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IPHP Q1 REVIEWER HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE Pros WEEK 1: Doing Philosophy - Can give a deeper understanding of a situation Philosophy came from the Greek...

IPHP Q1 REVIEWER HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE Pros WEEK 1: Doing Philosophy - Can give a deeper understanding of a situation Philosophy came from the Greek - Evaluates believes and words: principles thoroughly Cons PHILOS (LOVE) SOPHIA (WISDOM) - Takes time and effort for a (Love of Wisdom) person - Being critical to all perspectives Philosophy - the primary means to before reaching a consensus obtain knowledge and wisdom in understanding life. Philosophical Perspective - Worldviews which try to define the Perspective - way of looking at a nature of life, the world, and the situation or fact based on true relation relationship of individuals to the world or relative importance. and its parts. Holistic Thinking - Recognizes large-scale patterns in systems Deliberate Reflection - conscious and intentional reflection Partial Thinking - Focuses on of the relationships of our thoughts, particular aspects of a situation knowledge, and beliefs to our surroundings PARTIAL POINT OF VIEW Pros Buddha -Siddhartha Gautama, - Make faster decisions established Buddhism in 5th Century. - Give a specify set of guidelines (5th biggest religion in the world.) for everyday life Cons Through meditation and deliberate - Limited understanding of other reflection, he was able to understand perspectives about an issue the relationship of man to his - Possible bias and prejudices surroundings. Socrates - One of the greatest Greek Thales of Miletus - Everything is Philosophers. Executed for engaging made up of water. youths in an intellectual discourse. Heraclitus - From chaos comes life and oneness. Opposites Socratic Method - continuous pattern produce life which are unified by of asking until a contradiction or flaw is a system of balanced found. Distinguish mistaken beliefs exchanges. from truth. Skepticism - When we have a clearer mind, that is when we René Descartes - Father of Western will find the truth Philosophy, “Cogito ergo sum” - I think Ancient Chinese - The most therefore I am basic element of all things on Earth is the qi. The mandate of Utilized doubt in one’s senses and heaven always affect the lives of possibilities. Discovered that he cannot all beings and inanimate things doubt his ability to think. on Earth. Philosophy 2. Epistemology - Concerned with - Study of the fundamental ideas the nature, sources, and limits of about knowledge, truth, morality, and knowledge. human nature by exercising reason - Where does knowledge come and logic in questioning existing from? theories, beliefs, and laws about life as - How can we differentiate truth well as answer issues and problems from falsehood? that science and arts could not answer. Reasoning is the construction of valid arguments using logic and fact. Branches of Philosophy 1. Metaphysics - Study of the Two Types of Reasoning fundamental nature of reality and the a. Inductive Reasoning nature which sciences still cannot - Uses multiple premises to answer. support the truthfulness of the conclusion.  b. Deductive Reasoning b. MORAL RELATIVISM - the -Application of general instance when right and wrong conclusions to specific/ are relative to a person or particular members of the class culture - General to Specific 4. Aesthetics - Concerns with the Two Types of Knowledge nature and value of arts and aesthetic a. Priori - Propositions experience. independent of any experience and use logic and reason. DAVID HUME - (Only) experts can give b. Posteriori - Knowledge only objective evaluations on art. We can acquired through experience interpret works of art based on our feelings Empiricism -All true knowledge can only be attained through sense- HANS-GEORG GADAMER - The experience experience of the beautiful, and particularly beautiful in art is the Rationalism - All true knowledge are invocation of a potentially whole and based on logic, laws, and methods holy order of things, wherever it may that reason develops. be found. 3. Ethics - Concerned with the FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE nature of values, principles, and - Related beauty with life. behaviors. It tries to give a concrete - All things portray life, strength, guideline for the people to understand fertility. what is right from wrong. - A degenerating man is ugly. - What is right and wrong? - Combination of Apollonian and - How should we treat samples? Dionysiac elements that forms the highest expression of art. Problems that Ethics tries to solve a. MORAL AUTHORITY - blind 5. Logic - study of proper acceptance of an ideology, reasoning using valid and sound norm, principle, or behavior. inference, statements, and propositions. Logic has three elements: Notable Ancient Greek Philosophers - Consistency 1. Pythagoras -Mathematician - Soundness and scientist. - Completeness - Formulation of Pythagorean theorem Logical Fallacies - Community of learners studying FALLACIES OF AMBIGUITY - A term, religion and philosophy. statement, or argument has more than one meaning. 