Fire and Emergency Response Table YYY PDF

Emergency (1) Happens suddenly, (2) disrupts the routine of an organization or community and affects its ability to function normally, and (3) requires immediate action. Disaster An Emergency that results in multiple injuries or deaths, produces major prop...

Emergency (1) Happens suddenly, (2) disrupts the routine of an organization or community and affects its ability to function normally, and (3) requires immediate action. Disaster An Emergency that results in multiple injuries or deaths, produces major property damage, or both. TYPES OF the forces of nature, fire and explosion, system failures, Traffic Problems EMERGENCIES Behavior of People People in disaster /emergency any matter of life and death, act in panic and not thinking and kills each other’s unintentionally Priorities for safety of people, protection of property, clean up and salvage (environment protection), emergencies restoring operations and returning things to normal SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986, required chemical plants to develop emergency response plans EPCRA-SARA III Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act of 1986 Title III, help communities plan for chemical emergencies. It also requires the industry to report on the storage, use and release of hazardous substances to federal, state, and local governments. Radiological Responsibilities the Federal Emergency Management Agency [FEMA], the Nuclear Accidents Regulatory Commission [NRC] Chemical (CHEMTREC), provide information resources on hazardous substances Transportation Emergency Center DISASTER Technology solves some problems, but creates others, Trust in technology may lead to DILEMMA emergencies and disasters that may not have otherwise occurred Maintain fire monthly visual inspections, hydrostatic testing, annual internal examinations, and all extinguishers associated documentation Emergency plane Written (communicated orally if ≤ 10 employees), minimum, the plan must include: The fire and emergency reporting procedures; Procedures for emergency evacuation, including the type of evacuation and exit routes; Procedures for those who remain to operate critical operations prior to evacuation; Procedures to account for employees after evacuation; Procedures for employees performing rescue and medical duties; and Names of those to contact for further information or explanation about the plan. Elevator Elevators are designed to return to the floor of primary recall if a fire is detected. The floor of Emergency primary recall will be the floor that is close to an exit discharge. This floor will have a star by its number on the elevator control panel. If the fire is detected on the floor of the primary recall, then the elevator will stop at the 2nd floor (often one floor above or below). Evacuation: The travel distance between any point in a room and an exit not exceeding 150 ft (46 m). The maximum travel distance in permitted to be increased by 50 ft (15 m) in buildings protected throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler system The travel distance to at least one exit shall not exceed 200 ft in industrial occupancies NOT equipped with a sprinkler system or exceed 250 ft in industrial with sprinkle system The clear width of any corridor or passageway required for exit access shall be not less than 44 in. (1120 mm). Minimum width of stair 44 inch , doors 33in, corridor is 44 in COMPONENT CAPACITY CAPACITY FACTOR Door 34 in. 0.2 in/person 170 persons Stair 44 in. 0.3 in/person 147 persons Door 44 in. 0.2 in/person 220 persons The component with the least capacity determines the egress capacity.  The capacity equal = components/capacity factor Capacity: Occupant load = Floor area /occupant load factor Total stair capacity = width /capacity means of egress 3 parts to the means of egress: the exit access, exit and exit discharge. Exit access is a path leading to an exit. An exit is that portion of a means of egress that is separated from all other spaces of a building or structure, An exit discharge is the last segment of a means of egress between the protected exit and the land outside. Consider a new health care occupancy, which must have a capacity of means of egress for stairs of 0.3 in per person and 0.2 in per person for doors, ramps, or horizontal exits. Thus, stairs that are a minimum 44 in wide each would have a capacity of 44/0.3 = 146 people. In-Plant Organizations: Many organizations have fire brigades. They handle immediate responses to fire calls, conduct training of employees, and conduct simulations and fire drills Shelter-in-place: Means taking refuge in interior room(s) with no/few windows Local authorities often issue shelter-in-place advice via TV or radio Mutual Aid Agreements statements that one fire protection organization will assist another and vice versa when major responses are needed. Classes of fire doors Class A: Firewalls and walls that divide a building into individual fire areas, Fire rate 3Hrs Class B: openings are in enclosures of vertical communication through buildings, such as Enclosures of