PurCom Midterm Exam PDF

TOPIC 4 Evaluating Messages and/or Images of Different Types of Text Reflecting Different Cultures What is linguistic landscape? It is the visibility and salience of languages on public and commercial signs in a given territory or region. It is a thing that one can see that do not necessari...

TOPIC 4 Evaluating Messages and/or Images of Different Types of Text Reflecting Different Cultures What is linguistic landscape? It is the visibility and salience of languages on public and commercial signs in a given territory or region. It is a thing that one can see that do not necessarily need words to express a though. What is Geomiotics? It is the study of the social meaning of the material placement of signs in the world. By signs we mean to include any semiotic system including language and discourse. KINDS OF SIGNS 1. Regulatory – if it indicates authority and is official or legal prohibitions. 2. Infrastructural – if it labels things or directs for the maintenance of a building or any infrastructure. 3. Commercial – advertises or promotes a product, an event, or a service in commerce. 4. Transgressive – if it violates (intentionally or accidentally) the conventional semiotics or is in wrong place. What is a Graffiti? It is an unsanctioned urban text. It conveys power and control to the person or group behind the production of graffiti. A way for disempowered people to make a visible mark, to disrupt the landscape that is increasingly occupied by the increasingly powerful. ONLINE LANDSCAPES Netizen - these are people who go online. The term netizen is an abstraction of the words, internet and citizen. Netizens are metaphorically considered as the citizens of the virtual world. Examples of online landscape a. YouTube – is an American video-sharing platform headquartered in San Bruno, California, USA b. Twitter – is an American microblogging and social networking service on which users post and interact with messages known as tweets. It provides opportunities and resources for making choices in how we create a personalized linguistic and semiotic landscape. c. Memes – is a term given to any posts, language or photo that has an uptake to a social, moral or political idea that most of the time seems funny. It is a contagious pattern of cultural information that get passed from mind to mind and directly generate and shape the mindsets and significant forms of behavior and actions of a social group. Memes include such things as popular tunes, catchphrases, clothing fashions, architectural styles, ways of doing things, icons, jingles, and the like. Example of evaluating messages and/or images (e,g., pictures, illustrations) of different types of text reflecting different cultures (regional, Asian, Western, etc.,)  TOPIC 5 Communication Aids and Strategies Using Tools of Technology FOUR DISTINCT TYPES OF COMMUNICATION (1) Human to Human Communication – Example: through language, pointing, nodding, winking, improvised behavior (like hand gestures), subtle body movements (that connect dance partners) and the open-ended expressiveness of art. (2) Human to Machine Communication – Example: keypads, knobs, touch screens, displays, and interconnected computers. (3) Machine to Human Communication – Example: a fire alarm signals that a fire is in the building and if a human hears it, they will exit the building. When a traffic light is red the human stops the car. When it is green again the human starts the car. (4) Machine to Machine Communication – Example: smart homes, automation, smart meters and sensors, and vending machines. Graphic Communication - It may be communicated by using drawing, picture, graph, photograph or words on flat surface. These kinds of messages are called Graphic Communication. In Graphic Communication, paper or film carries the message. Electronic Communication - People can use light, sound or electrical waves to send information. The Information is coded at source. It is then transmitted (sent) to the receiver. Wave Communication - This system depends on an energy source called Electromagnetic Radiation. Electromagnetic Radiation is energy moving through space in waves. It travels at the speed of the light. Internet (THE MOTHER OF NETWORK) - It allows people to gather information using the World Wide Web and exchange messages using electronic mail. This is the new type of communication uses a network of computer to share information. Application Use in Communication 1. Email - Attachment can also be made document, graphs or videos can be sent. Text can be sent through waves. 2. Voice Mail - Voice is recorded through microphone or any other devices; better than talk by call. 3. Group Ware - Programs that help people work together, collectively while located remotely from each other. 4. Global Positioning System (GPS) - Consists of receivers connected to a satellite system. Determining the geographical location of the receiver used for cars, advertising, tracking and hiking. Devices Use in Communication 1. Radio - They speak in the microphone. Speech is changed into pulses of electromagnetic energy. This energy is transmitted from the radio stations broadcast tower. 2. Television- Tele means Far away and Vision mean Sight. Some principle like Radio but in these videos also transmitted through impulses. 3. Fax Machine - Small photo sensor with a lens and a light to scan document sent. These tones are converted back on receiving on the paper. 4. Cellphones - An electronic device used for mobile voice or data communication over network of specialized base stations known as Cell Sites. There are Four Steps you need to take your audience through AIDA Model. A – Attention I – Interest D – Desire A - Action Presentation Media - It is a stand-alone presentation that includes information, presented with slides, video or digital presentation and includes sound. Tips in using Presentation Media: 1. Practice with your Media. 2. Consider your room and audience. 3. Speak to your audience not your media. Using Traditional Visual and Audio Media 1. Overhead Transparencies - Transparencies are clear acetate pages displayed by an overhead projector during a speech. 