2. Heraclitus - Everything is based on the higher-order or plan ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM - direct called logos attack to the person instead of to the - Change is permanent aspect of argument made the human condition. - “No man ever steps on the same APPEAL TO EMOTIONS - uses emotions river twice” to persuade rather than prove 3. Democritus - Studied causes of ARGUMENT FROM IGNORANCE natural phenomena - Argument is true because there is no - Proposed that matter is way to disprove it. composed of tiny particles called atoms. APPEAL TO AUTHORITY - an argument is believed true because the person 4. Diogenes of Sinope - Advocate saying it is considered an authority on of simple and virtuous life the subject matter even if not - One should not only talk of virtue but should show it in words, and NON-SEQUITUR - proves an actions. exaggerated conclusion even if it does - Said to have lived like a beggar not follow the given premises - Inspired development of Cynicism and Stoicism  5. Epicurus - Philosophy could - Classification of plants and enable man to live a life of animals happiness Epicureanism - a school of philosophy 9. Archimedes - Mathematician, will result in a life free from fear and physicist, inventor, and pain. astronomer - Known for philosophical 6. Socrates -Foremost philosopher inquiries; leading scientist of of ancient times ancient times - Great contributions on Ethics - Modern calculus - Critic of intellectuals - Archimedes’s screw - Philosophy could enable a man to live a life of virtue WEEK 2: Methods of Philosophizing - Socratic method Determining Truth from Opinion 7. Plato - Student of Socrates - Teaching and writings were the TRUTH foundation of western often debated by philosophers philosophy lies at the heart of any inquiries - Ideal government is ruled by considered as a kind of quality wisdom and reason or value - Dialectic method PROPOSITIONS (statements Theory of forms - everything exists about the world or reality) - may based only on the mind. or may not carry truth 8. Aristotle - Student of Plato KNOWLEDGE - All ideas and views are based clear awareness and on perception; reality is based understanding of something on what we can sense and product of questions that allow perceive. for clear answers provided by - Greatly influenced physical facts science - Involved in a variety of disciplines  FACTS could be a perceptual or propositions or statements conceptual thought which are observed to be real or - Different individuals might truthful perceive the same reality in difficult to be logically disputed various ways. or rejected considered true when they are has limited applicability validated using logical - For instance, the statement reasoning "Kindness is good" doesn't have OBJECTIVE - may be verifiable a physical or measurable through empirical evidences or referent, making it difficult to reasoning verify through correspondence DESCRIPTIVE - describe, to reality. represent, or explain an aspect of the world COHERENCE THEORY CLAIM - not evidently or Expounders: Leibniz, Spinoza, Hegel, and Bradley immediately known to be true a statement is true if it fits Major Theories of Truth logically and consistently within a system of knowledge or aligns CORRESPONDENCE THEORY with established truths Proponents: Plato and St. Augustine - For example, "2 + 2 = 4" is true because it aligns with truth which corresponds to its established arithmetic rules. referent Similarly, if you believe "all cats - In simple terms, a statement are mammals" and "Jobu is a or belief is true if it corresponds cat," these beliefs are coherent. to reality or facts. For instance, However, claiming "Jobu is not a the statement "The sky is blue" is mammal" would contradict this true because it corresponds to system, making it false under the observable reality that, this theory. under typical daylight conditions, the sky appears blue. PRAGMATISM THEORY propositions based on personal Expounders: Charles Sanders Peirce, William belief, view, or judgment that James, and John Dewey cannot be verified with evidence consists of words that express suggests that truth is not beliefs, feelings, and absolute or fixed but is based on speculations its workability normative statements - express what should be rather than what if it is useful for a person, then it is is true Example: "The government - If a person believes that a should provide free healthcare" specific diet will improve their is a normative statement health and, after trying it, they because it's based on a feel healthier and more subjective belief about what is energized, then pragmatically, right. the belief is true for that individual because it works for Terms Related to Statements, them. However, if someone else Claims, and Propositions tries the same diet but experiences no benefits, the CONCLUSIONS belief may not hold as true for judgment based on certain them. facts OPINIONS BELIEFS subjective express convictions that are not used to advance a belief easily or clearly explained by also called value judgment facts provides conclusions or perspectives regarding certain EXPLANATIONS situations assumes the claim to be true basis for making arguments and and provide reasons why the convincing people that a certain statement is true claim is a fact ARGUMENTS misleading argument used to series of statements that deceive people provides reasons to