | **volunteers** | | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | | | **They | **They are** | | | | participate and | | | | | involve in all | **considered as | | | | aspects of DRRM | the "most | | | | from planning | vulnerable | | | | to | sectors" since | | | | implementation. | they can be | | | | ** | disaster | | | | | victims and | | | | **They also** | agents of | | | | | change at the | | | | **complement | same time. | | | | and enhance the | Their active | | | | government's | and substantial | | | | resources and** | participation | | | | | at DRRM** | | | | **efforts in** | | | | | | **coordination | | | | **implementing | is acknowledged | | | | the DRRM act.** | since they are | | | | | the** | | | | | | | | | | **most familiar | | | | | with their | | | | | situation.** | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ ### Structure of the DRRM ### National DRRM Councils ##### Functions of the NDRRMC 1. Develop an NDRRM Framework. 2. Create NDRRM Plan (NDRRMP). 3. Advise the President on the status of disaster preparedness, prevention, mitigation, response and rehabilitation operations. As well as recommend to the President the declaration of a state of calamity 4. Ensure a multi-stakeholder participation. 5. Establish a national early warning and emergency alert system. 6. Develop appropriate risk transfer mechanisms. 7. Monitor the development and enforcement required by this Act. 8. Manage and mobilize resources. 9. Monitor and provide the necessary guidelines and procedures on the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF). 10. Develop assessment tools in coordination with the Climate Change Commission. 11. Develop vertical and horizontal coordination mechanisms. 12. Formulate a national institutional capability building program. 13. Formulate a national agenda for research and technology development. 14. Formulate and implement a framework for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction and management. 15. Constitute a technical management group. 16. Task the OCD to conduct periodic assessment and performance monitoring of the member-agencies. 17. Coordinate or oversee the implementation of the country's obligations ### Regional DRRM Councils (RDRRMC) ##### ##### Functions of the RDRRMC 18. Coordinate, integrate, supervise, and evaluate the activities of the LDRRMC. 19. Ensuring disaster sensitive regional development plans. 20. Establish an operating facility to be known as the Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Operations Center (RDRRMC). ### Local DRRM Councils (LDRRMC) ##### Functions of the LDRRMCS 21. Approve, monitor and evaluate the implementation of the LDRRMPs. 22. Ensure the integration of DRR and climate change adaptation. 23. Implementation of forced or preemptive evacuation. 24. Convene the local council. ### Local DRRM Offices (LDRRMO) ##### Functions of the LDRRMO 25. Set the direction, development and implementation of DRRM programs. 26. Design, program and coordinate DRRM Programs to NDRRMC. 27. Facilitate and support risk assessment and contingency plan. 28. Consolidate local disaster risk information. 29. Organize and conduct trainings. 30. Operate a multi hazard early warning system. 31. Formulate and implement a comprehensive LDRRMP. 32. Prepare and submit to the Local Sanggunian. 33. Conduct continuous disaster monitoring. 34. Identify, assess and manage hazard vulnerabilities and risk. 35. Disseminate information and raise public awareness. 36. Identify and implement cost effective risk reduction measures/strategies. 37. Maintain database of human resources, equipment, directories and location of critical infrastructure. 38. Develop partnership with the private sectors, CSOs and volunteer groups. 39. Take all necessary steps on continuing the provision. 40. Organize, equip, train, and supervise local emergency team. 41. Respond and manage the adverse effects of emergencies and carried out recovery activities. 42. Promote and raise public awareness and compliance with the act. 43. Serve as secretariat and executive arm of LRRMC. 44. Coordinate with DRRM activities. 45. Establish network with LGU. 46. Recommend the enhancement of local ordinance related to the act. 47. Implement policies, approved plans, and program of LRRMC. 48. Establish Provincial/City/Municipality/Barangay operation center. 49. Prepare and submit report on utilization of LDRRM Fund. 50. Act on other matter that authorized by LDRRMC. ##### ##### Disaster Volunteers 1. Their mobilization may be undertaken by a. government agencies b. civil service organizations c. private sector, and local government units. 2. Their enhancement, welfare, and protection will be the responsibility of: d. agencies e. civil service organizations f. private sector, or g. Local government unit which assembled them. 3. Their accreditation and inclusion in the database are done at municipal or city level. 4. They will follow the guidelines set by the NDRRMC. 5. They are entitled to compensatory benefits and insurance under the guidelines. ##### Education and Training 1. Integrate in the school curricula of DRR education for both of secondary and tertiary level of education including National Service Training Program (NSTP) whether private or public or formal and non-formal, technical-vocational, indigenous learning, and out of school youth courses and programs. 2. Encourage the youth to participate in DRRM activities headed by SK councils together with the DRRMCs. 