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Questions and Answers
What percentage of the final grade does the Final Exam contribute?
What percentage of the final grade does the Final Exam contribute?
How many questions are in Section A of the Final Exam?
How many questions are in Section A of the Final Exam?
What is the focus of the reflective short answer question in Section B of the Final Exam?
What is the focus of the reflective short answer question in Section B of the Final Exam?
What type of brain injury does Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) refer to?
What type of brain injury does Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) refer to?
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Where can students seek general help with exam preparation?
Where can students seek general help with exam preparation?
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Which of the following is classified as an external cause of acquired brain injury (ABI)?
Which of the following is classified as an external cause of acquired brain injury (ABI)?
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What is a significant characteristic of closed head injury?
What is a significant characteristic of closed head injury?
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Which of the following is not an external cause of ABI?
Which of the following is not an external cause of ABI?
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What type of damage is typically associated with contusions in closed head injuries?
What type of damage is typically associated with contusions in closed head injuries?
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Which condition is considered a progressive condition leading to ABI?
Which condition is considered a progressive condition leading to ABI?
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Which of the following is a cognitive effect of traumatic brain injury?
Which of the following is a cognitive effect of traumatic brain injury?
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What are the two broad types of stroke?
What are the two broad types of stroke?
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What is the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score range used to classify a mild traumatic brain injury?
What is the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score range used to classify a mild traumatic brain injury?
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What is a common emotional effect following a traumatic brain injury?
What is a common emotional effect following a traumatic brain injury?
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What is the primary role of a clinical neuropsychologist after weeks or months following an injury?
What is the primary role of a clinical neuropsychologist after weeks or months following an injury?
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Study Notes
Final Exam Information
- Worth 40% of final grade
- Two sections: Section A (70 multiple-choice questions, worth 35%) and Section B (1 reflective short-answer question, worth up to 5%)
- No penalties for incorrect answers
- Approximately 6 multiple-choice questions per lecture topic
Reflective Short Answer Question
- One short answer question in Section B
- Contributes up to 5% of the overall grade
- Students should answer in the provided response booklet
- Briefly describe learning about ethics and research design from participating in approved research projects run by the School of Psychology and Counselling.
Exam Schedule
- Scheduled for November 14th at 1:30 pm
- Check exam room details on HiQ
Important Items for Exam
- Student ID card
- Writing implements (blue and black pens)
Contact Information
- PYB102 specific questions: [email protected]
- Exam period advice and support: HiQ (various contact options)
- General help with exam preparation: Study Support tab on Canvas
Acquired Brain Injury (ABI)
- Used to describe all brain injuries occurring after birth
- General definition: Injury to the brain resulting in deterioration of cognitive, physical, or behavioral functioning
'External' Causes of ABI
- Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
- Motor vehicle accidents
- Falls
- Assault
- Sports-related injuries
- Work-related/industrial accidents
- Poisoning (e.g., organic solvents)
- Metabolic disturbances (e.g., diabetic coma)
- Alcohol and drug abuse
- Infections and diseases (e.g., HIV/AIDS, bacterial infections like meningitis, viral infections like herpes simplex, parasitic infections like cerebral malaria encephalitis)
'Internal' Causes of ABI
- Strokes/Cerebrovascular Accidents
- Tumors
- Hypoxia/anoxia (e.g., near drowning)
- Secondary effects of TBI
- Hemorrhage or hematoma
- Intracranial pressure
- Edema (brain swelling)
- Post-traumatic epilepsy
Progressive Conditions Leading to ABI
- Alzheimer's disease
- Dementia-type conditions
- Parkinson's disease
- Multiple sclerosis
- Korsakoff's syndrome
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
- Pathomechanism: Typically involves shearing, stretching, and tearing of neurons
- Broad classifications:
- Penetrating head injury
- Closed head injury
Closed Head Injury
- Many different causes
- Common factor: Brain undergoes acceleration, deceleration, or both
Closed Head Injury (Continued)
- Contusions: Damage to cerebral circulatory system leading to internal bleeding and hematoma (bruise/clotted blood)
- Concussion: Disturbance of consciousness without evidence of structural damage. Lack of visible damage doesn't mean the injury is harmless (e.g., CTE).
Possible Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury
- Physical Effects: Fatigue, headaches, dizziness, paralysis, chronic pain
- Emotional and Behavioral Effects: Lack of initiative/motivation, irritability, socially inappropriate behavior, depression, emotional lability
- Cognitive Effects: Memory problems, poor concentration, slowed responses, lack of insight, poor problem-solving, inflexibility, impulsivity
Stroke (CVA)
- Two broad types:
- Ischemic (e.g., thrombosis, embolism)
- Hemorrhagic (e.g., rupture of an aneurysm)
Classification of Severity
- Mild: 13-15 Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), less than 30 minutes Loss of Consciousness (LOC), less than 24 hours Post-Traumatic Amnesia (PTA)
- Moderate: 9-12 GCS, 30 minutes to 24 hours LOC, 1 to 7 days PTA
- Severe: 3-8 GCS, more than 24 hours LOC, more than 7 days PTA
Role of the Clinical Neuropsychologist
- Not involved in the initial weeks/months after injury
- Assess the extent of persisting cognitive and behavioral symptoms
- Educate clients and families about recovery and management
- Design and implement strategies to utilize strengths and compensate for deficits
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Description
Prepare for your PYB102 final exam with this comprehensive overview. It covers the exam structure, including multiple-choice and reflective short-answer questions, as well as essential items to bring and contact information for questions. Don't forget to check your exam room details on HiQ.