2. Flip Chart - a large pad paper that rest on an easel allowing the speaker to record. White board/chalk board- these materials can also help you achieve the same outcome. 3. Document Camera - is a projector device. 4. Video - showing a video clip can elicit an emotional response from the audience. 5. Handouts - are sheet of paper containing relevant information that some speakers use in conjunction with other presentation media. 6. Sound recordings - sounds, like visual images can stimulate mental images triggering the imagination and setting mood. Using Computer Technology 1. Digital Slides - a presentation software commonly using PowerPoint. It allows computer users to display information in multimedia presentation. 2. Real-Time Web Access - use to demonstrate how to do something special on the web such as researching an ideas. Strategies Using Tools of Technology: 1. Keep it simple 2. Emphasize your key ideas 3. Show what you can’t say 4. Use close up shots and other images 5. Keep the number of images you present manageable 6. Combine variety with coherence 7. Use large lettering PowerPoint Presentation Tips: 1. Go for creativity - create your own design, try different combination and let your creativity flow. 2. Colors are nice - flat colors are beautiful and contrast is your friend. 3. Use good fonts - Comic Sans and Georgia will do. 4. Text is evil - use the 10-20-30 rule, too many texts will catch the attention of the audience from you. 5. Images say more than a thousand words - make the images more powerful. 6. Big is beautiful - think big, think bold. 7. Infographics are amazing - use simple infographics. 8. Get inspired - remember your ultimate goal. Always Remember: a. 10 - 20 - 30 - 10 Slides, 20 Minutes, 30 Font Size b. 1 - 6 - 6 - 1 Main Idea, 6 Bullets point, 6 Words per Bullet. c. 7 - 7 - 7 Lines, 7 Words. d. 9Ps - Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Performance of the Person Putting on the Presentation.  TOPIC 6 Communication for Various Purposes PURPOSES OF COMMUNICATION 1. Informative – the main purpose of informative or exposit communication or writing is to simply convey information factually. Its goal is to input new learning, enhance prior knowledge, confirm a concept, alleviate comprehension of an idea, or explain a process or procedure. Tips in doing informative presentation: a. Stick to the facts b. Avoid repetition c. Make it clear 2. Persuasive – in writing, it is pushing across an idea and convincing people or readers to support the idea you want to convey. Example: TV commercials, periodical advertisements, billboards Tips in doing a persuasive presentation: a. Be objective but subjective b. Use your brain not your heart c. Cite, cite, cite 3. Argumentative – tries to make listeners/readers believe that your idea is better based on the various reasons that you have at hand. It is the logical and reasoned way to demonstrate one’s point of view, belief, conclusion, or position. Example: debate, miting de avance Tips in doing an argumentative presentation: a. It is a one-way debate b. Move the reader to action c. End with a punch PUBLIC SPEAKING is a way of making your ideas public – of sharing them with other people and of influencing other people. Three Major Differences Between Conversation and Public Speaking: a. Public speaking is more highly structured b. Public speaking requires more formality c. Public speaking requires a different method of delivery. Several Ways of Delivering a Speech 1. A read speech or reading from a manuscript is the word-for-word iteration of a written message. 2. The memorized speech is the recitation of a written message that the speaker has memorized. 3. An impromptu speech is not rehearsed. This type of speaking is a presentation of a short message without prior presentation. 4. An extemporaneous speech is the presentation of a planned and rehearsed speech using minimal notes. Guidelines on Writing a Speech: 1. Focus on your topic 2. Develop your topic 3. Organize your speech a. introduction b. body c. conclusion Elements for a Good Delivery: 1. Volume 6. Pronunciation 2. Pitch 7. Articulation 3. Rate 8. Movement 4. Pauses 9. Gestures 5. Vocal variety 10. Eye contact 6 Ways to Turn Nervousness from a Negative Force into a Positive Force: a. Acquire speaking experience b. Prepare, prepare, prepare c. Think positively d. Use the power of visualization e. Know that most nervousness is not visible f. Do not expect perfection INTERVIEW is an interview is a two-party interaction in which at least one party has a specific, serious purpose and that usually involves the asking and answering questions. Characteristics of an Interview a. Interview always b. Interview is always purposeful c. There is focus on asking and answering questions Planning an Interview 1. Define the goal 2. Identify and analyze the other party/respondents 3. Prepare a list of topics 4. Choose the best interview structure 5. Consider possible questions 6. Arrange the setting Conducting an Interview a. Open with a greeting and an orientation b. Perform several tasks during the question-and-answer phase of the discussion c. Close with satisfactory conclusion  TOPIC 7 Communication for Work Purposes WORKPLACE COMMUNICATION is a discipline of its own that is unlike academic or scholastic writing. It serves specific purposes for the particular individuals, groups, organizations, or departments. 3 Things to Consider When Communicating in the Workplace 1. Purpose a. Am I writing primarily to create a record, to request/provide information, or to persuade? b. What am I trying to say? 2. Audience a. Who will read what I have written? b. What are their job titles and/or areas of responsibility? c. What do they already know about the specific situation? d. What do they need in this information? e. What do I want them to do as a result of receiving it? f. What factors might influence their response? Broad Categories of Workplace Communication: a. Upward Communication - from your position to an audience above you in the job hierarchy. Example: a response to a letter from your manager b. Lateral Communication - between you and the audience within your level of hierarchy. Example: a phone call to/from a co-worker you are collaborating with c. Downward Communication - from your position to an audience below you in the job hierarchy. Example: an oral reminder to a trainee d. Outward Communication - between you and the company that you do business with or an audience outside your workplace. 