3. Impose trainings to the public sector employees that focus on emergency response and preparedness. ##### Coordination Using Emergencies -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ### Declaration of State of Calamity A. ##### Declaration and lifting of state of calamity by the President - It shall be recommended by National Council. - It can be a cluster of barangays, municipalities, cities, provinces, and regions. - International humanitarian assistance may be necessary. B. ##### Declaration and lifting of state of calamity by Local Sanggunian - It is issued based on the recommendation of the LDRRMC - It is based on the result of the damage assessment. ### NDRMM Plan 2011-2028 1. disaster prevention and mitigation; 3. disaster response; and 2. disaster preparedness; 4. disaster rehabilitation and recovery  +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | 1. Reduce vulnerability and | | | exposure to communities to | | | hazard. | | | | | | 2. Enhance capacities of | | | communities to reduce their | | | own risk and cope with impact | | | of all hazards. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | 1. DRRM and CCA mainstreamed and | | | integrated in national, | | | sectoral, regional, and local | | | development policies, plans | | | and budget | | | | | | 2. DRRM- and CCA-sensitive | | | environmental management | | | | | | 3. 4. Enhanced and effective | | | community-based scientific | | | DRRM and CCA assessment, | | | mapping, analysis and | | | monitoring | | | | | | 5. | | | | | | | | | | | | 6. Establishment and/or | | | improvement of end-to-end | | | monitoring (monitoring | | | response), forecasting | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | 1. Increase level of awareness | | | and enhance capacity of the | | | community to the threats and | | | impact of all hazards. | | | | | | 2. Improve necessary skills | | | training and capability | | | building of communities to | | | cope with impacts of | | | disasters. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | 1. Increased DRRM and CCA | | | capacity of local DRRM | | | council, offices, and | | | operation centers at all | | | levels. | | | | | | 2. Developed and implemented | | | comprehensive national and | | | local preparedness and | | | response policies, plans, and | | | system. | | | | | | 3. Strengthened partnership and | | | coordination among all key | | | players and stakeholders. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | 1. To decrease the number of | | | preventable deaths and | | | injuries | | | | | | 2. To provide basic subsistence | | | needs of affected population; | | | and | | | | | | 3. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | 1. 2. Adequate and prompt | | | assessment of needs and | | | damages | | | | | | 3. Integrated and coordinated | | | search, rescue, and retrieval | | | (SRR) capacity | | | | | | 4. 5. 6. 7. Implemented a | | | coordination, integration | | | system for early recovery | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | 1. | | | | | | | | | | | | 2. 3. 4. Assist in the | | | physical and psychological | | | rehabilitation | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. | | | | | | | | | | | | 5. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **DRRR - Survival Kits and Materials** Disaster is very unpredictable. Our country is commonly stricken by Use typhoons, volcanic eruptions, fires, and other disasters, that is why we should be prepared and be aware of what will happen next. According to Philippine Red Cross, the first 72 hours after a disaster is very crucial. There might be shortage of food supply and water, and unavailability of electricity and communication. In addition, access to safety services, rescue, clinics, and hospitals may not also be available. An emergency kit/first aid kit is very essential in times of disasters. Emergency or survival kits are things that are commonly found inside our home like water, flashlight, and hygiene kits. Families should be prepared to be independent and be able to survive for at least 3 days or 72 hours. To be able to do this the kits must be organized and easy to access, it should be checked every six months to make sure the items are still in good condition and far from expirations. According to Philippine Red Cross, the following items are essential in a disaster kit: 1. **Shelter** - Tents - Sleeping bag - Tarp 2. ##### Water - According to Philippine Red Cross, a person can survive without food intake for 5 days as long as there is water intake. Prepare clean water in clean airtight containers for washing, drinking and cooking: 1 gallon or equivalent of 4 liters per person per day (1 liter for drinking and 3 liters for sanitation) - Stored water must be changed to maintain its freshness, effectiveness and avoid contamination. 3. ##### Food - Store only non-perishable food like canned foods. - According to Philippine Red Cross, food should be sufficient for three days consumption of every family member. - Include also eating and drinking utensils. 4. ##### Tools - Maps with indication of evacuation sites and routes - Emergency Number to call - Whistle - Flashlight with extra batteries (or self-powered flashlight) - List of Emergency numbers to call - Multi-purpose knife - Matches or lighter and candles - AM radio transistor with extra batteries or self-powered - Blankets - Sleeping bag 5. ##### Fire starting - Matches - Lighter - Candle 6. ##### Light and signaling Instruments - Flashlight - Mirror - Whistle 7. ##### First aid kits - Disposable Gloves - Adhesive Strips - Sterile medical tap - Thermometer - Adhesive Bandage - First aid manual - Pain reliever and antibiotics - Anti-diarrhea medication - Prescription medication (if needed) 8. ##### Personal effects and hygiene kit - Extra Clothing (Short and long sleeved shirts, pants, jackets, socks, etc.) - Undergarments - Antibacterial soap - Toothbrushes - Toothpaste - Comb/ hairbrush - Tissue paper 9. ##### Others - Important documents Birth certificates, passport, marriage contract, diploma, insurance certificates, land titles, etc. - Keep these in a plastic envelope or any waterproof container - Money should be in the form of cash and loose change (ATM machines may not be working) - Prepaid cards - Batteries - Emergency charger - Clothes