shafts and stairwells stairs and elevators, 2-1 hrs Class C: Walls or partitions between rooms and corridors having a fire rating of ≤1 hr Class D: Exterior walls subject to severe fire exposure from outside the building, Class E: Exterior walls subject to moderate or light fire exposure from outside the building Interior Finishes Class A: flame spread, 0–25; smoke developed, 0–450 Class B: flame spread, 26–75; smoke developed, 0–450 Class C: flame spread, 76–200; smoke developed, 0–450 Fire prevention Written (communicated orally if 10 employees or less) : plans Major fire hazards, hazardous material handling and storage procedures, ignition sources and controls, and necessary fire protection equipment; How flammable and combustible waste material accumulations will be controlled; Maintenance of heat-producing equipment to reduce ignition sources; Names or job titles of persons to maintain equipment to reduce ignition sources and fire potential; and Names or job titles of persons to help control fuel source hazards. Underground develop and maintain a check-in/check-out procedure to provide an accurate count of the construction number, power-assisted hoisting capability, air monitoring, H2S 20 PPM increased ventilation, or employee evacuation, the visual and aural alarm shall signal additional measures, 20 % or more of the LEL for methane or other flammable immediately evacuated, least two 5-person rescue teams for job sites where 25 or more employees work underground Bloodborne hepatitis B vaccine and vaccination series to all employees who have occupational pathogens exposure, Provide initial and annual bloodborne pathogens training to employees Emergency procedure for chemicals hazards Emergency Response Team Training: OSHA Respirators in Emergency Alert the user that the air supply has decreased to 20-25% of full Process Safety Management  What-if Study - asking what-if questions during review of an uncomplicated processes;  Checklist - a what-if study of a more complicated process using a checklist;  What-if/Checklist - a team of specialists develops specific questions and achieves consensus on recommendations;  Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) - a formally structured method to analyze possible deviations in design conditions;  Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) - a systematic study of component failures. This review starts with a diagram of the operation, and includes all components that could fail and conceivably affect the safety of the operation;  Fault Tree Analysis - either a qualitative or a quantitative model of all the undesirable outcomes, such as a toxic gas release or explosion, that could result from a specific initiating event; or  The PHA process hazard analysis method selected must be appropriate to the complexity of the process and must identify, evaluate, and control the hazards involved in the process. The PHA team should include:   at least one employee who has experience with and knowledge of the process being evaluated; and  one member (preferably the team leader) knowledgeable in the specific PSM analysis methods and proper implementation of methods being used in the evaluation. Employer Responsibilities Spill A command post is set up away from the spill area, therefore the spill cleanup equipment needs to be at the spill scene, not at the command post. The "hot zone" (exclusion zone), is that area around a spill/release into which untrained, unequipped individuals may not enter. in large spills The gas will spread over a wide area with little dilution ERT = emergency response team PEO = plant emergency organization HAZMAT = hazardous materials response team Permeation involves sorption of the chemical into the surface of the material, diffusion through the material, and desorption on the opposite side. Penetration is the passage of vapors or liquids through zippers, seams, holes, etc. Canister respirator, NIOSH respirator require a face piece air flow rate of 4 cfm. A chemical cartridge air-purifying respirator is a respirator that uses various chemical substances to purify inhaled air which contains certain contaminant gases and vapors. Permeation is a chemical's ability to pass through a material Level A protection is required when the greatest potential for exposure to hazards exists, and when the greatest level of skin, respiratory, and eye protection is required. Examples of Level A clothing and equipment include:  positive pressure, full face-piece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or positive pressure supplied air respirator with escape SCBA;  totally encapsulated chemical- and vapour-protective suit;  inner and outer chemical-resistant gloves; and  Disposable protective suit, gloves, and boots.  