convince phrases arguments in a way that a claim is truthful that seems unreasonable Tools in Distinguishing FORMAL FALLACIES Fact/Truth and Opinion BAD REASON CRITICAL THINKING supposes that it is not possible method of suspending beliefs to give a bad reason for a and judgements in order to correct conclusion distinguish facts and opinions Example: "Dogs can’t fly uses reason and logic in because they are afraid of assessing judgements and heights." beliefs Analysis: The conclusion may be correct (dogs can’t fly), but LOGICAL REASONING the reason given (fear of uncovers possible biases and heights) is irrelevant. prejudices of an argument composed of principles that SUNK COST govern the validity of arguments decisions based on resources and assumptions used rather than current or distinguishes inconsistency and future value incoherence Example: “I’ve been at CalNatSci for four years, so I shouldn’t Fallacies leave even though I’m unhappy." FALLACIES Analysis: The decision to stay is came from the Latin word based on time already spent fallacia which means ‘deceit’ or rather than present ‘trick’ dissatisfaction. logical error that does not follow the rules of inference QUANTIFICATION Analysis: This argument premises quantifiers are in incorrectly assumes that the contradiction to the conclusion only reason for the ground quantifiers being wet is rain when there are Example: "All cats are other possibilities. mammals. Some mammals are not cats." INFORMAL FALLACIES Analysis: The conclusion is true in a broader sense (some AMBIGUITY mammals are indeed not cats), use of double meaning or but the reasoning fails to unclear descriptive applied to logically derive it from the mislead or misrepresent the premises. truth Example: "All beetles have six SYLLOGISTIC legs. John Lennon is a Beatle, so error in syllogisms of deductive John Lennon has six legs.” reasoning Example: "All mammals are AD HOMINEM warm-blooded. All whales are trying to undermine opponent’s mammals. Therefore, all arguments by personal attacks warm-blooded animals are Example: “How can you whales." advocate for education reform Analysis: The premises are true, when you voted for a college but the conclusion is false dropout?” because it ignores other warm-blooded animals. APPEAL TO EMOTION makes a claim based on PROPOSITIONAL sympathy or empathetic error due to compound instead of just or logical grounds propositions Example: People argue not to Example: "If it rains, then the jail Imelda Marcos because ground will be wet. It did not "she's old," despite her seven rain, so the ground is not wet." counts of graft. ARGUMENT FROM IGNORANCE APPEAL TO TRADITION assumption of conclusion based relies on tradition to prove a primarily on lack of evidence to point the contrary Example: "You should spank Example: No one has ever your kids to discipline them, just proven UFOs have not visited like we did in the '80s." the planet, which means they have. BEGGING THE QUESTION circular arguments in which the APPEAL TO AUTHORITY conclusion is included in the makes the argument that if one premise of the argument credible source believes Example: Censoring something then it must be true controversial ideas is necessary Example: A physics teacher said because society needs the Earth is flat, so it must be protection from harmful true because he's a physics thoughts. teacher. Analysis: The premise assumes that harmful thoughts exist and APPEAL TO FORCE justifies censorship based on using the threat of force or an that assumption, without undesirable event to advance providing independent evidence an argument that these thoughts are indeed Example: "If you don't support harmful. Duterte's drug war, the police might think you're an addict, FALSE CAUSE AND EFFECT and they could kill you." cites sequential events as evidence that the first event APPEAL TO THE POPULAR caused the second presumes that a proposition Example: “Since martial law was must be true because implemented, crime rates have most/many believe it to be true decreased; therefore, it must be Example: "Many people believe effective." that Quiboloy is the appointed Son of God, so it must be true." FALLACY OF COMPOSITION AND one’s own belief and rejecting DIVISION the opposite assumes that one part of Example: A person who something will apply to the believes in astrology might whole (vice versa for division) focus only on the times their Example 1: "This protest was horoscope was accurate, violent; therefore, all activists disregarding when it was wrong. are dangerous." (Composition) Example 2: "This one activist is FRAMING peaceful, so all protesters must focusing on a certain aspect of be harmless." (Division) a problem while ignoring other aspect BIASES Example: A doctor says a personal view surgery has a 90% survival rate not errors in reasoning but versus saying it has a 10% death tendencies or influences which rate, though both are the same, affect the views of people people react more positively to cannot be avoided the first phrasing. Types of Biases HINDSIGHT sees past events as predictable CORRESPONDENCE or to ascribe a pattern to a judges a person by their actions historical event without regard for external Example: After a sports team factors or influences wins, a fan claims they knew Example: If a coworker arrives that team