3. Tone - it will set how your target audience will accept what you are trying to say. You do not have to sound tough, demanding, or condescending in your discourse especially in sensitive subjects or issue. Workplace communication will fail the ethics rest if it is corrupted by any of the following tactics: 1. Suppression of information 2. Falsification or fabrication 3. Overstatement of understatement 4. Selective misquoting 5. Subjective wording 6. Conflict of interest 7. Withholding information 8. Plagiarism BUSINESS LETTERS Parts of a Business Letter 1. Heading - includes the return address and the date on the last line 2. Inside Address - contains the name to which the letter is written and addressed 3. Salutation - is the greeting part that is written in a polite and courteous manner followed by a comma or a colon 4. Body of the letter - contains the main purpose of the letter, the very reason for writing. It is very important that the body of the letter be written in a straightforward, simple, and coherent manner 5. Complimentary Closing - it is the polite yet business-like ending of the letter. This ends with a comma. 6. Signature Block - the name of the sender is written on the first line, then his/her position on the next line. It is expected that the sender will put his/her signature above his/her name. Formats of a Business Letter 1. Block - positions all the parts of the letter to the left, single space, and justified. 2. Modified Block - all parts of the letter are tabbed on the left, single space, and justified except the heading and the closing which are tabbed in the center. 3. Semi-Block - the paragraphs are indented instead of placing them all on the left. Heading is on the center, and the date can be placed in the right side three spaces after the heading. The recipient’s address is on the left and the closing on the right. Memos: Purpose and Format A memo (or memorandum, meaning “reminder”) is normally used for communicating policies, procedures, or related official business within an organization. It is often written from a one-to-all perspective (like mass communication), broadcasting a message to an audience, rather than a one-on- one, interpersonal communication. It may also be used to update a team on activities for a given project, or to inform a specific group within a company of an event, action, or observance. Memo Purpose A memo’s purpose is often to inform, but it occasionally includes an element of persuasion or a call to action. All organizations have informal and formal communication networks. The unofficial, informal communication network within an organization is often called the grapevine, and it is often characterized by rumor, gossip, and innuendo. On the grapevine, one person may hear that someone else is going to be laid off and start passing the news around. Rumors change and transform as they are passed from person to person, and before you know it, the word is that they are shutting down your entire department. One effective way to address informal, unofficial speculation is to spell out clearly for all employees what is going on with a particular issue. If budget cuts are a concern, then it may be wise to send a memo explaining the changes that are imminent. If a company wants employees to take action, they may also issue a memorandum. For example, on February 13, 2009, upper management at the Panasonic Corporation issued a declaration that all employees should buy at least $1,600 worth of Panasonic products. The company president noted that if everyone supported the company with purchases, it would benefit all. While memos do not normally include a call to action that requires personal spending, they often represent the business or organization’s interests. They may also include statements that align business and employee interest, and underscore common ground and benefit. Memo Format A memo has a header that clearly indicates who sent it and who the intended recipients are. Pay particular attention to the title of the individual(s) in this section. Date and subject lines are also present, followed by a message that contains a declaration, a discussion, and a summary. In a standard writing format, we might expect to see an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. All these are present in a memo, and each part has a clear purpose. The declaration in the opening uses a declarative sentence to announce the main topic. The discussion elaborates or lists major points associated with the topic, and the conclusion serves as a summary. Sample Memo Five Tips for Effective Business Memos: 1. Audience Orientation - Always consider the audience and their needs when preparing a memo. An acronym or abbreviation that is known to management may not be known by all the employees of the organization, and if the memo is to be posted and distributed within the organization, the goal is clear and concise communication at all levels with no ambiguity. 2. Professional, Formal Tone - Memos are often announcements, and the person sending the memo speaks for a part or all of the organization. While it may contain a request for feedback, the announcement itself is linear, from the organization to the employees. The memo may have legal standing as it often reflects policies or procedures, and may reference an existing or new policy in the employee manual, for example. 3. Subject Emphasis - The subject is normally declared in the subject line and should be clear and concise. If the memo is announcing the observance of a holiday, for example, the specific holiday should be named in the subject line—for example, use “Thanksgiving weekend schedule” rather than “holiday observance”. 4. Direct Format - Some written business communication allows for a choice between direct and indirect formats, but memorandums are always direct. The purpose is clearly announced. 5. Objectivity - Memos are a place for just the facts, and should have an objective tone without personal bias, preference, or interest on display. Avoid subjectivity.