Level B protection is required under circumstances requiring the highest level of respiratory protection, with lesser level of skin protection. At most abandoned outdoor hazardous waste sites, ambient atmospheric vapors or gas levels have not approached sufficiently high concentrations to warrant level A protection. Examples of Level B protection include:  positive pressure, full face-piece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or positive pressure supplied air respirator with escape SCBA; inner and outer chemical-resistant gloves; face shield; hooded chemical resistant clothing; coveralls; and outer chemical- resistant boots. Level C protection is required when the concentration and type of airborne substances is known and the criteria for using air purifying respirators is met. Typical Level C equipment includes:  full-face air purifying respirators; inner and outer chemical-resistant gloves;  hard hat; escape mask; and disposable chemical-resistant outer boots. Level D protection is the minimum protection required. Level D protection may be sufficient when no contaminants are present or work operations preclude splashes, immersion, or the potential for unexpected inhalation or contact with hazardous levels of chemicals. Appropriate Level D protective equipment may include:  Gloves; coveralls; safety glasses; face shield; and chemical-resistant, steel-toe boots or shoes. Safety Zone in Spill Safety zones specify: ER  The type of operations that will occur in each zone;  The degree of hazard at different locations within the release site; and  The areas at the site that should be avoided by unauthorized or unprotected employees. The 3 most frequently identified zones are below: 1. The exclusion zone (or hot zone) is the area with actual or potential contamination and the highest potential for exposure to hazardous substances. 2. The contamination reduction zone (or warm zone) is the transition area between the exclusion and support zones. This area is where responders enter and exit the exclusion zone and where decontamination activities take place. 3. The support zone (or cold zone) is the area of the site that is free from contamination and that may be safely used as a planning and staging area. Decontamination: Physical removal, Combination removal, and Chemical removal Decontamination stations should be set up in the warm zone, which is the area between the contaminated area (hot zone) and the cold zone, where contamination should not occur. The decontamination line is the last point where decontamination will occur, at the entrance to the cold zone from the warm zone. Causes of Fires In civilian fires with fatalities, the leading causes of ignition are cigarettes (35%), In industrial is Electrical 23% Arson Cost $1 to $3 b, reasons financial problems that might be resolved through an insurance claim, anger with an employer, school, another person, vandalism and other problems. Combustible liquid Any liquid having a flash point at or above 140°F and below 200°F. The fire point is higher than the flash point. Flammable liquid Any liquid with a flash point below 140°F and a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 psia at 100°F. Heat transfer The highest range of flammable limits for acetylene (2.5% to 81%) acetylene in air Decane is the hydrocarbon with the lowest auto-ignition temperature The primary difference between deflagration and detonation is the rate of reaction within the subject material. Acetone is a category 2 flammable liquids Propagation of flame: The tendency for aflame to spread from the source of ignition Self-Accelerating It is the lowest ambient temperature for self-accelerating decomposition in organic Decomposition peroxides and self-reactive substances Temperature Steiner Tunnel test The 25-foot Steiner test tunnel has been one of the prevailing reactions to fire test methods for assessing the surface burning characteristics of building materials. Developed by UL The main cause of fire in building renovation is cutting and welding Flammable- combustible liquid IIIB FP ≥ 200 F NEC Classes  X X X X C F CL BR , 1202 discontinued because of toxicity and corrosion effects, halon 1211 and halon 1301 high ozone depletion, Halon 1301 is best suited for total flooding applications, whereas halon 1211 is well suited for local application systems. Interruption of the hydroxyl radical of combustion. Flammable Gases Definition Specific gravity Vapor Pressure ↑ Temperature ↑ , Higher vapor pressure ----- more volatile Specific gravity, density compared with H2O density, SG < 1 lighter than H2O, most of flammable liquid lighter than H2O and stay above water & insoluble But few are heavier than H2O. Materials lighter than air have vapor densities < 1.0 (example: acetylene, methane, hydrogen). Materials heavier than air (examples: propane, hydrogen sulfide, ethane, butane, chlorine, sulfur dioxide) have vapor densities > 1 At pressures higher than vapour pressure, water would condense, whilst at lower pressures it would evaporate or sublimate. The saturation vapour pressure of water increases with increasing temperature Higher vapor pressure, the more volatile the materials Evaporation rate liquid turn to vapor at (given P &T), compared to butyl acetate, 1500  Because of the long half-life of Americium-241, 0.01mrem / year used in ionization smoke detector. Chemical abstract service CAS in MSDS Fire Design Roof vents allow hot gases to escape and do have some effect on