PYB102 Lecture Eleven 2024 Student Version PDF

PYB102: The Mind and The Brain Lecture Eleven (Week 12) Dr Brooke Andrew Preparing for the Final Exam  The Final Exam Worth 40% of final grade Two sections: – Section A: 70 Multiple Choice Questions (worth 35%) – Section B: 1 Reflective Short Answer Ques...

PYB102: The Mind and The Brain Lecture Eleven (Week 12) Dr Brooke Andrew Preparing for the Final Exam  The Final Exam Worth 40% of final grade Two sections: – Section A: 70 Multiple Choice Questions (worth 35%) – Section B: 1 Reflective Short Answer Question (worth UP TO 5%) No penalties for incorrect answers Approximately 6 MCQs per lecture topic  The Final Exam Reflective Short Answer Question: There is one short answer question in SECTION B. This section of the exam contributes up to 5% towards your overall grade in PYB102. Please attempt the question in the response booklet provided. Throughout this Semester you have been encouraged to participate in approved applied research participation projects conducted by the School of Psychology and Counselling. In the examination booklet provided, please briefly describe what you have learned and observed relating to ethics and research design from being a participant in these research projects.  The Final Exam The Final Exam is currently scheduled for November 14th at 1.30pm- please check exam room details carefully via HiQ Don’t forget your Student ID card and writing implements (blue and black pens)  Any Questions? For PYB102 specific questions: – [email protected] For exam period advice and support (e.g., deferring an exam): – HiQ (range of contact options) For general help with Exam Preparation: – Study Support tab on Canvas  Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) Acquired brain injury (ABI) is used to describe all types of brain injury that occur after birth ABI general definition: Injury to the brain that results in deterioration of cognitive, physical or behavioural functioning.  ‘External’ Causes of ABI Traumatic brain injury (TBI) Motor vehicle and other traffic accidents Falls Assault Sports related Work-related or industrial accidents ‘External’ Causes of ABI (Continued) Poisoning Inhalation of organic solvents Metabolic disturbance (e.g., diabetic coma) Alcohol and drug abuse Infections and diseases – HIV/AIDS – Bacterial (e.g., meningitis and brain abscesses) – Viral (e.g., herpes simplex) – Parasitic (e.g., cerebral malaria) – Encephalitis (inflammation of CNS due to infection)  ‘Internal’ Causes of ABI Strokes/Cerebrovascular Accident Tumours Hypoxia/anoxia (e.g., near drowning) Secondary effects of TBI Haemorrhage or haematoma Intracranial pressure Oedema or brain swelling Post-traumatic epilepsy Progressive Conditions which can lead to ABI Alzheimer’s disease (and other dementia- type conditions) Parkinson’s disease Multiple sclerosis Korsakoff’s syndrome Creutzfeldt-Jakob’s disease  Traumatic Brain Injury The pathomechanism of brain injury is typically shearing, stretching and tearing at the neuron level. Broadly, we think of two primary classifications: – Penetrating head injury – Closed head injury  Closed Head Injury Closed head injury may have many different causes, but common to all is that the brain undergoes either marked acceleration, deceleration, or both. www.braininjury.com www.braininjury.com www.braininjury.com  Closed Head Injury Contusions – damage to cerebral circulatory system, resulting in internal bleeding and a haematoma (bruise/clotted blood) Concussion – disturbance of consciousness but no evidence of structural damage (e.g., no contusion). – lack of evident structural damage does not mean concussion is benign (e.g., CTE)  Some Possible Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury Physical Effects Cognitive Effects – Fatigue – Memory problems – Headaches – Poor concentration – Dizziness – Slowed responses – Paralysis – Lack of insight – Chronic Pain – Poor planning and problem solving – Inflexibility Emotional and – Impulsivity Behavioural Effects – Lack of initiative and motivation – Irritability – Socially inappropriate behaviour – Depression – Emotional lability  Stroke (CVA) Two broad types: Ischaemic – e.g. thrombosis or embolism Haemorrhagic – e.g., rupturing of an aneurysm  Classification of Severity GCS LOC PTA Mild 13 - 15 7 days  Role of the Clinical Neuropsychologist – Not generally involved in the initial weeks/months following injury – Role to assess the extent of persisting symptoms, both cognitive and behavioural, and infer their impact on functioning – Educate clients and families about expected recovery and management – Design and implement strategies to assist clients to utilise strengths and to compensate for deficits