PYB102 Final Exam Details

Final Exam Information

• Worth 40% of final grade
• Two sections: Section A (70 multiple-choice questions, worth 35%) and Section B (1 reflective short-answer question, worth up to 5%)
• No penalties for incorrect answers
• Approximately 6 multiple-choice questions per lecture topic

Reflective Short Answer Question

• One short answer question in Section B
• Contributes up to 5% of the overall grade
• Students should answer in the provided response booklet
• Briefly describe learning about ethics and research design from participating in approved research projects run by the School of Psychology and Counselling.

Exam Schedule

• Scheduled for November 14th at 1:30 pm
• Check exam room details on HiQ

Important Items for Exam

• Student ID card
• Writing implements (blue and black pens)

Contact Information

• PYB102 specific questions: [email protected]
• Exam period advice and support: HiQ (various contact options)
• General help with exam preparation: Study Support tab on Canvas

Acquired Brain Injury (ABI)

• Used to describe all brain injuries occurring after birth
• General definition: Injury to the brain resulting in deterioration of cognitive, physical, or behavioral functioning

'External' Causes of ABI

• Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
  • Motor vehicle accidents
  • Falls
  • Assault
  • Sports-related injuries
  • Work-related/industrial accidents
• Poisoning (e.g., organic solvents)
• Metabolic disturbances (e.g., diabetic coma)
• Alcohol and drug abuse
• Infections and diseases (e.g., HIV/AIDS, bacterial infections like meningitis, viral infections like herpes simplex, parasitic infections like cerebral malaria encephalitis)

'Internal' Causes of ABI

• Strokes/Cerebrovascular Accidents
• Tumors
• Hypoxia/anoxia (e.g., near drowning)
• Secondary effects of TBI
  • Hemorrhage or hematoma
  • Intracranial pressure
  • Edema (brain swelling)
  • Post-traumatic epilepsy

Progressive Conditions Leading to ABI

• Alzheimer's disease
• Dementia-type conditions
• Parkinson's disease
• Multiple sclerosis
• Korsakoff's syndrome
• Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

• Pathomechanism: Typically involves shearing, stretching, and tearing of neurons
• Broad classifications:
  • Penetrating head injury
  • Closed head injury

Closed Head Injury

• Many different causes
• Common factor: Brain undergoes acceleration, deceleration, or both

Closed Head Injury (Continued)

• Contusions: Damage to cerebral circulatory system leading to internal bleeding and hematoma (bruise/clotted blood)
• Concussion: Disturbance of consciousness without evidence of structural damage. Lack of visible damage doesn't mean the injury is harmless (e.g., CTE).

Possible Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury

• Physical Effects: Fatigue, headaches, dizziness, paralysis, chronic pain
• Emotional and Behavioral Effects: Lack of initiative/motivation, irritability, socially inappropriate behavior, depression, emotional lability
• Cognitive Effects: Memory problems, poor concentration, slowed responses, lack of insight, poor problem-solving, inflexibility, impulsivity

Stroke (CVA)

• Two broad types:
  • Ischemic (e.g., thrombosis, embolism)
  • Hemorrhagic (e.g., rupture of an aneurysm)

Classification of Severity

• Mild: 13-15 Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), less than 30 minutes Loss of Consciousness (LOC), less than 24 hours Post-Traumatic Amnesia (PTA)
• Moderate: 9-12 GCS, 30 minutes to 24 hours LOC, 1 to 7 days PTA
• Severe: 3-8 GCS, more than 24 hours LOC, more than 7 days PTA

Role of the Clinical Neuropsychologist

• Not involved in the initial weeks/months after injury
• Assess the extent of persisting cognitive and behavioral symptoms
• Educate clients and families about recovery and management
• Design and implement strategies to utilize strengths and compensate for deficits

Prepare for your PYB102 final exam with this comprehensive overview. It covers the exam structure, including multiple-choice and reflective short-answer questions, as well as essential items to bring and contact information for questions. Don't forget to check your exam room details on HiQ.