confinement. Compartmentation will help limit the horizontal spread of fire. In industrial plants, full partitions may interfere with the flow of materials and production activities. Vents should be located within each area or section created by curtain boards. Fire Walls prevent the lateral spread of fire in large buildings or between buildings, they have a parapet extending approximately 3 ft above the roof line Storerooms Special storerooms confine flammable liquids, explosion-proof switches and electrical fixtures, ventilation, self-closing doors with fusible links, a static electricity grounding system, special signage, raised door sill, and special floor contours. Storage Cabinets: located outside, special storerooms, protect stored liquids from fires outside them, confine spills within them, and keep flammables organized. There are also various styles of safety cans and vertical or horizontal dispensing drums. Drums Flammable liquids must be stored in closed containers, Valves for gravity dispensing must be approved by a recognized testing laboratory and must close automatically.  Safety Cans Safety cans contain 5 gal or less of flammable liquids and are used for moving fluid to the point of use, close automatically after tilting or pouring, they have a pressure relief valve to vent vapor, they have a flame arrestor in the spout, the arrestor absorbs heat and prevents the flame from passing to the inside of the can Plunger Cans : to wet cleaning cloths or wipes with flammable liquid. Cleaning and Dip Tanks: fire protection features for cleaning and dip tanks. Waste Cloths and wipes contaminated with flammable liquids should be stored in self- closing containers. With small quantity The metal curtain is a draft curtain that functions to delay and limit the horizontal spread of heat, gases, and smoke by providing a horizontal confinement to obtain a stack pyrophoric: if it ignites spontaneously in air at or below 54 °C (130 °F) (for gases) or within 5 minutes after coming into contact with air, Fireworks, and flares Hypergolic: igniting spontaneously when mixed together with violent reaction, as rocket fuel and oxidizer combinations, fuel and oxidizer without a source of ignition, Fuel hydrazine N2H4 with N2O4 Pyrolysis: the process is the thermal decomposition of materials at elevated temperatures in an inert atmosphere. It involves a change in chemical composition. OSHA required 6 room change/hr for ventilation system of flammable liquid storage room Autoignition: is the lowest temperature at which it spontaneously ignites in a normal atmosphere without an external source of ignition, Autoignition is higher than flash point Oxidizer: solid, liquid and gas they severe the fire and can became combustible to ignite spontaneously, permanganate, peroxide, chlorite, nitrate, fluorine , Have prefix Per’’ or end ate’’ Explosion Ignition of flammable vapors, dusts, or fibers, is prevented by actions employing Humidification, ionization, grounding, and bonding. A deflagration is an exothermic reaction that expands rapidly from the burning gases to the unreacted material by conduction, convection, and radiation, rate that is less than the velocity of sound, not always produce sufficiently rapid increases in pressure to produce an explosion. Produce fumes and mist, rapid reaction heat transferred progresevily from reactant materials to another nearby whose temperature is raised to point it also react A detonation is an exothermic reaction characterized by the presence of a shock wave in the material that establishes and maintains the reaction, sufficiently rapid increases in pressure to produce an explosion, a rate greater than the speed of sound Condensed Phase Detonations Condensed phase materials are high explosives and propellants, For example, in 1947 in Texas City, Texas, S. S. Grandcamp, packed with well over 1,400 tons of ammonium nitrate fertilizer, accidentally ignited, exploded, and killed outright. People more than one mile away were injured and all houses within 0.9 miles were destroyed. Combustion Explosion of a Gaseous or Liquid Fuel in an Enclosure: based on the length-to-diameter ratio (L/D) of the container. For containers with an L/D ª 1, there is a relatively slow rise in pressure. The overpressure causes the container to rupture. In containers with large L/D ratios, such as pipes, Pressures can increase very rapidly by as much as 20 times, achieving pressures of 15 to 20 atm Combustion Explosions of Dust in an Enclosure occur in containers where the dust is distributed in the atmosphere, a cloud of airborne dust and a source of ignition is present, explosions show effects related to the L/D ratio of the container. Dust required dust confinement(suspended in air), oxygen and fuel Boiling Liquid-Expanding Vapor Explosions (BLEVE): container holding a liquid at a temperature well above its boiling point ruptures, and the liquid will evaporate or boil rapidly into a vapor state. The sudden expansion, can throw parts of the container  considerable distances, producing thermal as well as physical effects, LPG produce spectacular fireballs