would win the entire late to a meeting, you assume time, even though they they are lazy, ignoring the fact expressed doubts before the that traffic was unusually heavy. game. CONFIRMATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST looking for and immediately a person or group is connected accepting information fitting to or vested interest in the issue being discussed  Example: A journalist writes an or falsity affect all of their article criticizing a corrupt components politician but has a personal friendship with that politician. Compound Prepositions This friendship might lead the journalist to downplay negative NEGATION information or avoid certain flips the truth value of the critical angles to protect their statement relationship. ¬ or ~ Example: p: I miss you. CULTURAL ¬p: I don’t miss you. analyzing an issue or event based on one’s cultural p ¬p standards Example: A foreign visitor sees T F Filipinos celebrating "fiestas" as F T excessive or wasteful. Truth Table CONJUNCTION is true if both statements are INDUCTIVE REASONING true more reasons, stronger ∧ (and) arguments Example: You’re making a deal with a friend: if both of you are SOUNDNESS single at 30, you’ll marry each property of an argument other. marked by having a correct form and truthfulness Statement p: “I am single at 30.” Statement q: "My friend is single at 30." TRUTH TABLE Conjunction p∧q: "We’re both a diagram that shows all single at 30.” possible combinations of propositions and how their truth For the conjunction to be true (so you’ll marry each other),  both you and your friend must p q pvq be single at 30. If either of you is not, the conjunction is false, and T T T you don't get to marry each other. T F T F T T p q p∧q F F F T T T T F F CONDITIONAL is false only if the first statement F T F is true and the second statement is false F F F → (If, then) Example: If it rains, the ground DISJUNCTION will be wet. is true if at least one of the statements is true Statement p: “It rains.” V (or) Statement q: “The ground is Example: You're deciding on wet.” what to cook for dinner. Your Conditional p→q: “If it rains, then options are either adobo or the ground will be wet.” sinigang. This statement is false only if it Statement p: “I will cook adobo.” rains (p is true) but the ground Statement q: “I will cook isn’t wet (q is false). In all other sinigang.” cases, the statement holds true. Disjunction pvq: “I will cook adobo or sinigang.” p q p→q The disjunction is true if you cook either adobo, sinigang, or T T T both. The only time it’s false is if T F F you cook neither. F T T F F T BICONDITIONAL Week 3: Human Person as an is true if both statements are the Embodied Spirit same (both true or both false) ⟺ (If and only if) Important Terminologies: Example: You can log in if and Man - general term for the only if you enter the correct entire human race password. Human - man as species - Statement p: “You can log in.” Homo sapiens Statement q: “You enter the Human being - distinguish man correct password.” from animals Biconditional p⟺q: “You can log Person - human being with the in if and only if you enter the traits of a human person correct password.” Human Nature - distinguish humans from other creatures This biconditional is true if both actions are aligned: either you Traits that Define a Person enter the correct password and Self-awareness log in, or you don't enter the - having a clear perception of correct password and don’t log oneself include thoughts, in. If you log in without the emotions, identity and actions. correct password or don’t log in - sense of self despite the correct password, - driven by rationality the statement is false. - enables us to experience interiority p q p⟺q Rationality (human thought) T T T - based on clear thought and reason. T F F - usage of different information to F T F make sense of it. F F T Self - actively aware in perceiving and experiencing reality  - aware that others (individual human beings) also experience Self-awareness and the concept of self. self-determination are related because if you are self-aware, you Interiority know the reasons behind the - focusing in inner life and identity consequences of your actions. that enables a person to exercise creativity. 3. Externality - capability to reach out and interact with others and the 2. Self-determination world. - capability of persons to make choices and decisions based on 4. Dignity their preferences, monitor and - innate right to be valued and regulate their actions, and be respected. goal-oriented and self-directed. - driven by free will Spirit - enables us to exercise thoughts, Free will possess awareness, interiority, - capacity to choose a course of and the capacity to reach out. action from various alternatives. - enables a person to act willfully, Transcendence control their actions and - the ability to surpass human recognize theirself as the source limits. of action. “Pero ang babae (ang tao, for that > Consequence matter), talian man ang katawan o - result or effect of an action or suotan ng chastity belt, ay may uri ng condition. kalayaang hindi mananakaw ng kahit - If it’s beneficial or not sino; ang kalayaan niyang mag-isip.” - Lualhati Bautista > Morality - “goodness or badness” of an -philosophize well, gl! God bless :> act. -erm goodluck po