Explosions of Pressure Vessels Containing Nonreactive Materials: related to a BLEVE, pressure vessel with a weak structure that will fail at quite low pressures (less than 2 lb/in2 [gauge]). Materials are not thrown as violently as in a BLEVE, severe damage from the rapid expansion Unconfined Vapor Cloud Explosions: open-air concentrations of fuels in vapour form. The cloud can dissipate to a harmless condition (from a flammability viewpoint) concentration is too low to burn or it can be ignited, However, if the cloud is ignited and the flame accelerates rapidly enough, a dangerous blast wave can result. Deflagrations of Mists If fuels are dispersed in air in the form of a fog or mist and concentrations fall within flammable limits, ignition can produce violent deflagrations. Chemical Reactor Runaway: Chemical reactions may create too much pressure for the container they are in. Inadequate cooling, insufficient stirring, too much catalyst, and other factors may cause the reaction to go out of control. In a sealed container, pressure increases may result from the reaction itself and from temperature increases as Bhopal in India Nuclear Reactor Damage or injury is a blast wave or pressure wave that radiates from the explosion. Runaway Damage or injury is thermal radiation from combustion third source of damage and injury stems from projectiles (flying metal, glass, wood, etc.) A blast wave impacting on a secondary object may produce additional projectiles. Blast Wave Effects: high energy and power, The blast wave decays with distance from the source. the distance for a blast wave is related to the cube root of the charge weight, Thermal Effects fireball, Radiation damage from the fireball is related to the size of the ball and its duration. The fireballs temperature 2400 F, and The radiant energy dissipates in relation to the distance squared. Scatter of Fragments The scatter depends on the size of the explosion and failure modes for materials DUST Dust confinement (suspended in air), oxygen and fuel, EXPLOSIONS fine particles are dispersed in air and ignited, flame front spreads rapidly through the contaminated air and pressure and temperature increase , all organic dusts, some inorganic dusts, certain metallic dusts are combustible, Inert dusts, like limestone used as extinguishing , A first explosion may cause accumulated dust to become airborne and result in a second explosion, oxidizing dusts can accelerate the combustion process, The presence of inert material in a dust tends to reduce its ability to burn, more violent when a combustible dust and air are mixed turbulently. Indices of Dust Explosion Hazard: ignition, sensitivity, explosion severity, and explosibility index. The particle size of combustible has a greater impact for more a powerful explosion The ignition sensitivity is a function of ignition temperature, minimum energy of ignition, and minimum concentration. Explosion severity is a function of maximum explosion pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise. CONTROLS Limit Quantities of Materials, minimized in any location, the likelihood and degree of FOR damage will be small should an explosion occur, Large amounts should be stored in remote EXPLOSIONS areas, where dust can accumulate, and regular cleaning can reduce dangers of explosions. Compressed air lines with traps and accumulators will minimize buildup of flammable oils in lines, and the lines should be cleaned or purged regularly to minimize fire and explosions within the pipes Prevent Combustible Concentrations: reducing oxidizers that add to the explosive energy of combustible material. Monitoring equipment can help detect explosive concentrations and provide warnings or actuate ventilation or other equipment to reduce the hazards.  Eliminate Sources of Ignition, Reduce Oxygen keeping oxygen concentrations low. An inert gas, such as nitrogen, may be used to replace air. Ventilation Provide Overpressure Relief: pressure relief devices should be in place. Venting is a passive means for minimizing damage from an explosion. Install Extinguishing and Suppression Systems: some kinds of extinguishing equipment for certain situations may add to the potential for explosion. Use Distance and Barriers: separate quantities of materials by distance and barriers. A blast wave deteriorates with distance Provide Remote Controls remote controls for valves and equipment Propagating reactions always require a source of ignition, Water reactivity describes the sensitivity of materials to water without requiring heat or confinement. 10% by volume = 0.10 x 1,000,000 ppm = 100,000 ppm. Explosion meters read in percentage of the lower explosive limit. For example, if a compound's LEL were 10%, then a 10% reading on an explosion meter indicates an actual concentration of 1%. The primary problem with "hot wire" type combustible gas detectors is poisoning of the catalyst. Platinum catalysts are subject to poisoning by silicone vapors at concentrations as low as 1 ppm. This silicone vapor poisoning renders the platinum catalyst inactive. EXPLOSIVES: Class A. These explosives possess a detonating hazard. dynamite, nitroglycerine, picric acid, lead azide Class B. These are explosives that, in general, function by rapid combustion rather than detonation. fireworks, flash powders, Class C. These are certain types of fireworks or manufactured articles that contain class A or class B explosives or both Inert Gas extinguishing Minimize explosion dust Alarm signals Incident commander Media communication Risk Communication Violence DETER Security: Deter, On the outermost perimeter, it’s key to have in place some forms of visual deterrence, such as fencing, lighting, gates or barriers and signs. This can be an effective way of dissuading potential intruders before Detect, Deny, they even attempt to breach your site. Delay and DETECT Being able to detect trespassers is vital. This can take the form of motion detectors, CCTV, and other Defend electronic surveillance methods which can sense – and record – any intrusion on your site. DENY This is all about denying entry to your site, or even its most sensitive areas, with access control solutions. From manned security gates to card swipe systems, you can manage who goes where on your premises. DELAY: the last line of defence, A range of security solutions can be utilised around your perimeter to delay an attack, such as parking controls, road blockers, and interior barriers – all of which can slow down an intruder and offer valuable time to deal with the security breach. DEFEND This is the final and innermost ring of security, which usually involves your security team or the police apprehending the intruder. NFPA 101®, Life Safety Code®, classifies the hazard of contents of any building or structure Maximum travel distance in high explosion area is 75 feet without and 100 feet with an approved fire sprinkler system The National Incident Management System (NIMS) is the responsibility Department of Homeland Security (DHS Safety Officer-responsible for the safe operations of all tasks performed on-site. The Safety Office has the essential authority to terminate any operations deemed to be unsafe and even to override the authority of the IC to do so. Public Information Officer—the PIO is responsible for passing information regarding the incident to the public and to the media. Traditionally the PIO was responsible for press releases and public warning statements issued through the media. In recent years with the huge explosion of social media, the PIO position has expanded greatly Liaison Officer—this position is responsible for interacting and coordinating with other response entities not represented. Risk Management Program (RMP) Rule PA's related program for threshold quantities of extremely hazardous substances Fire Prevention  The FPP identifies materials that are potential fire hazards and their proper handling and storage procedures. Plans  It distinguishes potential ignition sources and the proper control procedures of those materials.   The plan describes fire protection equipment and/or systems used to control fire hazards.  It identifies persons responsible for maintaining the equipment and systems installed to prevent or control ignition of fires.  The FPP identifies persons responsible for the control and accumulation of flammable or combustible material.  It describes good housekeeping procedures necessary to insure the control of accumulated flammable and combustible waste material and residues to avoid a fire emergency.  The plan provides training to employees with regard to fire hazards to which they may be exposed. At a minimum, your fire prevention plan must include:  A list of all major fire hazards, proper handling and storage procedures for hazardous materials, potential ignition sources and their control, and the type of fire protection equipment necessary to control each major hazard;  Procedures to control accumulations of flammable and combustible waste materials;  Procedures for regular maintenance of safeguards installed on heat-producing equipment to prevent the accidental ignition of combustible materials;  The name or job title of employees responsible for maintaining equipment to prevent or control sources of ignition or fires; and  The name or job title of employees responsible for the control of fuel source hazards. Plan administrator is the focal point of FPP Hazards of  Asphyxiation - Exposure to high concentrations of CO2 gas may create an oxygen- deficient atmosphere. Carbon Dioxide and Halon  Cold Temperature - Direct contact with the vaporizing liquid during discharge can cause frostbite burns to the skin. Systems Specific halon hazards include:  Asphyxiation - Exposure to high concentrations of halon can create an oxygen-deficient atmosphere.  Cold Temperature - Direct contact with the vaporizing liquid during discharge can cause frostbite burns to the skin.  Central Nervous System (CNS) - Inhaling high concentrations of halon gas can cause dizziness, tingling in extremities and, in severe cases, unconsciousness.  Cardiovascular Effect - In some people, exposure to halon can cause an increased sensitivity of the heart to adrenaline resulting in irregular heartbeats and, in severe cases, heart attack. EMPLOYEE The purpose of the employee alarm system is to reduce the severity of workplace accidents ALARM and injuries by: SYSTEMS  detecting a fire in a timely manner  activating alarm systems to properly to alert employees   using procedures to alert employees to workplace emergencies. Tactile devices may be used to alert those employees who would not otherwise be able to recognize the audible or visual alarm. Audible alarms should exceed the ambient noise level by at least 6 decibels. The light intensity for visual alarms should be at least 75 candela. Use alarms with integrated audible and visual signals to accommodate the hearing and visually impaired, and for areas where a person may be working alone. This includes areas such as restrooms, and storage areas, Mount visual and audible devices 80 inches above the highest floor level within the space or 6 inches below the ceiling, whichever is lower. A single exit route is permitted where the number of employees, the size of the building, its occupancy, or the arrangement of the workplace is such that all employees would be able to evacuate safely during an emergency. An exit route door may be locked from the inside only in mental, penal, or correctional facilities and then only if supervisory personnel are continuously on duty and the employer has a plan to remove occupants from the facility during an emergency. The ceiling of an exit route should be at least 7 feet six inches (2.3 m) high. Any projection from the ceiling must not reach a point less than 6 feet eight inches (2.0 m) from the floor. An exit access should be at least 28 inches (71.1 cm) wide at all points. Where there is only one exit access leading to an exit or exit discharge, the width of the exit and exit discharge should be at least equal to the width of the exit access. The outdoor exit route must not have a dead-end that is longer than 20 feet (6.2 m). All managers should be responsible for coordinating with the Plan Administrator for training all employees covered under the FPP. Combustible storage should be at least 2 feet below the ceiling or 18 inches below sprinkler heads. Outside dumpsters should be kept at least 5 feet away from combustible walls, windows, doors, overhangs and lid should be closed. A Class K fire extinguisher should be mounted within 30 feet of commercial food equipment using vegetable or animal oils. Fire Hazard The NFPA 704 system divides the fire hazards of a material into 4 major Identification categories: health, flammability, reactivity, and special. The system uses a (NFPA number rating system, ranging from 0 to 4, to identify the severity of hazard 704 System) in each category, with 0 indicating no hazard and 4 indicating the most severe hazard. Locations and -Extinguisher markings should be durable and visible from 3 feet away. marking of fire -If a pictograph marking system is used, the decal should be visible from the extinguishing front as the extinguisher hangs.  -The locations of extinguishers should be marked by painting a red rectangle above them. -The signs identifying location of extinguishers must not be obstructed from view. Early sensing early sensing fast response in the warehouse are economical and easily sprinklers replaced in rack sprinkles Residential These systems are designed for use in residences, taking into consideration the sprinkler limited water supply. Their main purpose in life safety is evacuation. systems Fixed Fixed temperature thermal detectors have a bimetallic element with the two temperature metals having a different coefficients of expansions. Temperature rises cause thermal the element to bend and close a circuit. Some thermal detectors of this type detectors use a fusible spring-loaded element which melts at a certain temperature, causing a circuit to close. Rate- Rate-compensation detectors are fire detection devices that respond to a fixed compensation predetermined temperature in the air surrounding the device. These detectors detectors do not take into account the rate of rise of air temperature. Rate-of-rise Rate-of-rise detectors respond to a predetermined rate of rise of temperature in detectors the air. A typical value is about 12°F per minute. -Classified as heat detectors Sealed Pneumatic detectors are completely mechanical and are ideal for locations pneumatic that due to explosivity of the mixture use of electricity must be avoided. line-type These devices are among thermal detectors and work based on an increase of detectors air pressure inside a bulb due to an increase in temperature. The bulb has a diaphragm which will eventually become deflated as a result of an increase in air pressure. Smoke Photoelectric smoke detectors respond to products of combustion based on the Detectors principle of less or more light reaching them. As smoke enters the detector it can absorb light (less light), or it can scatter light (more light). Ionization smoke detectors have a radioactive material that ionize the sensing chamber air, making air conductive and permitting current flow between two charged electrodes. Smoke particles decrease conductance and an alarm is triggered at a pre- determined level. Flame detectors Flame detectors respond to either the ultraviolet or infrared portion of the light generated by the flame. Both are used for fire detection in systems that require very fast response. Infrared detectors can be accordingly tripped due to solar interference. Combustible Combustible gas indicators operate on the principle that the resistance of a gas heated element increases as it comes into contact with the gases (Wheatstone indicator bridge). This increase in resistance is detected on a galvanometer or a digital or analog meter. Solid state sensors are also being used. Jockey Pump A jockey pump is a small pump connected to a fire sprinkler system and is intended to maintain pressure in a fire protection piping system -Keeps high positive pressure on the discharge side of fire pump  -If you put packing in the stuffing box of a fire pump, the pump will run almost continually to compensate for the package leakage 1A flammable- 1,200 gallons - 120 gallons IIIA Dry Chemcial Sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, or ammonium phosphate-based Clean Agent FX material is electrically non-conducting, volatile, or gaseous fire extinguishant that does not leave a residue upon evaporation water flow test for ¼ annual sprinklers Main drain test is carried out annually fire pump flow test Annually Transfer of Commanders change and this process makes it very clear to everyone who now has command command authority. the process of moving the responsibility for incident command from one Incident Commander to another Unity of Ensures that everyone has only one supervisor to minimize potential conflicting directives Command main drain test To ensure the proper water supply is available at the system riser, detect changes in the sprinkler water supply that may affect the sprinkler system's performance, and confirm the drain valves are operational Hot work Distance between hot-work and combustibles materials 35 Ft (10.7 m) Store room most common reason for sprinkler system failures is the system was shutoff raised sills or ramps 4” in flammable store room with 1’’ thick of shileving and racks ventilation change rate/hr shall be 6 aisle (corridor) 3 ft never stack over each other if it 30 gallon or above Electrochemical and Biomimetic are smoke detectors are used in carbon monoxide detection. Biomimetic uses a gel that changes color when it absorbs carbon monoxide first step when responding to a spill Protect the people Minimum pressure for sprinkler heads 7 psi Fire pumps safety factor 150% of rated capacity at 65% of rated pressure Delinquency signal indicating a supervisory condition and the need for action in connection with the Signal supervision of guards or system attendants Evacuation signal distinctive alarm signal intended to be recognized by the occupants as requiring evacuation of the building Fire Point lowest temperature that can support continuous combustion Halon 1202 HBr, HF gases are expected to be produced from use of Halon used to extinguish electrical fires, are not as messy as carbon dioxide and can help preserve electronics, because they leave no residue class D fire 1) Graphite powder 2) Talc 3) Sand Gas-sensing fire Semiconductor and catalytic detector deluge automatic All sprinkler heads are open at all times sprinkler Combustion The rapid exothermic or heat-producing chemical reaction of oxygen with a fuel complete: CO2 Incomplete: CO Boiling Point decreases with a decrease in ambient pressure with increasing altitude Fire Loading the maximum amount of heat that can be generated in a given area as a result of a fire Fire Safe once a fire has been started in this area, it can be extinguished without fire being able to spread elsewhere in the structure Flammable inside 1. clear aisle at least 3 feet wide storage 2. Raised 4 inch sill locations must 3. Self-closing fire doors have: 4. Gravity or mechanical exhaust systems Smouldering fire use smoke ion detector Flash point The lowest temperature at which a liquid can generate enough vapor above its surface to support combustion in the presence of a source of ignition. Auto ignition Auto-ignition temperature is the lowest temperature that will produce combustion in the absence temperature of an ignition source. Fire Point the lowest temperature at which a flammable liquid in an open container gives off enough vapors to continue to burn once it has been ignited Transfer of when commanders change and this process makes it very clear to everyone who now command has command authority. Electrochemical smoke detectors are used in carbon monoxide detection. and Biomimetic Biomimetic gel that changes color when it absorbs carbon monoxide Electrochemical chemical solution that sense changes in electrical currents Rise fire 1) Are suitable for fast developing fires detectors? 2) Classified as heat detectors pyrophoric -Metal hydrides material -White phosphorus -Alkyl lithium's fire brigade Not Inspect and maintain fire fighting equipment monthly, respirators annually. Remove or replace equipment